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at which the cornea flattens inward and outward is measured by the machine and termed corneal hysteresis (CH). The machine uses this value to correct for the effects of the cornea on measurement. In a population based study in healthy children that compared non-contact IOP measuring tonometer, including ORA and CORVIS with a contact tonometer, GAT, which is a routine instrument for IOP measurement. It was firmly evident that due to significantly low positive or negligible correlation, none of these 2 non-contact tonometers can replace the GAT.
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pressure is estimated by detecting the force of the air jet at the instance of applanation. Historically, non-contact tonometers were not considered to be an accurate way to measure IOP but instead a fast and simple way to screen for high IOP. However, modern non-contact tonometers have been shown to correlate well with
Goldmann tonometry measurements and are particularly useful for measuring IOP in children and other non-compliant patient groups.
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to a variable tension spring until the inner edges of the green semicircles in the viewfinder meet. When the area of a circle with diameter 3.06 mm (0.120 in) has been flattened, the opposing forces of corneal rigidity and the tear film are roughly approximate and cancel each other out allowing the pressure in the eye to be determined from the force applied. Like all
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cannot be ascertained from the CCT alone. The Ocular
Response Analyzer and Pascal DCT Tonometers are less affected by CCT than the Goldmann tonometer. Conversely, non-contact and rebound tonometers are more affected. Corneal thickness varies among individuals as well as with age and race. It is reduced in certain disease and following LASIK surgery.
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The ocular response analyser (ORA) is a non-contact (air puff) tonometer that does not require topical anaesthesia and provides additional information on the biomechanical properties of the cornea. It uses an air pulse to deform the cornea into a slight concavity. The difference between the pressures
325:
Impression tonometry (also known as indentation tonometry) measures the depth of corneal indentation made by a small plunger carrying a known weight. The higher the intraocular pressure, the harder it is to push against and indent the cornea. For very high levels of IOP, extra weights can be added to
213:
IOP test and is the most widely accepted method. A special disinfected prism is mounted on the tonometer head and then placed against the cornea. The examiner then uses a cobalt blue filter to view two green semicircles. The force applied to the tonometer head is then adjusted using a dial connected
407:
The thickness of the cornea affects most non-invasive methods by varying resistance to the tonometer probe. A thick cornea gives rise to a greater probability of an IOP being overestimated (and a thin cornea of an IOP being underestimated), but the extent of measurement error in individual patients
375:
Non-contact tonometry (or air-puff tonometry) is different from pneumatonometry and was invented by
Bernard Grolman of Reichert, Inc (formerly American Optical). It uses a rapid air pulse to applanate (flatten) the cornea. Corneal applanation is detected via an electro-optical system. Intraocular
366:
during routine use. Transpalpebral tonometry may be useful for measuring postsurgery IOP after myopic LASIK ablation because this technique is not influenced by the treatment. The Diaton tonometer still requires further evaluation and is not a substitute or alternative for more established methods.
265:
automatically begins to acquire data, measuring IOP 100 times per second. The tonometer tip rests on the cornea with a constant appositional force of one gram. When the sensor is subjected to a change in pressure, the electrical resistance is altered and the tonometer's computer calculates a change
250:
in its centre. In contrast to applanation tonometry it is designed to avoid deforming the cornea during measurement and is therefore thought to be less influenced by corneal thickness and other biomechanical properties of the cornea than other methods but because the tip shape is designed for the
294:
Rebound tonometers determine intraocular pressure by bouncing a small plastic tipped metal probe against the cornea. The device uses an induction coil to magnetise the probe and fire it against the cornea. As the probe bounces against the cornea and back into the device, it creates an induction
308:
membrane at one end. This membrane is placed against the cornea. The balance between the flow of air from the machine and the resistance to flow from the cornea affect the movement of the piston and this movement is used to calculate the intra-ocular pressure.
295:
current from which the intraocular pressure is calculated. The device is simple and easy to use and self-use versions are available. It is portable, does not require the use of eye drops and is particularly suitable for children and non-cooperative patients.
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are used to numb the eye but as with non-contact tonometry, these devices are often used in children and non-cooperative patients because of their portability and ease of use. Portable electronic tonometers also play a major role in veterinary tonometry.
