38:
335:, this is defined as follows. In Figure 2 the key col of peak A is at the meeting place of two closed contours, one encircling A (and no higher peaks) and the other containing at least one higher peak. The encirclement parent of A is the highest peak that is inside this other contour. In terms of the falling-sea model, the two contours together bound an "island", with two pieces connected by an isthmus at the key col. The encirclement parent is the highest point on this entire island.
580:
94:
324:
149:. Red triangles mark the four peaks, the lowest contour line encircling each of the three lower peaks are shown in black and the green dots mark the key cols that mark the starting point of prominence. The prominences are Atkins Hill: 430 − 310 = 120 ft, Cave Hill: 570 − 530 = 40 ft, Mead Mountain: 671 − 530 = 141 ft. The parent peak of each peak is Great Pond Mountain.
710:
surround most of the major continents of the Earth. Even just surrounding Afro-Eurasia would run a contour line through the Bering
Straight, with a highest submerged col of about 40 m, or only 8888 m below the peak of Everest. As a result, Mauna Kea's prominence might be subjectively more impressive than Everest's, and some authorities have called it the tallest mountain from peak to underwater base.
615:, and its prominence is 6,138 m. (To further illustrate the rising-sea model of prominence, if sea level rose 56 m, North and South America would be separate continents and Denali would be 6138 m, its current prominence, above sea level. At a slightly lower level, the continents would still be connected and the high point of the combined landmass would be Aconcagua, the encirclement parent.)
370:
250:
523:
138:
125:) is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths; the prominence is the difference between the elevation of the peak and the elevation of its key col. On a given landmass, the highest peak's prominence will be identical to its elevation. An alternative equivalent definition is that the prominence is the height of the peak's summit above the lowest
220:" (14,000 foot / 4268 m peaks) uses a cutoff of 300 ft / 91 m (with some exceptions). Also in the U.S., 2000 ft (610 m) of prominence has become an informal threshold that signifies that a peak has major stature. Lists with a high topographic prominence cutoff tend to favor isolated peaks or those that are the highest point of their
315:
peaks as subpeaks of others. For example, in Figure 1, the middle peak is a subpeak of the right peak, which is a subpeak of the left peak, which is the highest point on its landmass. In that example, there is no controversy about the hierarchy; in practice, there are different definitions of parent. These different definitions follow.
665:, the exact elevation is typically bounded by an upper and lower contour, and not specified exactly. Prominence calculations may use the high contour (giving in a pessimistic estimate), the low contour (giving an optimistic estimate), their mean (giving a "midrange" or "rise" prominence) or an interpolated value (customary in Britain).
681:
Dry prominence, on the other hand, ignores water, snow, and ice features and assumes that the surface of the earth is defined by the solid bottom of those features. The dry prominence of a summit is equal to its wet prominence unless the summit is the highest point of a landmass or island, or its key
618:
While it is natural for
Aconcagua to be the parent of Denali, since Denali is a major peak, consider the following situation: Peak A is a small hill on the coast of Alaska, with elevation 100 m and key col 50 m. Then the encirclement parent of Peak A is also Aconcagua, even though
504:
Alteration of the landscape by humans and presence of water features can give rise to issues in the choice of location and height of a summit or col. In
Britain, extensive discussion has resulted in a protocol that has been adopted by the main sources of prominence data in Britain and Ireland. Other
394:
The (prominence) parent peak of peak A can be found by dividing the island or region in question into territories, by tracing the two hydrographic runoffs, one in each direction, downwards from the key col of every peak that is more prominent than peak A. The parent is the peak whose territory peak A
385:
The encirclement parent is the highest possible parent for a peak; all other definitions indicate a (possibly different) peak on the combined island, a "closer" peak than the encirclement parent (if there is one), which is still "better" than the peak in question. The differences lie in what criteria
314:
