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than to topple down iron or steel doors guarding the mausoleum. A flaw in the design of the mausoleum was the stained glass or other windows within. Almost every family between the 18th and 19th century had a religious affiliation. As such, many of these families (usually with a
Christian affiliation) would put stained glass within the mausoleums. The grave robbers would then just have to smash the glass to break in and to retrieve the body. Making it even easier, around the 1830s families began to fear burying family members. To remedy this, families would put a spare key somewhere within the mausoleum and create doors with two way locks. In short, grave robbers could break a window, recover the body, find the key, and walk straight out the front door of the mausoleum.
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1752:. In more common colloquial use the term "rob" is also used transitively with any type of place meaning to steal from. This means that, internationally, stealing of coffins/urns containing remains, components of these items or taking bodies from their proper, intended final resting place is also caught by the term
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have been used as a sign of a family's wealth and a symbol of gentry and nobility in many countries. In the mid and late 19th century in North
America, more and more families began to buy mausoleums. The belief was that it would be easier for a Resurrectionist or grave robber to dig up a grave rather
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Up to 31 recorded mort houses were scattered throughout
Scotland and northern England. Usually these structures were built within or near cemeteries to make transportation easier. Prior to grave robbers, they were used to store dead bodies in the winter, being that the ground was too cold and in some
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or mort safe was an iron coffin or framework which helped to protect a grave by preventing the body from being dug up and taken away. Mortsafes were specific for the task of preventing bodies from being stolen for purposes of medical dissections. Other variants included movable stone slabs capable of
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One of the most simplistic and low-tech methods to prevent grave robbing were to have an individual guard over the newly buried body. This was done until decomposition of the body was brought to a point where they would no longer be desirable for medical use. If families did not have enough money to
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The practice of grave robbery against
Aboriginal Australians can be traced back to the early days of British colonisation, when Aboriginal burial sites were viewed merely as sites of scientific curiosity and anthropological study, and sought to collect and study their remains before they disappeared
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often kept records of the precious items in their tombs, so an inventory check is presumed for archaeologists. Oftentimes, warnings would be left by the
Pharaohs in the tombs of calamities and curses that would be laid upon any who touched the treasure, or the bodies, which did little to deter grave
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The practice continued well into the twentieth century, with some cases reported as recently as the 1970s. The theft and desecration of
Aboriginal burial sites and remains has had profound and ongoing impacts on Indigenous communities in Australia. For many Indigenous Australians, the loss of their
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era grave sites. These sites are often desecrated by grave robbers in search of old and valuable jewellery. Affected sites are typically in rural, forested areas where once-prominent, wealthy landowners and their families were interred. The remote and often undocumented locations of defunct private
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This belief was reflected in the work of anthropologists and scientists who travelled to
Australia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to collect Aboriginal remains for study. These remains were not only taken without the consent of Indigenous communities but were used to advance racist and
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for anatomical study. The option to dissect
Confederate soldiers was also available, as Mississippi and North Carolina legally released those bodies to the families of the deceased. The North Carolina law also provided that the bodies of whites never be sent to an African American medical college
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and shipped to medical schools in the northern part of the United States. One New
England anatomy professor reported that, in the 1880s and 1890s, he entered into an arrangement in which he received, twice each semester, a shipment of 12 bodies of southern African Americans. "They came in barrels
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Unlike mausolea, cemetery vaults did play a functional role in protection against graverobbing. These feature strongly in French and
British layouts. Typically these would be a semi-enclosed stone structure with an ornamental cast iron access gate and usually plainer rails to the roof or sides.
513:). After the last full-blooded Tasmanian Aboriginal woman died in 1876, her body was exhumed and her skeleton sent to the Royal College of Surgeons in London for study. It was not until 1976, a century later, that her remains were finally returned to Australia for a proper burial.
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was used to store bones (usually skulls and femurs) gleaned from graves a year or two after burial. They are common throughout northern Europe. They usually predate any graverobbing periods and indeed serve no purpose in relation to graverobbing as they stored bones not bodies.
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led to many archaeological sites being revealed. Other peaks of tomb robbing occurred in the early 2000s and in the 2010s, when the plunder of graves was on the upswing due to an increase in global and domestic demand (and prices) for Chinese antiquities. The provinces of
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Efforts to repatriate stolen Indigenous remains and protect Indigenous burial sites have been ongoing in Australia for many years. In recent years, there has been a growing movement to return stolen remains to their traditional owners for proper burial and commemoration.
