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vitality of the periodontal ligament. In 1980, Blomlof showed that storing the periodontal ligament cells in a biocompatible medium could extend the extra oral time to four hours or more. He found that the best storage medium was a medical research fluid called Hank's
Balanced Solution. In this study, it was serendipitously discovered that milk could also maintain cell viability for two hours. In 1981, Andreasen showed that crushing of cells on the tooth root could cause death of the cells and lead to resorption and reduction in prognosis. In 1983, Matsson et al. showed that soaking in Hank's Balanced Solution for thirty minutes prior to reimplantation could revitalize extracted dog's teeth that were dry for 60 minutes. In 1989, a systematic storage device was developed to optimally store and preserve knocked out teeth. In 1992, Trope et al. showed that extracted dog's teeth could be stored in Hank's Balanced Solution for up to 96 hours and still maintain significant vitality. In this study, milk was only able to maintain vitality for two hours.
404:
to remove debris must be avoided. When placed in a physiologic solution, the tooth should be gently agitated to permit the cleansing of the tooth root. At the same time that this agitation occurs, the bumping of the tooth root against a hard surface such as glass, plastic or even cardboard must also be avoided. For the same reasons, the method in which the knocked-out teeth are transported must be carefully selected. Placing the knocked-out teeth by transporting in tissues and handkerchiefs can be damaging and transporting them in glass or cardboard containers can also be potentially damaging to the cells. In addition to the potential damage that the hard surface can cause, glass containers have the added possibility of breakage or leakage of the physiologic storage fluid. If the glass container does not have a tightly fitting top, then during the transportation, the physiologic storage solution can spill out and the teeth can fall, once again, on the floor and, at the same time, be out of a physiologic environment.
413:
normal blood supply is cut off and within 15 minutes most of the stored metabolites have been depleted and the cells will begin to die. Within one to two hours, enough cells will die that rejection of the tooth by the body at a later time is the usual outcome. The method by which the body rejects the replanted tooth is a process called "replacement root resorption". During this process, the tooth root cells become necrotic (dead) and will activate the immunologic mechanism of the body to attempt to remove this necrotic layer and literally eats away the tooth root. This is called "root resorption". It is a slow, but non-painful, process that is sometimes not observed by
456:
content, provides an optimal environment that supports the survival of PDL cells during the critical period before replantation. Research indicates that the type of milk (e.g., whole, skimmed, or low-fat) can play a role in the preservation efficacy, with whole milk often recommended for its balanced nutrient composition. However, any readily available milk can serve as an effective temporary storage medium, making it a practical choice in emergency situations.
452:
preventing resorption. Storage media serve the critical role of maintaining cell viability by providing an environment with suitable pH, osmolality, and nutrient content, thereby sustaining cell health until the tooth can be properly replanted. The
International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines stress the importance of minimizing the tooth's dry time and choosing an effective storage medium to enhance replantation success.
383:
ligament will reattach, and the tooth can be maintained in its socket. The torn ligament that stays on the socket wall, since it remains connected to the bone and blood supply, is naturally kept alive. However, the ligament cells that remain on the tooth root lose their blood and nutrition supply and must be artificially maintained. They must be protected from two potentially destructive processes: cell crushing and loss of normal
173:
616:
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ongoing research continues to explore the viability of other natural and synthetic substances as potential storage media. The exploration into these alternatives aims to identify solutions that might offer practical benefits similar to or better than those provided by milk, especially in scenarios where milk may not be immediately available.
47:
566:. It is important for laypersons who are related to children, working, or witnessing sports that they be educated on this subject matter. Being educated could aid in minimizing injuries that could do further harm to the victim. Being informed and spreading awareness of dental avulsion, its treatment, and prevention could make an impact.
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to other unaffected teeth for a maximum of two weeks for teeth. Properly handled, even replantation of periodontally compromised permanent teeth in older patients under good maintenance have been reported, with splinting extending for over 4 weeks due to the reduced support structure for the root due to
578:
also reported replanting knocked out teeth. Wigoper in 1933 used a cast gold splint to hold reimplanted teeth in place. In 1959, Lenstrup and
Skieller declared that the success rate of replanted knocked out teeth should be considered a temporary procedure because the success rate of less than 10% was
515:
PDL healing is the primary outcome measure when assessing interventions for tooth avulsion. When the healing of the PDL is unfavorable it means that there is no longer protection for the root from the surrounding alveolar bone. The bone that surrounds the tooth is continually undergoing physiological
395:
When teeth are knocked out, they end up on an artificial surface: the floor, the ground or material such as carpeting. If the surface is hard, the tooth root cells will be traumatized. Since the cells remaining on the tooth root are very delicate, additional trauma to the PDL cells must be avoided so
340:
When a patient arrives at the dentist they should be seen immediately. If the tooth has not been placed in a suitable storage medium, the dentist will do this first. A thorough extra-oral and intra-oral examination should be performed. The clinician should consider the age of the patient, the history
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associated with them. If immediate replantation is not possible, the teeth should be placed in an appropriate storage solution and brought to a dentist who can then replant them. The dentist will clean the socket, wash the teeth if necessary, and replant them into their sockets. S/he will splint them
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advise that the best treatment for an avulsed tooth is immediate replantation, for a variety of reasons this can be difficult for the layperson. The teeth are often covered with debris. This debris must be washed off with a physiological solution and not scrubbed. Often multiple teeth are knocked-out