791:
Francis, BA; Hsieh, A; Lai, MY; Chopra, V; Pena, F; Azen, S; Varma; R (Jan 2007). "Effects of corneal thickness, corneal curvature, and intraocular pressure level on
Goldmann applanation tonometry and dynamic contour tonometry".
1113:
Kwon, YH (4 March 2016). "The
Utility of Diaton Tonometer Measurements in Patients With Ocular Hypertension, Glaucoma, and Glaucoma Tube Shunts: A Preliminary Study for its Potential Use in Keratoprosthesis Patients".
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in pressure according to the change in resistance. A complete measurement cycle requires about eight seconds of contact time. The device also measures the variation in pressure that occurs with the cardiac cycle.
393:
Palpation (also known as digital tonometry) is the method of estimating intraocular pressure by gently pressing the index finger against the cornea of a closed eye. This method is notoriously unreliable.
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A pneumatonometer utilizes a pneumatic sensor (consisting of a piston floating on an air bearing). Filtered air is pumped into the piston and travels through a small (5 mm (0.20 in) diameter)
1218:
Salouti, Ramin; Alishiri, Ali Agha; Gharebaghi, Reza; Naderi, Mostafa; Jadidi, Khosrow; Shojaei-Baghini, Ahmad; Talebnejad, Mohammadreza; Nasiri, Zahra; Hosseini, Seyedmorteza; Heidary, Fatemeh (2018).
367:
The Diaton tonometer has a large margin of error compared with commonly used tonometers (e.g., GAT) in most patients (including those with ocular hypertension, glaucoma, and glaucoma tube shunts).
189:. The Maklakoff tonometer was an early example of this method, while the Goldmann tonometer is the most widely used version in current practice. Because the probe makes contact with the cornea, a
1175:
Medeiros, Felipe A.; Weinreb, Robert N. (October 2006). "Evaluation of the
Influence of Corneal Biomechanical Properties on Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using the Ocular Response Analyzer".
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to detect the transmitted pressure. The transducer is surrounded by an outer ring that flattens the adjacent cornea reducing its influence on measurement. Because the device touches the cornea,
226:
The
Perkins tonometer is a type of portable applanation tonometer, which may be useful in children, anesthetised patients who need to lie flat, or patients unable to co-operate with a sitting
1402:
932:
Schreiber, W; Vorwerk, CK; Langenbucher, A; Behrens-Baumann, W; Viestenz, A. (April 2007). "A comparison of rebound tonometry (ICare) with TonoPenXL and
Goldmann applanation tonometry".
1021:"Comparison of Intraocular Pressure before and after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis Refractive Surgery Measured with Perkins Tonometry, Noncontact Tonometry, and Transpalpebral Tonometry"
1070:
Li, Y; Shi, J; Duan, X; Fan, F (December 2010). "Transpalpebral measurement of intraocular pressure using the Diaton tonometer versus standard
Goldmann applanation tonometry".
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Dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) uses the principle of contour matching instead of applanation. The tip contains a hollow the same shape as the cornea with a miniature
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358:. The patient is positioned so that the tip of the device and lid are overlying sclera. Non-corneal and transpalpebral tonometry does not involve contact with the
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Kaufmann, C; Bachmann, LM; Thiel, MA (2003). "Intraocular
Pressure Measurements Using Dynamic Contour Tonometry after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis".
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In applanation tonometry the intraocular pressure (IOP) is inferred from the force required to flatten (applanate) a constant area of the
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Boehm, AG; Weber, A; Pillunat, LE; Koch, R (June 2008). "Dynamic Contour Tonometry in Comparison to Intracameral IOP Measurements".
350:. The Diaton non-corneal tonometer calculates pressure by measuring the response of a free-falling rod, as it rebounds against the
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1278:"Transpalpebral tonometry: reliability and comparison with Goldmann applanation tonometry and palpation in healthy volunteers"
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Kaufmann, C; Bachmann, LM; Thiel, M (2004). "Comparison of Dynamic Contour Tonometry with Goldmann Applanation Tonometry".