as a particular peak in the higher terrain connected to the peak by the key col. If there are many higher peaks there are various ways of defining which one is the parent, not necessarily based on geological or geomorphological factors. The "parent" relationship defines a hierarchy which defines some
420:
This choice of method might at first seem arbitrary, but it provides every hill with a clear and unambiguous parent peak that is taller and more prominent than the hill itself, while also being connected to it (via ridge lines). The parent of a low hill will also usually be nearby; this becomes less
185:
because it is an objective measurement that is strongly correlated with the subjective significance of a summit. Peaks with low prominence are either subsidiary tops of some higher summit or relatively insignificant independent summits. Peaks with high prominence tend to be the highest points around
677:
There are two varieties of topographic prominence: wet prominence and dry prominence. Wet prominence is the standard topographic prominence discussed in this article. Wet prominence assumes that the surface of the earth includes all permanent water, snow, and ice features. Thus, the wet prominence
377:
This means that, while simple to define, the encirclement parent often does not satisfy the intuitive requirement that the parent peak should be close to the child peak. For example, one common use of the concept of parent is to make clear the location of a peak. If we say that Peak A has Mont
172:
A way to visualize prominence is to imagine raising sea level so the parent peak and subject peak are two separate islands. Then lower it until a tiny land bridge forms between the two islands. This land bridge is the key col of the subject peak, and the peak's prominence is its elevation from that
381:
Figure 3 shows a schematic range of peaks with the color underlying the minor peaks indicating the encirclement parent. In this case the encirclement parent of M is H whereas an intuitive view might be that L was the parent. Indeed, if col "k" were slightly lower, L would be the true encirclement
709:
It is worth noting Mauna Kea is relatively close to its submerged key col in the
Pacific Ocean, and the corresponding contour line that surrounds Mauna Kea is a relatively compact area of the ocean floor. Whereas a contour line around Everest that is lower than 9330m from Everest's peak would
480:
Line parentage, also called height parentage, is similar to prominence parentage, but it requires a prominence cutoff criterion. The height parent is the closest peak to peak A (along all ridges connected to A) that has a greater height than A, and satisfies some prominence criteria.
102:
The prominence of a peak is the least drop in height necessary in order to get from the summit to any higher terrain. This can be calculated for a given peak in the following manner: for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the
366:. This is the meeting place of two 113 m (371 ft) contours, one of them encircling Mont Blanc; the other contour encircles Mount Everest. This example demonstrates that the encirclement parent can be very far away from the peak in question when the key col is low.
484:
The disadvantage of this concept is that it goes against the intuition that a parent peak should always be more significant than its child. However it can be used to build an entire lineage for a peak which contains a great deal of information about the peak's position.
591:
The key col and parent peak are often close to the sub-peak but this is not always the case, especially when the key col is relatively low. It is only with the advent of computer programs and geographical databases that thorough analysis has become possible.
668:
The choice of method depends largely on the preference of the author and historical precedent. Pessimistic prominence, (and sometimes optimistic prominence) were for many years used in USA and international lists, but mean prominence is becoming preferred.
227:
While the use of prominence as a cutoff to form a list of peaks ranked by elevation is standard and is the most common use of the concept, it is also possible to use prominence as a mountain measure in itself. This generates
197:'s South Summit (height 8,749 m, prominence 11 m) is taller than K2, it is not considered an independent mountain because it is a sub-summit of the main summit (which has a height and prominence of 8,848 m).
505:
sources of data commonly ignore human-made alterations, but this convention is not universally agreed upon; for example, some authors discount modern structures but allow ancient ones. Another disagreement concerns
378:
Blanc for a parent, we would expect to find Peak A somewhere close to Mont Blanc. This is not always the case for the various concepts of parent, and is least likely to be the case for encirclement parentage.