746:. This system consists of blocks and grooves to protect the King's Chamber from tomb robbers. Some experts believe that Pharaoh Khufu's tomb has actually not been found because of the deterrent system; instead, what had been found by grave robbers were fake chambers.
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agent was present and had notified the police beforehand, so the grave robbers only succeeded in dislodging the lid of his coffin. As a consequence, when Lincoln was reburied, additional security measures were implemented to prevent further grave robbery attempts.
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hire an individual to watch over the grave for a select number of days, the family would delegate this duty amongst them and close friends. As grave robbing became a lucrative business in the 19th century, a bribe would convince some guards to look the other way.
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has become a streamlined industry, the speed at which these artifacts enter the market has grown exponentially. Laws to prevent grave robbing have been enacted in these regions, but due to extreme poverty, these grave robberies continue to grow each year.
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until the body decomposed and were used on a circulating basis. At the passage of the Dissections Act the purpose became redundant and they were left where last used, sometimes being incorporated into the grave marker by addition of inscription.
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It was a common practice carried out by medical students who needed corpses for dissection and research. This practice continued until the late nineteenth century when laws were introduced to regulate the supply of cadavers for medical research.
442:, not having the access or money for a proper funeral. When buried in potter's fields, the dead were not normally buried very deeply. A grave robber could wait discreetly in the distance until nobody else was in sight, then quickly and easily
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The coffin collar was an iron collar often fixed to a piece of wood. It was fixed around the neck of a corpse and then bolted to the bottom of a coffin. Most common reports of these collars being used came from Scotland around the 1820s.
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in these ancient burial sites have been discovered, it is through the conditions of the tombs and presumed articles that are missing in which historians and archaeologists are able to determine whether the tomb has been robbed. Egyptian
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for an extremely high price. The buyers (museum curators, historians, etc.) didn't often suffer the repercussions of being in possession of stolen goods; the blame (and charges) were placed upon the lower-class grave robbers. Today's
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Although the protective function of the vaults became redundant by 1840 most mid 19th century cemeteries continue to include vaults as a visual focal point in their layouts. This is often a critical point within overall composition.
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graves in England contain many metal grave goods, mostly of iron. Grave robbers often leave them, being only interested in gold and silver. Grave contexts, ceramics, iron weapons and skeletons are typically destroyed in the process.
576:, wanted to leave the natural terrain (including ponds and hills) within the cemetery. If someone wanted to rob a grave, they would have to maneuver around these obstacles and navigate large stretches of land in the dark. Note that
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This was all part of a broader pattern of colonial violence against Indigenous Australians, which included forced removal from their land, massacres, and the forced assimilation of Indigenous children into white Australian society.
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State laws in Mississippi and North Carolina were passed in the 19th century which allowed medical schools to use the remains of those at the bottom of society's hierarchy—the unclaimed bodies of poor persons and residents of
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https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/collecting-indigenous-bodies#:~:text=Many%20settlers%20believed%20that%20Indigenous%20peoples%20were%20a,Europe%20and%20study%20them%20before%20they%20disappeared%20altogether
1748:, specifically that robbing and raiding in this context mean stealing. In English, Welsh and Scottish law "to rob"/"robbery" is limited to an intentional threat or attack against a person so as to steal - i.e. some form of
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The geography and placement of burial grounds became a deterrent within itself. This is because without the accessibility of the automobile (in the early 19th century), the transportation of bodies was difficult.
205:. Countless precious grave sites and tombs have been robbed before scholars were able to examine them. In any way, the archaeological context and the historical and anthropological information are destroyed:
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. (n.d.). Repatriation - the return of the remains of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to their communities. Retrieved from
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ancestors' remains has denied them the opportunity to mourn and grieve their loved ones. It has also perpetuated a legacy of trauma and dispossession that has been passed down through the generations.
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Looting obliterates the memory of the ancient world and turns its highest artistic creations into decorations, adornments on a shelf, divorced from historical context and ultimately from all meaning.
217:. Those intercepted, in a public justice domain, are inclined to deny their guilt. Though some artifacts may make their way to museums or scholars, the majority end up in private collections.