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Kniestedt, C; Nee, M; Stamper, RL (2004). "Dynamic Contour Tonometry. A Comparative Study on Human Cadaver Eyes".
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Chihara, E. (May–Jun 2008). "Assessment of true intraocular pressure: the gap between theory and practical data".
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Farandos, NM; Yetisen, AK; Monteiro, MJ; Lowe, CR; Yun, SH (2014). "Contact Lens Sensors in Ocular Diagnostics".
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1221:"Comparison among Ocular Response Analyzer, Corvis ST and Goldmann applanation tonometry in healthy children"
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make the plunger push harder. The movement of the plunger is measured using a calibrated scale. The
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Electronic indentation tonometers are modified Mackay-Marg tonometers that use a free floating
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Transpalpebral tonometry refers to methods of measuring intraocular pressure through the
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Kirstein E, An Update on Methods for Assessing Intraocular Pressure. online CE, 2006
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152:), with the normal eye pressure range between 10 and 21 mmHg (13–28 hPa).
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Robert N. Weinreb, James D. Brandt, David Garway-Heath and Felipe A. Medeiros 2007
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148:. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (
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1004:"Comparison of Diaton Tonometry and Non Contact Tonometry in Indian Subjects"
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Cacho, I; Sanchez-Naves, J; Batres, L; Pintor, J; Carracedo, G (2015).
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Troost, A; Yun, SH; Specht, K; Krummenauer, F; Schwenn, O (Mar 2005).
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shape of a normal cornea, it is more influenced by corneal curvature.
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examination, that yields clinical results comparable to the Goldmann.
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144:. It is an important test in the evaluation of patients at risk from
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Okafor KC, Brandt JD (Mar 2015). "Measuring intraocular pressure".
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methods, it is inherently imprecise and may need to be adjusted.
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Dr. Shaun Maria Dacosta, Dr. Babu Rajendran, Dr. Janakiraman P.
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Goldman, H; Schmidt, TH (1957). "Uber Applanations-tonometrie".
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SensorTip of a PASCAL tonometer in contact with patient's cornea
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Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is considered to be the
172:
Semicircles seen during Goldmann tonometry through slit lamp
1400:"An Update on Methods for Assessing Intraocular Pressure."
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on the central cornea (see gallery) and the integrated
676:"Should IOP be adjusted for corneal thickness alone?"
30:"Tonometry" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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1349:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
864:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
829:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
982:(4th ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
740:Arora, R; Bellamy, H; Austin, M. (March 2014).
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1329:"4th Consensus Meeting:Intra-Ocular Pressure"
978:Hofstetter, Cline D; Griffin Jr., HW (1997).
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27:Procedure to determine intra ocular pressure
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1225:International Journal of Ophthalmology
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1971:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
1964:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
164:The slit lamp of a Goldmann tonometer
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242:The PASCAL dynamic contour tonometer
1794:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
588:Amm M, Hedderich J (Jan 2005). "".
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51:A patient in front of a tonometer
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270:Electronic indentation tonometry
1592:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
674:Groves, N (15 September 2006).
403:Central corneal thickness (CCT)
342:Diaton transpalpebral tonometer
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1868:Corneal collagen cross-linking
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1858:Anterior chamber paracentesis
469:Advanced Healthcare Materials
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1789:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
1128:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000394
980:Dictionary of Visual Science
806:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.047
559:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000129
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911:10.1001/archopht.122.9.1287
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1637:Laser thermal keratoplasty
1460:Anesthesia for eye surgery
1157:http://www.mercksource.com
354:of the eyelid through the
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234:Dynamic contour tonometry
132:perform to determine the
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380:Ocular response analyzer
2016:Fluorescein angiography
1863:Boston keratoprosthesis
1825:Corneal transplantation
1597:Conductive keratoplasty
1409:Retrieved June 7, 2006.