97:
Figure 1. Vertical arrows show the topographic prominence of three peaks on an island. The dashed horizontal lines show the lowest contours that do not encircle higher peaks. Curved arrows point from a peak to its
697:
is equal to its wet prominence (4205 m) plus the depth of its highest submerged col (about 5125 m). Totaling 9330 m, this is greater than any mountain apart from
Everest. The dry prominence of
421:
likely as the hill's height and prominence increase. Using prominence parentage, one may produce a "hierarchy" of peaks going back to the highest point on the island. One such chain in
Britain would read:
402:" is sometimes used to classify low hills ("Marilyn" being a British term for a hill with a prominence of at least 150 m). This is found by dividing the region of Britain in question into territories,
682:
col is covered by snow or ice. If its highest surface col is on water, snow, or ice, the dry prominence of that summit is equal to its wet prominence plus the depth of its highest submerged col.
619:
there will be many peaks closer to Peak A which are much higher and more prominent than Peak A (for example, Denali). This illustrates the disadvantage in using the encirclement parent.
413:
because encirclement parentage breaks down when the key col approaches sea level. Using the encirclement definition, the parent of almost any small hill in a low-lying coastal area would be
406:. The parent Marilyn is the Marilyn whose territory the hill's summit is in. If the hill is on an island (in Britain) whose highest point is less than 150 m, it has no parent Marilyn.
2583:
2588:
509:, though for high-prominence peaks (and for low-prominence subpeaks with intact summits), the difference in prominence values for the two conventions is typically relatively small.
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165:
at a distance of 360 m (1200 feet). The key col may also be close to the subject peak or far from it. The key col for
Aconcagua, if sea level is disregarded, is the
2558:
2610:
689:, Everest's prominence is either undefined or its height from the lowest contour line. In a dry Earth, the lowest contour line would be the deepest hydrologic feature, the
216:
uses 150 m (about 500 ft). (Dawson's list and the term "Marilyn" are limited to
Britain and Ireland). In the contiguous United States, the famous list of "
2573:
693:, at 10,924 m depth. Everest's dry prominence would be this depth plus Everest's wet prominence of 8848 m, totaling 19,772 m. The dry prominence of
630:, with its prominence about the same as its height and its key col placed at or near the foot of the hill, well below, for instance, the 113-meter-high key col of
2528:
232:, which are qualitatively different from lists ranked by elevation. Such lists tend to emphasize isolated high peaks, such as range or island high points and
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2578:
2548:
2982:
169:
at a distance of 13,655 km (8,485 miles). The key col for the South Summit of Mount
Everest is about 100 m (330 feet) distant.
271:
3015:
3073:
2563:
236:. One advantage of a prominence-ranked list is that it needs no cutoff since a peak with high prominence is automatically an independent peak.
189:
Only summits with a sufficient degree of prominence are regarded as independent mountains. For example, the world's second-highest mountain is
3049:
2533:
417:, an unhelpful and confusing outcome. Meanwhile, "height" parentage (see below) is not used because there is no obvious choice of cutoff.
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2553:
584:
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1201:
566:
297:
533:
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646:. However, when the key col is far away, or when one wants to calculate the prominence of many peaks at once, software can apply
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953:
815:
373:
Figure 3. Diagram of a mountain range showing peaks and cols, from which mountain parentage and prominences can be determined.
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224:; a low value, such as the Nuttalls', results in a list with many summits that may be viewed by some as insignificant.
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When the key col for a peak is close to the peak itself, prominence is easily computed by hand using a
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encircling it but containing no higher summit within it. It is a measure of the independence of a
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Prominence values are accurate to perhaps 100m owing to uncertainties in ocean sounding depths.
702:
is equal to its wet prominence (6960 m) plus the depth of the highest submerged col of the
678:
of the highest summit of an ocean island or landmass is always equal to the summit's elevation.
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161:
in
Argentina at a distance of 17,755 km (11,032 miles), as well as the parent of the
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113:
69:
in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest
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1024:
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Chart showing relationships between the 100 peaks with highest prominence on Earth. (In the
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857:
844:
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436:
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2704:. Glasgow: TACit Press. There are several related booklets covering Britain and Ireland.