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cemeteries make them particularly susceptible to grave robbery. The practice may be encouraged by default upon the discovery of a previously unknown family cemetery by a new landowner.
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Once the railroad was invented and tracks laid, the sale of the bodies of African American slaves from the South for dissection began in earnest. The bodies were robbed from graves by
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inside the United States. The rural location of the cemetery created transportation issues. In addition, the terrain of and around the area was formidable, as the designer,
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In modern China, grave robbing has been perpetrated by both amateurs (such as farmers and migrant laborers) and by professional thieves associated with
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Mendelson, D. (2018). Body-snatching and grave-robbing in colonial Australia. Journal of Medical Biography, 26(2), 62-68. doi:10.1177/0967772015620039
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In parts of Europe, graves are robbed on an accelerating and alarming scale. Many grave robbers work with metal detectors and some of the groups are
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178:, a term denoting the contested or unlawful taking of a body (usually from a grave), which can be extended to the unlawful taking of organs alone.
1483:
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/15/were-not-pets-australias-stolen-indigenous-remains-are-still-being-fought-over-100-years-on
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The Guardian. (2020, June 15). 'We're not pets': Australia's stolen Indigenous remains are still being fought over 100 years on. Retrieved from
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In Scotland, construction of guard towers became common in the late 18th century, usually in a position overlooking most of the burial ground.
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https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/oct/23/indefensible-the-australian-academics-studying-artefacts-taken-from-indigenous-people
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https://aiatsis.gov.au/research/research-themes/repatriation-return-remains-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people-their-communities
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being hoisted over the fresh grave. All work on the principle of greatly increasing the required time for criminals to access the grave.
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is over 175 acres. Other cemeteries, of the time, that were originally built away from populated areas for similar reasons, include:
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Mausolea do not play a major role in the history of graverobbing and are largely built as a display of wealth rather than security.
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. (2019). Collecting Indigenous human remains. Retrieved from
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One notable historical incident occurred during the evening of November 7, 1876, when a group of counterfeiters attempted to steal
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https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/mar/31/looting-the-bodies-of-aboriginal-people-added-to-the-trauma-of-colonisation
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https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/publications/tasmanian-aboriginals-and
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The Guardian. (2019). 'Indefensible': The Australian academics studying artefacts taken from Indigenous people. Retrieved from
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Australian Broadcasting Company. (2018). The dark history of Australia's Indigenous remains trade. Retrieved from
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375:, in an attempt to secure the release of their imprisoned leader, counterfeit engraver Benjamin Boyd. However, a
247:. The practice reached epidemic proportions in the 1980s, as the development and construction boom following the
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236:, dating to the 2nd century BCE, advised readers to plan simple burials to discourage looting. The presence of
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475:). These African American medical schools typically obtained unclaimed Black ‘‘potter’s field bodies’’.
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Grave robbers who are not caught usually sell relatively modern items anonymously and artifacts on the
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1538:"Mount Auburn Cemetery--Massachusetts Conservation: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary"
1311:"Collecting Indigenous bodies was a preoccupation of early settlers." National Museum of Australia,
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1443:"Tasmanian Aboriginals, Colonisation and Protection: 1803-1900." Parliament of Tasmania Library.
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tombs are one of the most common examples of tomb or grave robbery. Most of the tombs in Egypt's
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Enslaved and free blacks, immigrants, and the poor were frequently the target of grave robbing.
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1323:"Looting the bodies of Aboriginal people added to the trauma of colonisation." The Guardian,
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were robbed within one hundred years of their sealing (including the tomb of the famous King
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Grave robbing in China is a practice stretching back to antiquity; the classic Chinese text
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An example of this is Mount Auburn Cemetery, in Cambridge Massachusetts. It was the first
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Probably the most prolific documented individual pillager of Indigenous burial sites was
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robbers. There are many examples of grave robbing in the Ancient World outside of Egypt.
