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166:(83 mg per liter), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500â1000 mg, and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) adult). Until about 2010, quinine was often recommended as a relief for leg
271:. In fact, quinine will visibly fluoresce in direct sunlight against a dark background. The quinine molecules release energy as light instead of heat, which is more common. The state is not stable and the molecules will eventually return to a ground state and no longer glow.
146:
and a large amount of quinine. Most modern tonic waters contain comparatively less quinine, and are often enhanced by citrus flavors. As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of
251:, which is a type of skin reaction to drugs, due to the quinine content. Various scientific journals have reported that repeated intake of tonic water can cause fixed eruptions with varying severity, with one reporting the onset of
238:
was created in
Helsingborg, Sweden, at Koppi Roasters after a staff party where they mixed tonic water, syrup, and an espresso. Since 2007, the drink has grown in popularity in Scandinavia, Europe, and the United States.
129:
and other ingredients to make the bitter medicine more palatable. Soldiers in India were already given a gin ration, so the sweet concoction was easy to make. In 1868, the first known record of a gin and tonic was in the
255:. The cases of fixed eruptions were seen after the patients drank tonic water, by itself or mixed with gin. Some symptoms of fixed eruptions include pigmented macules, high fever, erythematous plaques, and bullae.
170:, although medical research suggested some care was needed in monitoring doses. Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using "off-label" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps.
484:
402:
655:
742:
721:"FDA Advances Effort Against Marketed Unapproved Drugs: FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps"
863:
71:, modern tonic water typically has a significantly lower quinine content and is often more sweetened than the original medicinal form. It is consumed for its distinctive
316:
Achan, Jane; Talisuna, Ambrose O; Erhart, Annette; Yeka, Adoke; Tibenderana, James K; Baliraine, Frederick N; Rosenthal, Philip J; D'Alessandro, Umberto (24 May 2011).
917:
155:. Traditional-style tonic water with high amounts of quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter flavor.
809:
720:
543:
647:
1080:
117:
The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858 when it was patented by the owner of Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond. The mixed drink
918:"Fixed eruption due to quinine in tonic water: A case report with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet A analysis"
996:
151:
or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain artificial sweeteners, such as
252:
651:
485:"Gin and tonic kept the British Empire healthy: The drink's quinine powder was vital for stopping the spread of malaria"
159:
507:
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648:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate)"
234:
or bitter lime. It is popular for its signature bitter but sweet taste. Another use of tonic water is in coffee. The
1060:
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723:. United States Food and Drug Administration. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017
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BrasiÄ, JR (1999). "Should people with nocturnal leg cramps drink tonic water and bitter lemon?".
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and was described as a refreshing cocktail for spectators of horse racing, not as a medicine.
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114:, where it was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.
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596:"Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria"
318:"Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria"
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trees to treat malaria after being shown the remedy from the
Indigenous peoples of
64:
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110:, medicinal quinine was recommended to British officials and soldiers to prevent
864:"Fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water: positive patch-testing"
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As early as the 17th century the
Spanish used quinine from the bark of
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Journal of the
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
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459:"Tonic water: sweet, bitter medicine. - Free Online Library"
376:"The Hidden Ingredient In Tonic Water You Should Know About"
125:, when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with
162:(FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83
757:"Espresso&Tonic: The Story of the Famous Coffee Drink"
434:"Just the tonic: A natural history of tonic water | Kew"
575:. Section "Current practical uses": Raintree Nutrition
508:"Curious Questions: Who invented the gin and tonic?"
997:"Shining Science: Explore Glow-in-the-Dark Water!"
810:"Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by tonic water"
741:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
142:Medicinal tonic water originally contained only
8:
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27:Carbonated soft drink containing quinine
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658:from the original on 19 February 2011
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63:is dissolved. Originally used as a
549:from the original on 19 April 2009
222:is also popular. Tonic water with
25:
862:Bel, Blandine (12 October 2009).
483:Raustiala, Kal (28 August 2013).
401:Raustiala, Kal (28 August 2013).
1038:
1024:
970:Steve Fentress (9 August 2011).
880:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x
281:
263:The quinine in tonic water will
106:and other tropical posts of the
206:Tonic water is often used as a
506:Keel, Toby (19 October 2019).
247:Tonic water is known to cause
230:juice added is often known as
44:, as seen with this bottle of
1:
1029:The dictionary definition of
158:In the United States, the US
36:Under ultraviolet light, the
652:Food and Drug Administration
160:Food and Drug Administration
1081:Products introduced in 1858
1097:
972:"The Blue Glow Of Quinine"
922:The Journal of Dermatology
916:Ohira, Aoi (3 June 2013).
194:Tequila and tonic cocktail
132:Oriental Sporting Magazine
691:10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.355
533:"21 CFR §172.575 Quinine"
186:and Fentimans Tonic Water
615:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144
335:10.1186/1475-2875-10-144
253:Stevens-Johnson syndrome
149:high-fructose corn syrup
934:10.1111/1346-8138.12195
573:Tropical Plant Database
403:"The Imperial Cocktail"
976:indianapublicmedia.org
654:(FDA). 7 August 2010.
463:www.thefreelibrary.com
203:
195:
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123:British colonial India
102:In early 19th century
49:
784:"Fixed Drug Eruption"
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57:carbonated soft drink
35:
1047:at Wikimedia Commons
808:Wada (20 May 2021).
761:European Coffee Trip
1001:Scientific American
182:Gin and Tonic with
121:also originated in
868:Contact Dermatitis
782:Shiohara, Tetsuo.
297:Ăgua de Inglaterra
236:espresso and tonic
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202:Espresso and tonic
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1043:Media related to
826:10.1111/jdv.17368
820:(10): e662âe663.
594:Achan, J (2011).
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259:Fluorescence
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1032:tonic water
981:16 February
679:Psychol Rep
662:21 February
553:15 December
487:. Slate.com
468:30 December
438:www.kew.org
220:Vodka tonic
208:drink mixer
53:Tonic water
18:Tonic syrup
1055:Categories
1006:4 February
955:21 January
901:21 January
847:21 January
793:21 January
788:Up To Date
767:9 February
517:4 February
443:21 January
386:21 January
303:References
46:Canada Dry
42:fluoresces
842:234793002
569:"Quinine"
418:30 August
344:1475-2875
265:fluoresce
212:cocktails
153:aspartame
59:in which
950:21534602
942:23724855
888:19825101
834:34014581
737:cite web
727:26 April
707:42278918
699:10335049
656:Archived
634:21609473
544:Archived
362:21609473
275:See also
85:Cinchona
67:against
1071:Quinine
650:. U.S.
625:3121651
579:10 July
540:gpo.gov
491:25 June
353:3121651
328:: 144.
112:malaria
97:Ecuador
93:Bolivia
79:History
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168:cramps
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946:S2CID
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703:S2CID
547:(PDF)
536:(PDF)
408:Slate
224:lemon
104:India
55:is a
1008:2022
983:2020
957:2022
938:PMID
903:2022
884:PMID
849:2022
830:PMID
795:2022
769:2022
743:link
729:2017
695:PMID
664:2011
630:PMID
581:2011
555:2008
519:2022
493:2014
470:2009
445:2022
420:2013
388:2022
358:PMID
340:ISSN
228:lime
210:for
89:Peru
930:doi
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330:doi
226:or
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