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on the crown. Finger pressure on the tooth root cells will cause cell crushing. Any attempt to clean off any debris should be avoided. Debris should always be washed off gently with, at the very least, a physiologic saline. Even with the use of a physiologic saline, the "scrubbing" of the tooth root
97:
Avulsed permanent teeth however may be replanted, i.e., returned to the socket. Immediate replantation is considered ideal, but this may not be possible if the patient suffered other serious injuries. If properly preserved, teeth may be replanted up to one hour after avulsion. The success of delayed
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In cases where immediate replantation is not feasible, selecting an appropriate storage medium to preserve the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells becomes paramount. These cells are essential for the successful reintegration of the tooth into its socket, aiding the healing process and
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Immediate replantation, where the tooth is quickly reinserted into its socket, is the best course of action to preserve the tooth's viability and function. However, due to various factors such as the condition of the avulsed tooth, patient circumstances, or delay in accessing dental care, immediate
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Normally metabolizing tooth root cells have an internal cell pressure (osmolality) of 280–300 mOs and a pH of 7.2. When there is an uninterrupted blood supply, all of the metabolites (calcium, phosphate, potassium) and glucose that the cells require are provided. When the tooth is knocked out, this
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Stabilize the tooth for 2 weeks using a passive and flexible wire (0.016” or 0.4 mm. Alternatively composite, nylon fishing line can be used to create a flexible splint. If associated with alveolar fracture a more rigid splint may be placed for up to 4 weeks. Systemic antibiotic therapy may be
262:
for several weeks. Failure to re-plant the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may result in a less favorable prognosis for the tooth. If the tooth cannot be immediately replaced in its socket, follow the directions for any knocked-out (avulsed) teeth kit, or place it in cold
93:
are not replanted because of the risk of damaging the developing permanent tooth germ. Pulp necrosis with draining fistula, crown discoloration and external root resorption are reported consequences of primary tooth replantation. Tooth dilaceration, impaction and deviation from proper eruption path
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The results of replanting permanent incisor teeth can be divided into short, medium and long-term survival of the tooth. If the tooth is replanted it acts in the short term to maintain space, maintain bone and provide good to excellent aesthetics. If unfavorable healing has occurred, the tooth can
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Saline solution and pure water are discouraged due to their lack of essential nutrients and hypotonic nature, respectively, which can lead to decreased viability of PDL cells. Other alternatives like coconut water, egg white, and various probiotic solutions have shown mixed effectiveness. However,
119:
Despite their wide availability, the use of mouthguards is relatively uncommon. Many people do not use them even in situations that carry a high risk of dental injury, or when their use is mandated. In addition, mouthguards may be dislodged from the wearer's mouth, leaving the teeth unprotected.
603:
Such tooth avulsion was the intentional removal of one or more teeth, which was done for ritual or aesthetic reasons. It was also used to denote group affiliation. Typically, the maxillary incisors were the teeth most often selected for removal. This practice is still common in parts of Africa.
459:
Hank's
Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) is a medically formulated solution containing essential nutrients designed to preserve avulsed teeth until they can be replanted. HBSS is distinguished by its balanced pH and osmolality, closely simulating the natural conditions necessary for the survival of
455:
Universally considered the most preferred storage medium for avulsed teeth, milk's effectiveness is attributed to its pH level and osmolality, which closely resemble the natural conditions necessary for sustaining PDL cell viability. Milk's widespread availability, combined with its nutritional
494:
Additionally, the choice of treatment is closely related to the maturity of the root (open or closed apex) and the condition of the PDL cells, which is dependent on the time out of the mouth and the storage medium used. Minimizing the dry time is crucial for the survival of the PDL cells, with
382:
Every tooth is connected to its surrounding bone by the periodontal ligament. The tooth receives its nourishment through this ligament. When a tooth is knocked out, this ligament is stretched and torn. If the torn periodontal ligament can be kept alive, the tooth can be replanted, and the
583:
following reimplantation was necessary to prevent resorption of the tooth root. In 1974, Cvek showed that storage of knocked out teeth in saline could improve the success of replanted teeth. In 1977, Lindskog et al. showed that the key to retention of the knocked-out teeth was to maintain the
463:
Despite its effectiveness, HBSS is not as commonly available for immediate use as household items like milk, which poses a challenge in emergency dental care situations. However, it remains highly recommended in dental trauma care, especially in commercial preparations tailored for dental
848:
Fouad, Ashraf F.; Abbott, Paul V.; Tsilingaridis, Georgios; Cohenca, Nestor; Lauridsen, Eva; Bourguignon, Cecilia; O'Connell, Anne; Flores, Marie
Therese; Day, Peter F.; Hicks, Lamar; Andreasen, Jens Ove; Cehreli, Zafer C.; Harlamb, Stephen; Kahler, Bill; Oginni, Adeleke (2020-06-13).
520:
last into the medium term for 2-10+ years depending on the speed of bone turnover. Long-term survival of the tooth only happens when favorable healing of the periodontal ligament has occurred. If this happens the tooth can be estimated to survive as long as any other tooth
241:
of the tooth. Replantation of the tooth within 15 minutes is associated with the best prognosis as periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are still viable. Total extra-oral dry time of more than 60 minutes, regardless of storage media, has poor prognosis. The avulsed
369:
on the crown, not the root. Wash the root surface with saline, be careful not to scrub the root surface, as this may crush the delicate cells. Any stubborn debris can be removed by agitating it in the storage medium or by rinsing under a stream of saline.