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National Indigenous Australians Agency. (2019). Indigenous repatriation. Retrieved from
742:(completed around 2560 BC), an Egyptian deterrent system was built to guard the tomb of
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Modern grave robbing in North America also involves long-abandoned or forgotten private
1395:"La solitude : l'autre problème de santé publique dont il est urgent de s'occuper"
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1244:"Dissection and Discrimination: the Social Origins of Cadavers in America, 1760-1915"
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One of the most notorious examples of grave robbery in Australia is the case of the
283:, which was raided at least twice before it was discovered in 1922). As most of the
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-23/indigenous-remains-history-australia/9890884
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1445:
https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/datasheets/Tasmanianaboriginals1803-1900.pdf
1221:(2 ed. with a new afterword. ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
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National Museum Australia. (2021). Collecting Indigenous remains. Retrieved from
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Stealing History, Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World
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https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/repatriation/indigenous-repatriation
1417:"Tasmanian Aboriginals and Grave Robbery." Australian Human Rights Commission.
1349:
https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/collecting-indigenous-remains
305:) also suffered decades of theft and destruction of tombs, crypts, and graves.
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Peters, Bernard C. (1997), "Indian-Grave Robbing at Sault Ste. Marie, 1826.",
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and were shipped to a local hardware store that dealt in painting materials".
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https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/tasmanian-aboriginal-people
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built in 1832, Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland and still standing today.
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https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/collecting-indigenous-human-remains
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The Knife Man : Blood, Body Snatching, and the Birth of Modern Surgery
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Bodysnatchers: Digging Up The Untold Stories of Britain's Resurrection Men
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Bodysnatchers: Digging Up The Untold Stories of Britain's Resurrection Men
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939:"Tombs hidden in Valley of the Kings hold many more Egypt mummy mysteries"
624:
289:
317:, feeding the black market with highly prized archaeological artifacts.
27:
Act of uncovering a tomb or crypt to steal artifacts or personal effects
1688:"The Great Pyramid of Giza: Last Remaining Wonder of the Ancient World"
257:
202:
837:"The Insta-Dead: The rhetoric of the human remains trade on Instagram"
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These deterrents, used commonly in Scotland, would be rented from the
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and other valuables in tombs were powerful temptations to rob graves.
1830:
1804:
894:
The Wenzi: Creativity and Intertextuality in Early Chinese Philosophy
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340:
261:
1872:, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword History, p. 39,65,
1589:"Map Showing the Distribution of Morthouses in Scottish Graveyards"
1566:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword History. p. 39,65.
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African Americans would often be compelled to bury their dead in a
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253:
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159:
1859:
Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums
1714:"'Primitive Machine' Within Great Pyramid of Giza Reconstructed"
1140:
http://io9.com/S898746/the-adventures-of-abraham-lincolns-corpse
155:
1138:
Keith Verinese: "The Adventures of Abraham Lincoln's Corpse:"
875:"Tomb Robbing, Perilous but Alluring, Makes Comeback in China"
29:
1430:"Tasmanian Aboriginal people." National Museum of Australia.
1188:(3). Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County: 272–294.
896:. Studies in the History of Chinese Texts. Brill. p. 12.
835:
Huffer, Damien; University, Stockholm; Graham, Shawn (2017).
166:. It is usually perpetrated to take and profit from valuable
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pseudoscientific theories about their supposed inferiority.
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Grave robbing has caused great difficulty to the studies of
1851:
The great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty
1519:
1667:"8 Ways to Keep Body Snatchers from Stealing Your Corpse"
909:"Further Observations Concerning the Valley of the Kings"
1861:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
1845:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
132:"Grave robber" redirects here. For other uses, see
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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664:cases impossible to dig into. An example is the
1291:(1st pbk. ed.). New York: Broadway Books.
1103:"Grave robbing ghouls who trade in Nazi relics"
426:
423:Leonard Medical School Graduating Class of 1889
207:
1615:"National Museums of Scotland - Coffin Collar"
8:
1248:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
264:were particularly affected by tomb robbing.
1640:"Mausoleum Locks (19th & 20th century)"
1182:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
989:"How Tomb Raiders Are Stealing Our History"
520:, who ransacked around 1,800 graves around
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446:the body from its shallow resting place.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1785:A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology
1152:"History of African-American Cemeteries"
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221:Effects on archaeology around the world
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588:in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1836);
1744:All three long-used terms bear their
1027:"Bulgaria Plagued by 'Grave Robbers'"
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866:
864:
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651:in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1393:Cormier, Andrée-Anne (2021-03-10).
1219:Death, Dissection and the Destitute
1025:Kraske, Marion (21 December 2007).
600:in Brooklyn, New York (1838); and,
1922:Cemetery vandalism and desecration
592:in Taunton, Massachusetts (1836);
25:
1665:Davis, Lauren (13 October 2013).