17:
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604:
399:
213:
182:
137:
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548:
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In general, the analysis of parents and lineages is intimately linked to studying the
93:
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194:
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493:
452:
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323:
126:
70:
587:, hover over a peak to highlight its parent(s) and click it to view its article.)
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The parent peak may be either close or far from the subject peak. The summit of
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2002:
1989:
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1227:
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encircling it, but containing no higher summit within it; see Figure 1.
1110:
852:
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612:
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158:
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81:("saddle") around the peak is a unique point on this contour line and the
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2646:"Calculating the prominence and isolation of every mountain in the world"
1976:
1457:
1115:
714:
489:
212:
uses a cutoff of 15 m (about 50 ft), and Alan Dawson's list of
2818:
204:
use topographic prominence as a criterion for inclusion in the list, or
2147:
456:
354:
in northwestern Russia (at 113 m (371 ft) elevation), on the
327:
Figure 2. Showing two closed contour lines meeting at Peak A's key col.
2823:
1801:
1375:
600:
596:
221:
74:
2728:
1971:
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578:
398:
For hills with low prominence in Britain, a definition of "parent
368:
322:
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136:
92:
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At each stage in the chain, both height and prominence increase.
85:
is some higher mountain, selected according to various criteria.
343:
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243:
106:
78:
3113:
729:
List of most prominent summits on Earth by 'dry' prominence
190:
2797:
2584:
List of the most prominent summits of the Rocky Mountains
409:
Prominence parentage is the only definition used in the
2959:
The Finest Peaks–Prominence and Other Mountain Measures
2644:
Kirmse, Andrew; de Ferranti, Jonathan (December 2017).
2589:
List of the most prominent summits of the United States
2559:
List of the most prominent summits of the British Isles
713:
Dry prominence is also useful for measuring submerged
193:(height 8,611 m, prominence 4,017 m). While
2650:
Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment
2606:
List of the most prominent summits of Central America
350:. Mont Blanc's key col is a piece of low ground near
41:
Contrast between topographic isolation and prominence
27:
Vertical measurement of the independence of a summit
2611:
List of the most prominent summits of the Caribbean
717:. Seamounts have a dry topographic prominence, a
2594:List of the most prominent summits of New England
141:Topographic prominence of three peaks located in
30:"Prominence" redirects here. For other uses, see
2618:List of ultra-prominent summits of South America
2569:List of ultra-prominent summits of North America
2886:"Accuracy of heights from Ordnance Survey maps"
2574:List of the most prominent summits of Greenland
2534:List of the most prominent summits of the world
3114:"Flood Map: Elevation Map, Sea Level Rise Map"
2731:. hills-database.co.uk and hill-bagging.co.uk
2544:List of ultra-prominent summits of Antarctica
2529:List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
8:
2601:List of the most prominent summits of Mexico
2579:List of the most prominent summits of Canada
2549:List of ultra-prominent summits of Australia
186:and are likely to have extraordinary views.
2554:List of ultra-prominent summits of the Alps
278:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
735:
386:are used to define "closer" and "better."
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2891:. The Database of British and Irish Hills
2779:. The Database of British and Irish Hills
2729:"The Database of British and Irish Hills"
2683:"Mount Everest-South Summit, China/Nepal"
2539:List of ultra-prominent summits of Africa
706:(about 40 m), or about 7000 m.
567:Learn how and when to remove this message
298:Learn how and when to remove this message
3098:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
2774:"Defining the Summits and Cols of Hills"
685:Because Earth has no higher summit than
547:Relevant discussion may be found on the
338:For example, the encirclement parent of
36:
2723:
2721:
2636:
654:to find exact or approximate key cols.