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1237:10.18240/ijo.2018.08.13
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1704:Glued intraocular lens
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128:is the procedure that
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2001:Electronystagmography
1549:Dacryocystorhinostomy
645:10.1055/s-2005-857881
371:Non-contact tonometry
362:and does not require
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1954:Harada–Ito procedure
1627:Laser blended vision
1361:10.1167/iovs.07-1366
1162:May 9, 2006, at the
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841:10.1167/iovs.04-0018
547:Curr Opin Ophthalmol
425:A Goldmann tonometer
313:Impression tonometry
134:intraocular pressure
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2011:Electroretinography
1729:Phacoemulsification
1038:10.1155/2015/683895
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398:Influencing factors
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2006:Electrooculography
1991:Corneal topography
1959:Strabismus surgery
1405:2008-07-25 at the
1334:2011-06-10 at the
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364:topical anesthetic
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989:978-0-7506-9895-5
524:10.1159/000303213
328:Schiøtz tonometer
321:Schiøtz tonometer
290:Rebound tonometry
222:Perkins tonometer
136:(IOP), the fluid
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32:Gastric tonometry
16:(Redirected from
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1799:Trabeculectomy
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1885:Evisceration
1754:Ignipuncture
1554:Punctoplasty
1531:Tarsorrhaphy
1377:
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1288:(3): 280–3.
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216:non-invasive
208:
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125:
124:
2108:Retinoscopy
2068:Amsler grid
2055:examination
1944:Extraocular
1873:Enucleation
1699:Capsulotomy
1465:Eye surgery
800:(1): 20–6.
690:29 December
596:(1): 70–6.
306:fenestrated
185:, for the
140:inside the
100:MedlinePlus
2174:Categories
2093:Gonioscopy
2088:Funduscopy
1930:Vitrectomy
1925:Sclerotomy
1900:Iridectomy
1577:Refractive
1445:procedures
1443:Tests and
1177:J Glaucoma
1116:J Glaucoma
1031:: 683895.
455:References
276:transducer
193:, such as
2128:Radiation
1920:Pterygium
1878:Conformer
1612:Epi-LASIK
1245:2222-3959
661:260207933
389:Palpation
283:eye drops
256:tear film
228:slit lamp
126:Tonometry
65:optometry
58:Specialty
40:Tonometry
18:Tonometer
2154:Couching
1905:Peritomy
1774:Glaucoma
1684:Cataract
1403:Archived
1369:18316699
1332:Archived
1312:15722303
1263:30140637
1197:16988597
1160:Archived
1144:31305299
1136:26950582
1100:20523926
1092:20495818
1057:26167293
962:22409644
954:17333073
919:15364707
884:12939293
849:15326129
814:17070592
778:24707165
727:18501267
653:15719316
618:35088823
610:15322801
567:25594767
532:13484216
497:35508652
489:25400274
199:eye drop
146:glaucoma
138:pressure
74:ICD-9-CM
2147:History
2130:therapy
1983:imaging
1981:Medical
1946:muscles
1776:surgery
1747:surgery
1745:Retinal
1734:Prechop
1686:surgery
1579:surgery
1496:Eyelids
1303:1772547
1254:6090110
1205:7069001
1048:4475733
769:3971938
575:9760687
412:Gallery
156:Methods
92:D014065
1487:Adnexa
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360:cornea
356:sclera
348:eyelid
183:cornea
106:003447
1851:Other
1674:SMILE
1642:LASIK
1568:Globe
1201:S2CID
1140:S2CID
1096:S2CID
958:S2CID
657:S2CID
614:S2CID
571:S2CID
493:S2CID
114:[
79:89.11
1449:eyes
1365:PMID
1308:PMID
1259:PMID
1241:ISSN
1193:PMID
1132:PMID
1088:PMID
1053:PMID
1029:2015
984:ISBN
950:PMID
915:PMID
880:PMID
845:PMID
810:PMID
774:PMID
723:PMID
692:2006
649:PMID
606:PMID
563:PMID
528:PMID
485:PMID
150:mmHg
86:MeSH
2053:Eye
1357:doi
1298:PMC
1290:doi
1249:PMC
1233:doi
1185:doi
1124:doi
1080:doi
1076:248
1043:PMC
1033:doi
942:doi
938:104
907:doi
903:122
872:doi
837:doi
802:doi
798:114
764:PMC
754:doi
715:doi
641:doi
637:222
598:doi
594:102
555:doi
520:doi
516:134
477:doi
142:eye
2176::
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118:]
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