532:. Dental avulsion is a type of dental trauma, and the prevalence of dental trauma is estimated at 17.5% and varies with geographical area. Although dental trauma is relatively low, dental avulsion is the fourth most prevalent type of dental trauma.
479:
Despite the treatment provided, dental avulsion carries one of the poorest outcomes with 73–96% of the replanted teeth eventually being lost. There are three main factors which significantly influence the prognosis of the tooth. These include:
2420:
464:
emergencies. These preparations are specifically designed to replenish lost metabolites, providing an optimal environment for the temporary storage of avulsed teeth and significantly enhancing the prospect of successful replantation.
2178:
Cvek M, Granath LE, Hollender L (1974). "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. 3. Variation of occurrence of ankylosis of reimplanted teeth with duration of extra-alveolar period and storage environment".
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so poor. In 1966 in a retrospective study, Andreasen theorized that 90% of avulsed teeth could be successfully retained if they were replanted within the first 30 minutes of the accident. In 1974, Cvek showed that removal of the
438:
of the cells left on the tooth root while the tooth is out of the socket. In order to maintain this normalcy, the environment in which the teeth are stored must supply the optimum internal cell pressure, cell nutrients and pH.
286:
and the person will not know to which tooth socket an individual tooth belongs to. The injured victim may have other more serious injuries that require more immediate attention or injuries such as a severely lacerated bleeding
345: and whether it is in line with clinical findings. It is advisable to check the patient's tetanus status. If there is concern about non-accidental injury, then child protection procedures should be followed.
1782:
Kinirons MJ, Gregg TA, Welbury RR, Cole BO (September 2000). "Variations in the presenting and treatment features in reimplanted permanent incisors in children and their effect on the prevalence of root resorption".
429:
Research has shown that the critical factor for reduction of the death of the tooth root cells and the subsequent root replacement resorption following reimplantation of knocked-out teeth is maintenance of normal
374:
recommended. The patient should be asked to avoid contact sports, eat a soft diet, brush their teeth with a soft toothbrush after each meal, and use
Chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse twice a day for 2 weeks.
417:
for years. Once this process starts, it is irreversible, and the tooth will eventually fall out. In growing children, this can cause bone development problems because the replacement resorption (also termed
1108:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2010). "An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non-radiographic study".
89:
Avulsions of primary teeth are more common in young children as they learn to move independently (walk and run) and also from child abuse. Avulsed deciduous (primary) teeth should not be replanted.
98:
replantation depends on the survival of the cells remaining on the root surface. Storage in an environment similar to the tooth socket can protect these cells until replantation can be attempted.
263:
milk or saliva and take it to an emergency room or a dentist. If the mouth is sore or injured, cleansing of the wound may be necessary, along with stitches, local anesthesia, and an update of
467:
Recent evidence suggests oral rehydration solutions, propolis, rice water, and even cling film might also be beneficial for preserving cell viability, though further validation is needed.
1505:
Andreasen JO, Kristerson L (2009). "The effect of limited drying or removal of the periodontal ligament. Periodontal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1573:
Andreasen JO (2009). "Relationship between cell damage in the periodontal ligament after replantation and subsequent development of root resorption. A time-related study in monkeys".
1608:
Andreasen JO (February 1981). "Effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1073:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A (December 2011). "The association between orthodontic treatment need and maxillary incisor trauma, a retrospective clinical study".
1252:
Flores MT, Malmgren B, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (August 2007).
1211:
Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Malmgren B, Barnett F, Bourguignon C, DiAngelis A, Hicks L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Tsukiboshi M, von Arx T (June 2007).
135:, are associated with a higher risk of dental trauma. These conditions can be corrected by an orthodontist reducing risk of injury due to sports related activities.
498:
From a clinical perspective, assessing the condition of the PDL cells is vital, classifying the avulsed tooth into one of three groups before treatment. These include:
1709:
Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen HL, Andreasen FM (April 1995). "Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing".
956:
Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Does a free-of-charge distribution of boil-and-bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?".
2105:
Andreasen JO, Hjorting-Hansen E (November 1966). "Replantation of teeth. I. Radiographic and clinical study of 110 human teeth replanted after accidental loss".
790:
Martins‐Júnior, Paulo Antônio; Franco, Felipe
Augusto da Silva; de Barcelos, Ramon Valério; Marques, Leandro Silva; Ramos‐Jorge, Maria Letícia (2013-11-11).
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each year. The occurrence of dental avulsion in school aged children ranges from 0.5 to 16% of all dental trauma. Many of these teeth are knocked-out during
1543:
Andreasen JO (1980). "A time-related study of periodontal healing and root resorption activity after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys".
1887:
Andersson L, Bodin I, Sörensen S (February 1989). "Progression of root resorption following replantation of human teeth after extended extraoral storage".
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or gum that prevent easy visualization of the socket. Pain may be severe, and the person may resist replantation of the teeth. People may, in light of
365:
within the socket, which could prevent the proper re-positioning of the tooth into its original position. The tooth should always be handled via the
2206:
Lindskog S, Pierce AM, Blomlof L, Hammarstrom L (June 1985). "The role of the necrotic periodontal membrane in cementum resorption and ankylosis".
592:
In ancient times, ritual dental avulsion was widespread among different cultures around the world. For example, it was common during the Early
82:, such as can be caused by a fall, road traffic accident, assault, sports, or occupational injury. Typically, a tooth is held in place by the
1397:
Matsson L, Klinge B, Hallstrom H (April 1987). "Effect on periodontal healing of saline irrigation of the tooth socket before replantation".