603:(6,194 m) is a 56 m col near
2564:List of European ultra-prominent peaks
500:Issues in choice of summit and key col
3076:from the original on October 10, 2021
3018:from the original on January 21, 2015
7:
2988:from the original on August 12, 2021
622:A hill in a low-lying area like the
276:adding citations to reliable sources
2702:The Hewitts and Marilyns of England
2494:(HAAT) – a similar measurement for
230:lists of peaks ranked by prominence
607:. Denali's encirclement parent is
210:The Mountains of England and Wales
181:Prominence is interesting to many
25:
3096:"How Big Are Hawaiian Volcanoes?"
673:Wet prominence and dry prominence
2750:"More Relative Hills of Britain"
2623:List of islands by highest point
626:will often be a direct child of
521:
358:between lands draining into the
319:Encirclement or island parentage
310:It is common to define a peak's
248:
2931:"United States P2000 Home Page"
661:typically show elevation using
1:
728:
163:South Summit of Mount Everest
2492:Height above average terrain
638:Calculations and mathematics
595:For example, the key col of
333:prominence island parentage
32:Prominence (disambiguation)
3175:
473:
342:, the highest peak in the
208:. John and Anne Nuttall's
145:, US, all near the higher
29:
1278:(S of Kerguelen Plateau)
18:Topographically prominent
3066:"How High is Mauna Loa?"
3044:. Springer. p. 71.
2845:"Topographic prominence"
2662:10.1177/0309133317738163
648:surface network modeling
652:digital elevation model
3070:U.S. Geological Survey
3038:Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich
3012:Guinness World Records
2524:List of mountain lists
2510:Ultra-prominent summit
1488:13.61833°S 172.48583°W
1402:17.62306°S 149.47694°W
1315:43.59500°S 170.14194°E
588:
374:
328:
157:is the parent peak of
150:
99:
42:
2700:Dawson, Alan (1997).
2479:(E of Sierra Nevada)
2429:10.83833°N 73.68667°W
2345:20.52500°S 29.32500°W
2260:38.46889°N 28.39889°W
2173:32.75861°N 16.94222°W
2003:28.27306°N 16.63944°W
1966:(W of South Georgia)
1746:4.07889°S 137.15833°E
1660:37.11111°S 12.28833°W
1574:14.95000°N 24.34167°W
1493:-13.61833; -172.48583
1407:-17.62306; -149.47694
1365:(W of New Caledonia)
1228:53.10000°S 73.51667°E
1141:32.65306°S 70.01111°W
1055:21.09833°S 55.48083°E
1019:(S of South Georgia)
969:78.52528°S 85.61694°W
793:27.98806°N 86.92528°E
723:topographic elevation
719:topographic isolation
582:
534:synthesis of material
372:
326:
140:
96:
57:(also referred to as
40:
3102:on February 5, 2022.
2910:"Definition of Rise"
2401:Pico Cristóbal Colón
2350:-20.52500; -29.32500
2087:3.07583°S 37.35333°E
1665:-37.11111; -12.28833
1320:-43.59500; 170.14194
1204:, Kerguelen Plateau
1146:-32.65306; -70.01111
974:-78.52528; -85.61694
831:11.3733°N 142.5917°E
404:one for each Marilyn
390:Prominence parentage
272:improve this section
2979:National Geographic
2865:"Help and Glossary"
2463: /
2434:10.83833; -73.68667
2425: /
2379: /
2341: /
2294: /
2265:38.46889; -28.39889
2256: /
2207: /
2178:32.75861; -16.94222
2169: /
2121: /
2083: /
2037: /
2008:28.27306; -16.63944
1999: /
1950: /
1912: /
1864: /
1826: /
1780: /
1751:-4.07889; 137.15833
1742: /
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1656: /
1608: /
1579:14.95000; -24.34167
1570: /
1522: /
1484: /
1436: /
1398: /
1378:, French Polynesia
1349: /
1311: /
1262: /
1233:-53.10000; 73.51667
1224: /
1175: /
1137: /
1089: /
1060:-21.09833; 55.48083
1051: /
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965: /
917: /
879: /
827: /
807:Undefined or 19772
789: /
611:(6,960 m), in
507:mountaintop removal
147:Great Pond Mountain
65:in US English, and
3149:Physical geography
3008:"Tallest Mountain"
2800:. mountainviews.ie
2092:-3.07583; 37.35333
798:27.98806; 86.92528
589:
544:to the main topic.