1461:. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin.
574:Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn
323:graves in France and Germany and
1077:"Rise of the Nazi-Grave Robbers"
616:Mortsafes at Logeriat Church in
388:Grave robbers often sold stolen
185:Hole that was dug by looters in
34:
1242:Humphrey, DC (September 1973).
604:in Baltimore, Maryland (1838).
596:in Rochester, New York (1838);
557:Examples of the terrain within
245:transnational criminal networks
45:needs additional citations for
1818:The Michigan Historical Review
1801:The Egyptians: An Introduction
1178:"Grave robbing in New England"
1:
1902:Art and cultural repatriation
134:Grave Robber (disambiguation)
1868:Lennox, Suzie (2016-09-30),
1712:Jarus, Owen (11 July 2016).
1562:Lennox, Suzie (2016-09-30).
1176:Waite, Frederick C. (1945).
1841:Craughwell, Thomas (2007),
913:Pacific Lutheran University
693:in Cambridge, Massachusetts
655:A mort house, ossuaries or
150:is the act of uncovering a
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1820:, vol. 23, no. 2
1692:World History Encyclopedia
987:Mueller, Tom (June 2016).
873:Qin, Amy (July 15, 2017).
689:The Freeland Mausoleum at
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371:'s body from his grave in
131:
1457:Pybus, Cassandra (2024).
1217:Richardson, Ruth (2000).
584:in Bangor, Maine (1834);
339:and the European part of
1917:Organized crime activity
1825:Shelton, Jo-Ann (1998),
1799:Gardiner, Alan (2007) ,
1793:Harvard University Press
1595:. University of Aberdeen
1052:"In touch with the dead"
1857:Redman, Samuel (2016),
1843:Stealing Lincoln's Body
1835:Oxford University Press
1809:Oxford University Press
1746:plain (natural) meaning
1520:"Mount Auburn Cemetery"
590:Mount Pleasant Cemetery
485:Australian history wars
249:Chinese economic reform
1767:Atwood, Roger (2004),
1081:Bloomberg Businessweek
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473:Leonard Medical School
466:, and those buried in
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1783:Daniel, Glyn (1950),
1283:Moore, Wendy (2005).
892:Paul van Els (2018).
740:Great Pyramid of Giza
691:Mount Auburn Cemetery
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578:Mount Auburn Cemetery
559:Mount Auburn Cemetery
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507:Tasmanian Aboriginals
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373:Springfield, Illinois
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1897:Archaeological theft
1849:Peet, T. E. (1930),
841:Internet Archaeology
782:Notes and references
618:Perthshire, Scotland
602:Green Mount Cemetery
586:Laurel Hill Cemetery
54:improve this article
1811:(The Folio Society)
1459:A Very Secret Trade
993:National Geographic
722:Guards and guarding
598:Green-Wood Cemetery
594:Mount Hope Cemetery
582:Mount Hope Cemetery
518:George Murray Black
315:organised criminals
297:Classical Antiquity
277:Valley of the Kings
174:. A related act is
1777:St. Martin's Press
1750:assault or battery
1109:. 8 September 2012
766:Speyer wine bottle
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433:Edward C. Halperin
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1827:As the Romans Did
1791:, Massachusetts:
1128:Craughwell (2007)
1056:Leiden University
681:Family mausoleums
415:African Americans
403:antiquities trade
357:Antebellum Period
238:jade burial suits
172:personal property
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16:(Redirected from
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1083:. 23 August 2016
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999:on May 13, 2016.
995:. Archived from
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978:
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915:. Archived from
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850:10.11141/ia.45.5
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361:Great Depression
337:Southeast Europe
273:Ancient Egyptian
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975:Gardiner (2007)
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817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
784:
771:Tomb of Lepejou
752:
736:
724:
711:
709:Cemetery Vaults
683:
674:
666:Udny Mort House
649:Udny Mort House
642:
610:
551:
546:
530:New South Wales
526:South Australia
487:
481:
468:potter's fields
435:
432:
417:
412:
386:
384:Central America
369:Abraham Lincoln
353:
311:
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270:
228:
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137:
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69:"Grave robbery"
63:
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39:
28:
23:
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15:
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11:
5:
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1716:. Live Science
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1031:Spiegel Online
1014:
1010:Shelton (1998)
1002:
979:
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919:on 3 June 2012
899:
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879:New York Times
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815:
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790:
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783:
780:
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773:
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758:
756:Body snatching
751:
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723:
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682:
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673:
672:Coffin collars
670:
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570:rural cemetery
550:
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440:potter's field
430:
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377:Secret Service
352:
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333:Eastern Europe
310:
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176:body snatching
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42:
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26:
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1254:(9): 819–27.