1322:
940:
851:"International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 2. Avulsion of permanent teeth"
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Trope M, Friedman S (October 1992). "Periodontal healing of replanted dog teeth stored in
Viaspan, milk and Hank's balanced salt solution".
2035:
Emerich K, Kaczmarek J (May 2010). "First aid for dental trauma caused by sports activities: state of knowledge, treatment and prevention".
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Andreasen JO, Hjorting-Hansen E (November 1966). "Replantation of teeth. II. Histological study of 22 replanted anterior teeth in humans".
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Newsome PR, Tran DC, Cooke MS (November 2001). "The role of the mouthguard in the prevention of sports-related dental injuries: a review".
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Dental avulsion is more prevalent in males than females. Males are three times more likely to suffer from dental avulsion than females.
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387:. All treatment between the time of the accident and the ultimate replantation must be focused on preventing these two possibilities.
1747:
Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ (December 1997). "Survival of avulsed permanent maxillary incisors in children following delayed replantation".
202:
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periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The solution has demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining PDL cell viability for up to 48 hours.
220:
307:. Dental pulp of the avulsed teeth should be removed within 2 weeks of replantation and the teeth should receive
1435:
Andersson L, Bodin I (February 1990). "Avulsed human teeth replanted within 15 minutes—a long-term clinical follow-up study".
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as to avoid more cell crushing. This damage can occur while picking the tooth up and/or during transportation to the dentist.
2718:
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993:"Prevention of dental trauma in a high-risk military population: the discrepancy between knowledge and willingness to comply"
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differs from management of permanent teeth; avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent
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and cells. Once the tooth and mouth are clean an attempt can be made to re-plant the tooth in its original socket within the
2342:
Pinchi, Vilma; Barbieri, Patrizia; Pradella, Francesco; Focardi, Martina; Bartolini, Viola; Norelli, Gian-Aristide (2015).
1940:
Azami-Aghdash S, Ebadifard Azar F, Pournaghi Azar F, Rezapour A, Moradi-Joo M, Moosavi A, Ghertasi
Oskouei S (2015-07-10).
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Blomlöf L (1981). "Milk and saliva as possible storage media for traumatically exarticulated teeth prior to replantation".
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should be gently but well rinsed with saline, with care taken not to damage the surface of the root which may have living
1143:
Forsberg CM, Tedestam G (1993). "Etiological and predisposing factors related to traumatic injuries to permanent teeth".
2267:
Krasner PR, Rankow HJ, Ehrenreich A (April 1989). "Apparatus for storing and transporting traumatically avulsed teeth".
2723:
1338:
Casterline AC (June 1999). "Replantation of avulsed central incisor with advanced periodontal disease: a case report".
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PDL cells may be viable but compromised, stored in a medium like milk or HBSS with a dry time of less than 60 minutes;
198:
2612:
2487:
1942:"Prevalence, etiology, and types of dental trauma in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2947:
2713:
2617:
2564:
2435:
1654:
De Brier, Niels; O, Dorien; Borra, Vere; Singletary, Eunice M.; Zideman, David A.; De Buck, Emmy (2020-06-15).
543:
529:
1374:"Dental Update: Article search – Match list – Article: Immediate Management of Avulsion Injuries in Children"
2793:
2778:
2467:
707:
Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Oral and facial trauma among paratroopers in the Israel
Defense Forces".
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should be administered to both the palatal/lingual tissues to minimize discomfort. Gentle irrigation with a
322:
2763:
2607:
2544:
667:"Which is the most recommended medium for the storage and transport of avulsed teeth? A systematic review"
112:
Contact sports carry a significant risk of dental injury, which can be reduced by wearing a mouthguard or
2971:
2243:"Ankylosis of experimentally reimplanted teeth related to extra-alveolar period and storage environment"
1373:
124:
2906:
2827:
2622:
1173:
Zadik Y (December 2008). "Algorithm of first-aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen".
508:
PDL cells are likely non-viable, with a dry time of more than 60 minutes, regardless of storage medium.
94:
have been reported to have occurred in permanent teeth as a result of reimplantation of primary teeth.
1986:"Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Patients Attending University of Alberta Emergency Clinic"
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Trope M, Chivian N, Sigurdsson A, Vann WF (2002). "Traumatic Injuries". In Cohen S, Burns RC (eds.).
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1829:"Interventions for treating traumatised permanent front teeth: avulsed (knocked out) and replanted"
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This classification guides dentists in prognosis and treatment decisions, though exceptions occur.
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Adnan, Samira; Lone, Maham M.; Khan, Farhan R.; Hussain, Syeda M.; Nagi, Sana E. (2018-02-06).
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2017:
1963:
1904:
1866:
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1190:
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1125:
1090:
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973:
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910:
872:
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772:
724:
686:
358:
247:
54:
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Lenstrup K, Skieller V (2009). "A Follow-up Study of Teeth Replanted After Accidental Loss".
1213:"Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth"
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3010:
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2149:
2114:
2087:
2044:
2007:
1997:
1953:
1896:
1856:
1840:
1792:
1756:
1718:
1667:
1617:
1582:
1514:
1444:
1406:
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1224:
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1117:
1082:
1045:
1004:
965:
902:
862:
803:
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678:
629:
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596:(from around 11,500 BP up to 5,000 BP) in North Africa and was occasionally observed in the
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The first reported cases of knocked-out teeth being replanted was by Pare in 1593. In 1706,
354:
234:
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for several days may provide a favorable condition for periodontal ligaments regeneration.