538:verifiably mention
532:possibly contains
375:
329:
202:lists of mountains
151:
100:
43:
3051:978-3-540-43650-8
2912:. ListsOfJohn.com
2483:
2482:
2315:Pico de Desejado
1979:, Canary Islands
1916:54.433°S 36.550°W
1630:Queen Mary's Peak
1284:Aoraki-Mount Cook
836:11.3733; 142.5917
721:, and a negative
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576:
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308:
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177:In mountaineering
59:autonomous height
16:(Redirected from
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3118:www.floodmap.net
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2867:. Peakbagger.com
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2672:
2670:
2668:
2641:
2505:Jut (topography)
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2395:(W of Trindade)
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2223:(NE of Madeira)
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2053:(E of Tenerife)
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:-54.433; -36.550
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:63.07°N 151.01°W
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1635:Tristan da Cunha
1624:(NE of islands)
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1549:Fogo, Cape Verde
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:17.22°S 147.69°W
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:19.31°S 157.63°E
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1191:(Bering Strait)
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:64.47°N 171.29°W
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1025:Piton des Neiges
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
980:
979:
977:
976:
975:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
932:
931:
929:
928:
927:
922:
921:13.29°N 166.54°W
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
894:
893:
891:
890:
889:
884:
883:19.82°N 155.47°W
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
842:
841:
839:
838:
837:
832:
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
804:
803:
801:
800:
799:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
736:
659:topographic maps
572:
565:
561:
558:
552:
525:
524:
517:
303:
296:
292:
289:
283:
252:
244:
21:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3159:Vertical extent
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2798:"MountainViews"
2796:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2500:TV transmitters
2488:
2471:
2469:
2467:10.78°N 72.94°W
2465:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2387:
2385:
2383:20.56°S 29.70°W
2381:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2321:, SE of Brazil
2302:
2300:
2298:52.46°N 33.23°W
2296:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2215:
2213:
2211:36.41°N 12.42°W
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2129:
2127:
2125:30.47°N 32.34°E
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2045:
2043:
2041:28.08°N 16.13°W
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1788:
1786:
1784:8.54°S 129.22°E
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1710:(W of Namibia)
1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1616:
1614:
1612:17.59°N 22.06°W
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1530:
1528:
1526:13.0°S 173.73°W
1524:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1445:-17.22; -147.69
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1270:
1268:
1266:63.90°S 82.94°E
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1105:(E of Reunion)
1097:
1095:
1093:21.68°S 56.78°E
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1011:
1009:
1007:60.58°S 39.26°W
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
992:
990:
989:
973:
971:
967:
964:
959:
956:
954:
952:
951:
933:(SW of Hawaii)
925:
923:
919:
916:
911:
908:
906:
904:
903:
887:
885:
881:
878:
873:
870:
868:
866:
865:
845:Challenger Deep
835:
833:
829:
826:
821:
818:
816:
814:
813:
797:
795:
791:
788:
783:
780:
778:
776:
775:
751:Dry prominence
731:
691:Challenger Deep
675:
644:topographic map
640:
573:
562:
556:
553:
546:
536:which does not
526:
522:
515:
502:
478:
472:
437:Boulsworth Hill
433:Hail Storm Hill
392:
321:
304:
293:
287:
284:
269:
253:
242:
234:stratovolcanoes
179:
135:
91:
55:relative height
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3154:Mountaineering
3151:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3105:
3087:
3057:
3050:
3029:
2999:
2963:
2943:
2933:. peaklist.org
2922:
2901:
2877:
2856:
2836:
2810:
2789:
2765:
2755:. Mark Jackson
2741:
2717:
2710:
2692:
2687:Peakbagger.com
2674:
2656:(6): 788–802.