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823:Atwood (2004)
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807:
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799:Daniel (1950)
795:
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744:Pharaoh Khufu
741:
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700:Historically
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471:(such as the
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451:night doctors
447:
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140:Grave robbery
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1869:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1826:
1817:
1800:
1784:
1768:
1760:Bibliography
1740:
1718:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1592:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
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1514:
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1489:
1477:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
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1307:
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1218:
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1185:
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1146:
1134:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1012:, p. 95
1005:
997:the original
992:
982:
970:
958:
946:. Retrieved
942:
933:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
912:
902:
893:
887:
878:
840:
830:
825:, p. 10
818:
806:
801:, p. 11
794:
761:Nighthawking
737:
729:
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675:
662:
654:
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567:
563:
538:
534:
515:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:altogether.
488:
460:
448:
437:
427:
398:black market
387:
366:
354:
345:World War II
335:, including
330:
319:
312:
301:The Romans (
300:
271:
242:
231:
229:
215:black market
212:
208:
192:
148:tomb raiding
147:
144:tomb robbing
143:
139:
138:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Tomb robbery
1542:www.nps.gov
1113:10 December
1087:10 December
1036:10 December
813:, p. 9
738:Within the
640:Mort houses
509:(see also:
325:Anglo-Saxon
321:Merovingian
281:Tutankhamen
199:art history
195:archaeology
164:commodities
1891:Categories
1732:References
1404:2024-04-19
1298:0767916530
702:mausoleums
657:dead house
544:Deterrents
524:, eastern
483:See also:
464:almshouses
456:turpentine
110:April 2024
80:newspapers
1853:, Oxford.
1789:Cambridge
734:Deception
608:Mortsafes
549:Geography
511:Black War
479:Australia
454:labeled
303:Byzantium
285:artifacts
187:Chan Chan
168:artefacts
162:to steal
1720:6 August
1697:6 August
1672:6 August
1599:5 August
1204:16016694
943:NBC News
750:See also
625:mortsafe
522:Victoria
444:disinter
431:—
347:graves.
290:pharaohs
1907:Looting
1650:30 July
1624:30 July
1547:30 July
1270:4582559
1261:1807060
1161:31 July
359:to pre-
258:Shaanxi
203:history
94:scholar
1876:
1831:Oxford
1805:Oxford
1570:
1465:
1295:
1268:
1258:
1225:
1202:
1195:194496
1192:
1061:22 May
948:22 May
923:22 May
843:(45).
633:sexton
341:Russia
309:Europe
262:Shanxi
260:, and
201:, and
189:, Peru
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
787:Notes
394:Mayan
390:Aztec
268:Egypt
254:Henan
226:China
160:crypt
152:grave
146:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
1874:ISBN
1722:2016
1699:2016
1674:2016
1652:2016
1626:2016
1601:2016
1568:ISBN
1549:2016
1463:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1266:PMID
1223:ISBN
1200:PMID
1163:2016
1115:2017
1089:2017
1063:2022
1038:2017
950:2022
925:2022
410:Race
156:tomb
73:news
1256:PMC
1190:PMC
845:doi
532:.
392:or
331:In
170:or
158:or
56:by
1893::
1833::
1807::
1803:,
1787:,
1775::
1771:,
1690:.
1617:.
1591:.
1540:.
1522:.
1397:.
1264:.
1252:49
1250:.
1246:.
1198:.
1186:33
1184:.
1180:.
1154:.
1105:.
1079:.
1054:.
1029:.
1017:^
991:.
941:.
911:.
877:.
859:^
839:.
623:A
256:,
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1724:.
1701:.
1676:.
1654:.
1628:.
1603:.
1576:.
1551:.
1526:.
1471:.
1447:.
1434:.
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1301:.
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1165:.
1117:.
1091:.
1065:.
1040:.
952:.
927:.
881:.
853:.
847::
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