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2759:
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2584:
2574:
2526:
2344:"Dental Ritual Mutilations and Forensic Odontologist Practice: a Review of the Literature"
1656:"Storage of an avulsed tooth prior to replantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis"
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remodeling. Over time, the root is gradually replaced by bone, which leads to tooth loss.
431:
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384:
243:
156:
90:
28:
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2911:
2882:
2837:
2597:
2559:
2378:
2343:
2307:
2219:
2012:
1985:
1958:
1941:
1900:
1861:
1828:
1760:
1722:
1448:
1410:
1351:
1621:
768:
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Krasner P, Rankow HJ (May 1995). "New philosophy for the treatment of avulsed teeth".
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Research has shown that more than five million teeth are knocked-out each year in the
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2329:
2048:
1270:
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1229:
1212:
1186:
1121:
969:
906:
720:
634:
551:
539:
423:
314:
271:
251:
79:
75:
71:
2242:
2064:
3019:
2695:
2657:
1844:
580:
400:
366:
318:
267:
128:
1086:
2452:
2440:
2002:
1254:"Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth"
538:
Up to 25% of school-aged children and military trainees experience some kind of
1050:
1033:
502:
PDL cells are most likely viable, replanted immediately or within a short time;
3066:
2536:
2429:
2153:
2118:
2091:
1586:
1518:
1009:
992:
611:
559:
435:
107:
17:
2369:
1852:
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815:
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Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
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Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
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viability sharply declining after an extra-alveolar dry time of 30 minutes.
484:
The extent of damage to the periodontal ligament (PDL) at the time of injury
325:
238:
116:. Mouthguards are often less effective if not fitted properly to the teeth.
59:
2387:
2360:
2056:
2021:
1967:
1870:
1804:
1359:
1279:
1238:
1194:
1129:
1094:
1059:
1018:
977:
914:
728:
2315:
2280:
2227:
2192:
2161:
2126:
1908:
1768:
1730:
1629:
1594:
1556:
1526:
1488:
1456:
1418:
1156:
776:
490:
The duration of time the tooth was out of its socket prior to replantation
593:
555:
362:
2412:
2332:
Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 11:76–83 (2017) Short fieldwork report.
1655:
1297:
Recommended guidelines for the treatment of the avulsed permanent tooth
850:
791:
666:
329:
282:
264:
259:
132:
1671:
867:
807:
682:
2424:
563:
113:
46:
1034:"Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite commando fighters"
547:
414:
299:
935:(2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Mungsgaard. pp. 203–.
2456:
426:
and stops normal tooth eruption and impedes normal jaw growth.
270:
if the mouth was contaminated with soil. Management of injured
2649:
1827:
Day, Peter F.; Duggal, Monty; Nazzal, Hani (5 February 2019).
1692:
Andersson, L., Andreasen, F. M. & Andreasen, J. O., 2007.
399:
When a tooth is picked up, it should always be grasped by the
295:
287:
166:
1694:
Textbook and Colour Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth.
378:
Biologic basis for success of replantation following avulsion
792:"Replantation of avulsed primary teeth: a systematic review"
190:
1299:. Chicago: American Association of Endodontists. 2008.
2402:
1291:
1289:
201:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
86:, which becomes torn when the tooth is knocked out.
3032:
3009:
2990:
2961:
2932:
2881:
2874:
2851:
2808:
2732:
2703:
2694:
2671:
2648:
2583:
2535:
2494:
2406:
1317:(8th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 603–37.
1308:
1306:
926:
924:
53:
39:
2241:Matsson L, Andreasen J, Cvek M, Granath L (1982).
361:solution, should be performed as this removes any
1984:Alkhadra T, Preshing W, El-Bialy T (2016-06-15).
1704:
1702:
1568:
1566:
1946:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1742:
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1206:
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1168:
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1500:
1498:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1430:
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702:
700:
2468:
895:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
796:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
8:
991:Zadik Y, Jeffet U, Levin L (December 2010).
313:In addition, as recommended in all cases of
1833:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
487:The storage conditions of the avulsed tooth
448:replantation might not always be possible.
353:Prior to the beginning of the procedure, a
298:), fear handling the teeth or touching the
31:, which is the deliberate removal of teeth.
2878:
2700:
2475:
2461:
2453:
2403:
45:
36:
2377:
2359:
2011:
2001:
1957:
1860:
1269:
1228:
1049:
1008:
866:
328:, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of
221:Learn how and when to remove this message
2330:Human remains from Ali Kosh, Iran, 2017.
931:Andreasen JO (1981). "Exarticulations".
646:
237:in which prompt management affects the
182:contains content that is written like
2296:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
2208:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1979:
1977:
1889:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1749:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1711:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1610:International Journal of Oral Surgery
1437:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1399:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
1340:Endodontics & Dental Traumatology
408:Maintenance of normal cell metabolism
7:
2570:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
2328:Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, Hojjat Darabi,
1927:American Association of Endodontists
1696:4th ed. Copenhagen: Wiley-Blackwell.
888:
886:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
422:) attaches the tooth firmly to the
2963:Combined tibia and fibula fracture
2308:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1992.tb00240.x
2220:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1985.tb00569.x
1901:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1989.tb00335.x
1761:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1997.tb00054.x
1723:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00464.x
1477:Swedish Dental Journal. Supplement
1449:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1990.tb00385.x
1411:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1987.tb00544.x
1352:10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00771.x
1032:Zadik Y, Levin L (December 2008).