2635:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2388:-20.56; -29.70
2363:
2360:
2357:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2021:
2018:
2015:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1954:53.02°S 48.0°W
1934:
1931:
1928:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1868:9.16°N 79.93°W
1848:
1845:
1842:
1835:63.07; -151.01
1810:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1698:32.44°S 1.64°W
1678:
1675:
1672:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1531:-13.0; -173.73
1506:
1503:
1500:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1452:(E of Tahiti)
1420:
1417:
1414:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1358:-19.31; 157.63
1333:
1330:
1327:
1295:
1292:
1291:, New Zealand
1286:
1280:
1279:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1184:64.47; -171.29
1159:
1156:
1153:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1012:-60.58; -39.26
987:
984:
981:
949:
946:
941:
935:
934:
926:13.29; -166.54
901:
898:
895:
888:19.82; -155.47
863:
860:
855:
849:
848:
811:
808:
805:
773:
770:
765:
759:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
730:
727:
674:
671:
639:
636:
605:Lake Nicaragua
575:
574:
529:
527:
520:
514:
511:
501:
498:
474:Main article:
471:
470:Line parentage
468:
391:
388:
331:Also known as
320:
317:
306:
305:
256:
254:
247:
241:
238:
178:
175:
134:
131:
90:
87:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3171:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:Adam Helman,
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:0-9522680-7-8
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2472:10.78; -72.94
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:(N Atlantic)
2307:
2303:52.46; -33.23
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2216:36.41; -12.42
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:(Suez Canal)
2134:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2046:28.08; -16.13
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1959:-53.02; -48.0
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:South Georgia
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:(Darien Gap)
1877:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:(E of Timor)
1793:
1789:-8.54; 129.22
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1707:
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2130:30.47; 32.34
1873:9.16; -79.93
1544:Pico do Fogo
1371:Mont Orohena
1289:South Island
1202:Heard Island
768:Afro-Eurasia
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364:Caspian Seas
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288:October 2015
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270:Please help
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183:mountaineers
180:
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133:Illustration
127:contour line
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71:contour line
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3080:October 10,
3022:January 21,
2992:October 10,
2972:"Mauna Kea"
2470: /
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2059:Kilimanjaro
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1886:Mount Paget
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1716:Puncak Jaya
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1479:172°29′09″W
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1393:149°28′37″W
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1197:Mawson Peak
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754:Col height
745:Height (m)
624:Netherlands
585:SVG version
476:Line parent
429:Winter Hill
240:Parent peak
218:fourteeners
119:linking col
89:Definitions
83:parent peak
3144:Topography
3138:Categories
3123:2021-06-07
2937:2021-04-17
2916:2013-01-31
2895:2016-04-22
2871:2013-01-31
2850:2017-01-13
2830:2017-01-13
2804:2016-04-21
2783:2016-04-21
2759:2016-04-22
2735:2016-04-21
2631:References
2420:73°41′12″W
2417:10°50′18″N
2336:29°19′30″W
2333:20°31′30″S
2251:28°23′56″W
2248:38°28′08″N
2229:Mount Pico
2164:16°56′32″W
2161:32°45′31″N
2143:Pico Ruivo
2078:37°21′12″E
2075:03°04′33″S
1994:16°38′22″W
1991:28°16′23″N
1737:137°9′30″E
1734:04°04′44″S
1721:New Guinea
1651:12°17′18″W
1648:37°06′40″S
1565:24°20′30″W
1562:14°57′00″N
1476:13°37′06″S
1390:17°37′23″S
1306:170°8′31″E
1303:43°35′42″S
1219:73°31′00″E
1129:32°39′11″S
1046:55°28′51″E
1043:21°05′54″S
957:78°31′31″S
944:Antarctica
822:142°35.5′E
784:86°55′31″E
781:27°59′17″N
632:Mont Blanc
557:March 2016
494:watersheds
445:Cross Fell
352:Lake Onega
340:Mont Blanc
77:. The key
51:prominence
47:topography
3042:Volcanism
2819:"WinProm"
2405:Americas
2236:, Azores
1806:Americas
1216:53°6′00″S
1132:70°0′40″W
1111:Aconcagua
960:85°37′1″W
853:Mauna Kea
819:11°22.4′N
748:Location
742:Landmass
715:seamounts
700:Aconcagua
695:Mauna Kea
613:Argentina
609:Aconcagua
549:talk page
461:Ben Nevis
449:Helvellyn
415:Ben Nevis
259:does not
173:key col.