127:characteristics, such as class II
70:is the complete displacement of a
25:
2049:10.2165/11530750-000000000-00000
1271:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00627.x
1230:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00605.x
1187:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x
1122:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00920.x
970:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00708.x
907:10.1046/j.0960-7439.2001.00304.x
721:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00719.x
614:
171:
933:Traumatic injuries of the teeth
341:of the injury, status of tooth
147:An over-jet exceeding 4 mm
2638:Vertebral compression fracture
2142:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
2107:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
2080:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1845:10.1002/14651858.CD006542.pub3
1575:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1507:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1:
1622:10.1016/S0300-9785(81)80007-5
1087:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.024
769:10.1016/S1079-2104(05)80105-2
2348:Acta Stomatologica Croatica
2003:10.2174/1874210601610010315
391:Prevention of cell crushing
3109:
2613:Craniocervical instability
1990:The Open Dentistry Journal
1051:10.7205/milmed.173.12.1185
233:Dental avulsion is a true
105:
26:
2948:Le Fort fracture of ankle
2618:Flexion teardrop fracture
2565:Le Fort fracture of skull
2269:Compendium (Newtown, Pa.)
2154:10.3109/00016356609028223
2119:10.3109/00016356609028222
2092:10.3109/00016355908993937
1587:10.3109/00016358109162254
1519:10.3109/00016358109162253
1010:10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00150
44:
3088:Acquired tooth disorders
27:Not to be confused with
2794:Essex-Lopresti fracture
2724:Holstein–Lewis fracture
1797:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800740a
1378:www.dental-update.co.uk
600:(14,000 to 11,500 BP).
323:chlorhexidine gluconate
2608:Clay-shoveler fracture
2545:Basilar skull fracture
1785:British Dental Journal
1545:Swedish Dental Journal
1145:Swedish Dental Journal
2972:Trimalleolar fracture
203:neutral point of view
144:Post-normal occlusion
2977:Bimalleolar fracture
2943:Maisonneuve fracture
1315:Pathways of the Pulp
84:periodontal ligament
2628:Holdsworth fracture
2555:Mandibular fracture
2522:Pathologic fracture
2512:Greenstick fracture
2507:Chalkstick fracture
2275:(4): 232–4, 237–8.
2250:Pediatric Dentistry
1923:"Knocked Out Teeth"
1660:Dental Traumatology
1258:Dental Traumatology
1217:Dental Traumatology
1175:Dental Traumatology
1110:Dental Traumatology
958:Dental Traumatology
855:Dental Traumatology
709:Dental Traumatology
671:Dental Traumatology
309:root canal therapy.
305:periodontal disease
292:infectious diseases
195:promotional content
74:from its socket in
2907:Toddler's fracture
2748:Monteggia fracture
2633:Jefferson fracture
2623:Hangman's fracture
2361:10.15644/asc49/1/1
336:Initial assessment
258:(stabilized) by a
197:and inappropriate
3075:
3074:
3028:
3027:
2953:Bosworth fracture
2902:Gosselin fracture
2861:Duverney fracture
2804:
2803:
2673:Shoulder fracture
2593:Cervical fracture
2502:Avulsion fracture
2450:
2449:
2181:Odontologisk Revy
1672:10.1111/edt.12564
1324:978-0-323-01162-4
1038:Military Medicine
997:Military Medicine
942:978-0-7216-1249-2
868:10.1111/edt.12573
808:10.1111/ipd.12075
683:10.1111/edt.12382
544:school activities
248:periodontal fiber
231:
230:
223:
65:
64:
34:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3100:
3011:Femoral fracture
3001:Patella fracture
2934:Fibular fracture
2924:Tillaux fracture
2917:Plafond fracture
2879:
2734:Forearm fracture
2705:Humerus fracture
2701:
2663:Sternal fracture
2550:Blowout fracture
2488:cartilage damage
2477:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2363:
2339:
2333:
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2015:
2005:
1981:
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1961:
1937:
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819:
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752:
733:
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695:
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630:Dental emergency
624:
619:
618:
617:
598:Natufian culture
355:local anesthetic
235:dental emergency
226:
219:
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206:
184:an advertisement
175:
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153:Incompetent lips
49:
37:
21:
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3078:
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3076:
3071:
3024:
3005:
2986:
2982:Pott's fracture
2957:
2928:
2897:Segond fracture
2892:Bumper fracture
2870:
2866:Pipkin fracture
2853:Pelvic fracture
2847:
2800:
2760:Radius fracture
2728:
2690:
2667:
2644:
2603:Chance fracture
2585:Spinal fracture
2579:
2575:Zygoma fracture
2531:
2527:Spiral fracture
2490:
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2037:Sports Medicine
2034:
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1983:
1982:
1975:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1921:
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1916:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1839:(2): CD006542.
1826:
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736:
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664:
663:
648:
643:
622:Medicine portal
620:
615:
613:
610:
590:
576:Pierre Fauchard
572:
550:events such as
526:
477:
445:
432:cell physiology
410:
393:
385:cell metabolism
380:
351:
349:Re-implantation
338:
244:permanent tooth
227:
216:
210:
207:
188:
176:
172:
165:
157:Mouth breathing
150:Short upper lip
141:
131:with increased
110:
104:
91:Deciduous teeth
68:Dental avulsion
40:Dental avulsion
35:
32:
29:Dental evulsion
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3095:
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3054:
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3016:
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3007:
3006:
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3003:
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2979:
2974:
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2966:
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2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2912:Pilon fracture
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2883:Tibia fracture
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
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2710:
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2668:
2666:
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2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Burst fracture
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Nasal fracture
2557:
2552:
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2519:
2514:
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2407:Classification
2400:
2399:External links
2397:
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2321:
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2167:
2148:(3): 287–306.
2132:
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2070:
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1244:
1200:
1181:(6): 698–701.
1162:
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1100:
1065:
1044:(12): 1185–7.
1024:
1003:(12): 1000–3.
983:
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920:
901:(6): 396–404.
882:
861:(4): 331–342.
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609:
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552:contact sports
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315:dental traumas
229:
228:
199:external links
179:
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106:Main article:
103:
100:
63:
62:
57:
51:
50:
42:
41:
33:
24:
18:Tooth avulsion
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3105:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:Foot fracture
3031:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:Crus fracture
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
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2915:
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2905:
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2900:
2898:
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2890:
2889:
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2880:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2843:Broken finger
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2810:Hand fracture
2807:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:Distal radius
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:Hume fracture
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:Ulna fracture
2741:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Supracondylar
2717:
2715:
2712:
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2517:Open fracture
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2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:(3): 96–101.
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:(3): 263–86.
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:(6): 269–75.
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1551:(3): 101–10.
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1151:(5): 183–90.
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:(6): e75–80.
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
938:
934:
927:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:(5): 616–23.
762:
758:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
647:
640:
636:
635:Dental trauma
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
612:
607:
605:
601:
599:
595:
587:
585:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:dental trauma
536:
533:
531:
530:United States
523:
521:
517:
513:
507:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
489:
486:
483:
482:
481:
474:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:Storage media
442:
440:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
416:
407:
405:
402:
397:
390:
388:
386:
377:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
335:
333:
331:
327:
324:
320:
316:
311:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:primary teeth
269:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:alveolar bone
249:
245:
240:
236:
225:
222:
214:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:
185:
180:This section
178:
169:
168:
162:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
136:
134:
130:
129:malocclusions
126:
121:
117:
115:
109:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
76:alveolar bone
73:
69:
61:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
30:
19:
3020:Hip fracture
2696:Arm fracture
2658:Rib fracture
2434:
2419:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2324:
2302:(5): 183–8.
2299:
2295:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2187:(1): 43–56.
2184:
2180:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2043:(5): 361–6.
2040:
2036:
2030:
1993:
1989:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1917:
1895:(1): 38–47.
1892:
1888:
1836:
1832:
1791:(5): 263–6.
1788:
1784:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1717:(2): 76–89.
1714:
1710:
1693:
1688:
1663:
1659:
1616:(1): 43–53.
1613:
1609:
1603:
1581:(1): 15–25.
1578:
1574:
1548:
1544:
1510:
1506:
1480:
1476:
1443:(1): 37–42.
1440:
1436:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1346:(3): 135–7.
1343:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1296:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1223:(3): 130–6.
1220:
1216:
1178:
1174:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1116:(5): 403–8.
1113:
1109:
1103:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1000:
996:
986:
964:(1): 69–72.
961:
957:
951:
932:
898:
894:
858:
854:
802:(2): 77–83.
799:
795:
785:
760:
756:
715:(1): 100–2.
712:
708:
677:(2): 59–70.
674:
670:
602:
591:
573:
537:
534:
527:
524:Epidemiology
518:
514:
511:
497:
493:
478:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
428:
411:
398:
394:
381:
372:
352:
339:
319:oral hygiene
312:
280:
276:dental crypt
268:immunization
232:
217:
211:January 2018
208:
193:by removing
189:Please help
181:
139:Risk factors
122:
118:
111:
96:
88:
67:
66:
2779:Chauffeur's
2354:(1): 3–13.
1513:(1): 1–13.
1405:(2): 64–7.
588:Archaeology
581:dental pulp
321:with 0.12%
3082:Categories
3067:Broken toe
1996:: 315–21.
1952:(4): 234.
1383:2018-12-18
641:References
560:basketball
436:metabolism
191:improve it
163:Management
108:Mouthguard
102:Prevention
3093:Dentistry
3062:Calcaneal
3052:Cuneiform
2828:Bennett's
2484:Fractures
2370:0001-7019
1853:1469-493X
1680:1600-4469
877:1600-4469
816:0960-7439
691:1600-4469
475:Prognosis
420:ankylosis
343:root apex
326:mouthwash
281:Although
239:prognosis
78:owing to
60:Dentistry
55:Specialty
3042:Lisfranc
2818:Scaphoid
2789:Barton's
2769:Galeazzi
2714:Proximal
2686:Scapular
2681:Clavicle
2388:27688380
2256:: 327–9.
2065:41439700
2057:20433209
2022:27398104
1968:26793672
1871:30720860
1805:11048394
1483:: 1–26.