159:Aconcagua
3074:Archived
3040:(2004).
3016:Archived
2983:Archived
2486:See also
2319:Trindade
1977:Tenerife
1821:151°01′W
1775:129°13′E
1517:173°44′W
1458:Silisili
1431:147°41′W
1344:157°38′E
1170:171°17′W
1116:Americas
912:166°32′W
874:155°28′W
513:Examples
490:topology
382:parent.
214:Marilyns
112:highest
2961:, 2005.
2458:72°56′W
2455:10°47′N
2374:29°42′W
2371:20°34′S
2289:33°14′W
2286:52°28′N
2202:12°25′W
2199:36°25′N
2148:Madeira
2116:32°20′E
2113:30°28′N
2063:Africa
2032:16°08′W
2029:28°05′N
1945:48°00′W
1942:53°01′S
1907:36°33′W
1904:54°26′S
1859:79°56′W
1818:63°04′N
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1603:22°04′W
1600:17°35′N
1514:13°00′S
1428:17°13′S
1341:19°19′S
1257:82°56′E
1254:63°54′S
1167:64°28′N
1084:56°47′E
1081:21°41′S
1030:Réunion
998:39°16′W
995:60°35′S
909:13°17′N
871:19°49′N
810:-10924
739:Summit
457:Snowdon
400:Marilyn
395:is in.
280:removed
265:sources
98:parent.
3048:
2824:GitHub
2708:
2362:−4947
2277:−3421
2190:−4015
2020:−2224
1933:−3007
1856:9°10′N
1802:Denali
1772:8°32′S
1763:−1294
1689:1°38′W
1677:−4117
1591:−3361
1505:−4453
1419:-4100
1376:Tahiti
1332:-2630
1245:-3650
1072:-4060
986:-3380
900:-5125
858:Hawaii
657:Since
601:Alaska
597:Denali
542:relate
360:Baltic
356:divide
312:parent
222:massif
206:cutoff
114:saddle
75:summit
61:, and
2986:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2777:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2667:8 May
2516:Lists
2443:5509
2408:5570
2359:5567
2274:5772
2239:2351
2187:5876
2152:1861
2101:5885
2066:5895
2017:5939
1982:3715
1972:Teide
1930:5942
1895:2935
1844:6144
1809:6191
1760:6178
1725:4884
1674:6179
1639:2062
1588:6190
1553:2829
1502:6311
1467:1858
1463:Samoa
1416:6341
1381:2241
1329:6354
1294:3724
1242:6395
1207:2745
1155:7000
1120:6960
1069:7129
1034:3069
983:8272
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897:9330
862:4205
772:8848
650:to a
346:, is
200:Many
143:Maine
121:, or
117:, or
3082:2021
3046:ISBN
3024:2015
2994:2021
2706:ISBN
2669:2024
2498:and
2446:191
2324:620
2234:Pico
1158:-40
362:and
344:Alps
263:any
261:cite
123:link
110:(or
105:key
67:drop
2658:doi
2104:10
1847:47
599:in
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107:col
79:col
53:or
45:In
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2946:^
2821:.
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2652:.
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2496:FM
847:)
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634:.
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459:→
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191:K2
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