1360:10530158
1280:17635351
1239:17511833
1195:19021668
1130:20831636
1095:21880516
1060:19149336
1019:21265309
978:19208013
915:11759098
729:19208020
608:See also
594:Holocene
556:football
548:sporting
283:dentists
256:splinted
125:occlusal
123:Certain
2838:Busch's
2833:Boxer's
2823:Rolando
2784:Smith's
2774:Colles'
2495:General
2441:D014084
2379:4945341
2316:1302677
2281:2605601
2228:3860382
2193:4522422
2162:5225450
2127:5225449
2013:4920975
1959:4715389
1909:2598883
1862:6363052
1769:9558508
1731:7641622
1630:6792094
1595:6943905
1557:6933704
1527:6943904
1489:6942523
1457:2390966
1419:3472881
1157:7904776
777:7600227
570:History
424:jawbone
330:smoking
317:, good
294:(e.g.,
265:tetanus
260:dentist
254:and be
133:overjet
2386:
2376:
2368:
2314:
2279:
2226:
2191:
2160:
2125:
2063:
2055:
2020:
2010:
1966:
1956:
1907:
1869:
1859:
1851:
1803:
1767:
1729:
1678:
1628:
1593:
1555:
1525:
1487:
1455:
1417:
1358:
1321:
1278:
1237:
1193:
1155:
1128:
1093:
1058:
1017:
976:
939:
913:
875:
814:
775:
727:
689:
564:hockey
562:, and
415:x-rays
401:enamel
367:enamel
359:saline
114:helmet
80:trauma
3057:March
3047:Jones
2430:S03.2
2246:(PDF)
2061:S2CID
363:clots
300:blood
72:tooth
2650:Ribs
2537:Head
2486:and
2436:MeSH
2384:PMID
2366:ISSN
2312:PMID
2277:PMID
2224:PMID
2189:PMID
2158:PMID
2123:PMID
2053:PMID
2018:PMID
1964:PMID
1905:PMID
1867:PMID
1849:ISSN
1801:PMID
1765:PMID
1727:PMID
1676:ISSN
1626:PMID
1591:PMID
1553:PMID
1523:PMID
1485:PMID
1453:PMID
1415:PMID
1356:PMID
1319:ISBN
1276:PMID
1235:PMID
1191:PMID
1153:PMID
1126:PMID
1091:PMID
1056:PMID
1015:PMID
974:PMID
937:ISBN
911:PMID
873:ISSN
812:ISSN
773:PMID
725:PMID
687:ISSN
434:and
2875:Leg
2421:ICD
2374:PMC
2356:doi
2304:doi
2216:doi
2150:doi
2115:doi
2088:doi
2045:doi
2008:PMC
1998:doi
1954:PMC
1897:doi
1857:PMC
1841:doi
1793:doi
1789:189
1757:doi
1719:doi
1668:doi
1618:doi
1583:doi
1515:doi
1445:doi
1407:doi
1348:doi
1266:doi
1225:doi
1183:doi
1118:doi
1083:doi
1079:112
1046:doi
1042:173
1005:doi
1001:175
966:doi
903:doi
863:doi
804:doi
765:doi
717:doi
679:doi
546:or
296:HIV
288:lip
278:).
3084::
2439::
2428::
2425:10
2382:.
2372:.
2364:.
2352:49
2350:.
2346:.
2310:.
2298:.
2273:10
2271:.
2252:.
2248:.
2222:.
2210:.
2185:25
2183:.
2170:^
2156:.
2146:24
2144:.
2121:.
2111:24
2109:.
2084:17
2082:.
2059:.
2051:.
2041:40
2039:.
2016:.
2006:.
1994:10
1992:.
1988:.
1976:^
1962:.
1950:29
1948:.
1944:.
1925:.
1903:.
1891:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1847:.
1835:.
1831:.
1813:^
1799:.
1787:.
1763:.
1753:13
1751:.
1739:^
1725:.
1715:11
1713:.
1701:^
1674:.
1664:36
1662:.
1658:.
1638:^
1624:.
1614:10
1612:.
1589:.
1579:39
1577:.
1565:^
1547:.
1535:^
1521:.
1511:39
1509:.
1497:^
1479:.
1465:^
1451:.
1439:.
1427:^
1413:.
1401:.
1376:.
1354:.
1344:15
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1305:^
1288:^
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1262:23
1260:.
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1221:23
1219:.
1215:.
1203:^
1189:.
1179:24
1177:.
1165:^
1149:17
1147:.
1124:.
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1054:.
1040:.
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1013:.
999:.
995:.
972:.
962:25
960:.
923:^
909:.
899:11
897:.
885:^
871:.
859:36
857:.
853:.
824:^
810:.
800:24
798:.
794:.
771:.
761:79
759:.
737:^
723:.
713:25
711:.
699:^
685:.
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669:.
649:^
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554:,
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2994::
2965::
2936::
2885::
2762:/
2736::
2707::
2476:e
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2462:v
2423:-
2413:D
2390:.
2358::
2318:.
2306::
2300:8
2283:.
2254:4
2230:.
2218::
2212:1
2195:.
2164:.
2152::
2129:.
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2094:.
2090::
2067:.
2047::
2024:.
2000::
1970:.
1929:.
1911:.
1899::
1893:5
1873:.
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1837:2
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1682:.
1670::
1632:.
1620::
1597:.
1585::
1559:.
1549:4
1529:.
1517::
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1481:8
1459:.
1447::
1441:6
1421:.
1409::
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1362:.
1350::
1327:.
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1268::
1241:.
1227::
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1185::
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1132:.
1120::
1097:.
1085::
1062:.
1048::
1021:.
1007::
980:.
968::
945:.
917:.
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865::
818:.
806::
779:.
767::
731:.
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681::
224:)
218:(
213:)
209:(
205:.
187:.
20:)
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