350:
1772:
1221:
24:
1655:
1633:". In these places, close to water sources, corpses tend to accumulate, mainly elephants, but also other mammals, and have been well studied in African parks. In this environment trampling and fragmentation of exposed or semi-buried remains by elephants or other mammals occurs, which continue to go to the water sources. In Ambrona, the elephant mortality curve also fits into this model, seems to indicate deaths due to natural causes and does not present the typical bias due to selective hunting.
208:
474:
513:), Borja Sanchiz (amphibians and reptiles), Antonio Sánchez Marco (birds), Juan M. Rodríguez de Tembleque, Joaquín Panera and Susana Rubio (archeology), Christophe Falguères (dating), Alfonso Benito Calvo (geology), C. Álvaro Chirveches, M. Vilà Margalef and Alexandra Vicent (consolidation and restoration). The excavations were carried out by a large number of archeology students, reaching over fifty in one of the campaigns.
1763:, selected and purposely prepared by man for use in lithic carving. These affirmations are based on direct experimentation with current elephant bones and comparing the results with the breaking and polishing marks of some bone elements of the sites, with sharpness and with the percussion polishing marks at the tips of the defenses, as well as in the relative abundance of these last ones against complete defenses.
490:, mixing levels that should be differentiated with this other method. The works began in the years 1990 and 1991, with the elaboration of surface geological studies complemented with some soundings, and the main excavation campaigns were carried out, this time only in Ambrona, the summers from 1993 to 2000, without interruption, taking place some complementary sampling and other trials between 2001 and 2002.
618:. It would be more recent than Ambrona, formed at a later time, not determinable, of the encasement of the fluvial network in the valley, although Aguirre it supposes a probable temporary overlap between the superior members of Ambrona and the inferior ones of Torralba. The maximum recognized thickness of this formation is about 15 meters. In 1965, Butzer differentiated thirteen units in the
1295:
457:); researchers: Emiliano Aguirre, Karl W. Butzer, Richard G. Klein, M. Teresa Alberdi, A. Azzaroli, J. Bischoff, T. E. Cerling, Katherine Cruz-Uribe, Ignacio Doadrio, Frank Harrold, Manuel Hoyos, P. Preece, Antonio Sánchez-Marco (birds), F. Borja Sanchiz (amphibians), H. P. Schwarcz, Carmen Sesé (micromammals), Kathy Schick, N. P. Toth and Charles Turner.
482:
archaeologist Manuel
Santonja and the geologist Alfredo Pérez-González proposed and co-directed a new stage of excavations, focused mainly to establish with precision the geology and the detailed stratigraphy of the same. The approach was based on the realization, prior to the systematic excavation, of
1751:
On the one hand, Villa and collaborators, based on the taphonomic analysis of the types of breaks and superficial alterations of the bones deny the existence of bone industry, at least for the
Ambrona site, leaving Torralba with indetermination. In the deposits, more than fifty tips of young elephant
332:
The international diffusion of the works in
Torralba was due, on the one hand, to the communication that Marquis of Cerralbo himself presented at the International Congress of Prehistory that was held in Geneva in 1912, which he accompanied with a sample of his discoveries, and, on the other hand, to
516:
In
Ambrona a total of 688 m were excavated and some surveys and control tastings were carried out in Torralba. Some 975 lithic industry specimens were obtained, however, most paleontological remains were left unexploded, consolidated, covered again and protected to prevent spoilage and looting,
481:
As a result of the results of Howell and collaborators, in the following years, extensive discussions took place on some conclusions related to human behavior, mainly those related to active hunting or the use of bone instruments. In order to establish a precise formation model of the deposits, the
248:
In 1907, when the
Marquis of Cerralbo vacationed in the area, he had news of the appearance of "colossal" elephant carcasses; after visiting the place and aware, from the beginning, of the antiquity of the remains, he decided to undertake and pay for the excavations himself, hoping to find evidence
227:
The
Torralba site is infinitely precious for Spanish prehistory and it is a joy that is in the hands of someone so enlightened and with such powerful means of action as the Marquis of Cerralbo. His study, scientific and methodical, will continue without rest. He could discover the skeletons of some
1433:
The diatoms indicate that during the sedimentation of the AS4 and AS5 units the salinity increased in the lagoon and that the water layer was somewhat higher with respect to the previous units -the salts would be contributed by the sediments of the underwater Keuper facies that surround all area-.
1798:
It was devised by
Aguirre in 1963, for which Howell reserved an area of the excavations from which the fossils found were not extracted. Aguirre and Echaide designed the project, which was completed in November of the same year. It was the first museum of its kind to be opened in Spain. Ten years
578:
have been identified, grouped into three members: one lower (AS1 to AS5 levels) – gravels, gray silts and clays, another medium (AS6) – sands and gray limes, and the upper one (AS7) – graves and red sands. The AS3 level (silt and clays) is locally eroded, supporting AS4 directly on AS2 at some
372:
conducted six excavation campaigns in
Torralba and Ambrona, between 1961 and 1963 and in 1980, 1981 and 1983. The results of his studies seemed to have demonstrated the practice of active hunting by the human groups of the time-hypothesis discussed later, in favor of occasional scavenging. Also
1621:
The bone remains of large mammals are, in general, dispersed, eroded and fragmented, evidencing trawling by fluvial transport, although in clay or silty sediments there are usually elements in anatomical connection, with little or no transport (primary accumulation), and without predators or
1424:
at different levels, shows the evolution of the paleoenvironment during the sedimentation of the same, which in general corresponds to fluvio-lacustrine media under a temperate climate, softer and more humid than the current one. For the lower sections of the sequence (AS1 to AS5) an initial
195:. The contract was awarded to a Belgian company. The first remains appeared in 1888, with the works of canalization of the water that the company was carrying out for the first railway station of Torralba (moved later twice, before 1926 and in 1959). Part of that material was acquired by the
403:(professor at the University of Salamanca, delegate of Fine Arts in 1962–63), Desmond Collins (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom), Peter Taylor, Richard G. Klein, Blanca Izquierdo, José Viloria (MNCN, preparation and restoration of fossils), Karl W. Butzer (University of Wisconsin,
384:(University of Barcelona) interested the anthropologists F. Clark Howell (University of Chicago) and Pierre Biberson (Museum of the Man of Paris), in the works that the Marquis of Cerralbo had done in Torralba and his concept of "station", very similar to the one they were discussing.
464:
The investigations of these years gave rise to a large number of scientific publications on all related aspects, paleontology, archeology, geology, paleoclimatology, etc., but highlighting, due to its social impact, those related to the presumed hunting activities of primitive man.
460:
In all its campaigns, Howell excavated more than 1000 m in
Torralba, recovering about 700 lithic instruments and more than 2100 fossils, and about 2700 m in Ambrona, with more than 4400 lithic instruments and several thousand fossils (of them more of 2000 elephants).
1752:
tusks have been collected, after almost a century of excavations, which these authors interpret as a result of the natural break during the activity of the animals in the barking of trees or the digging of the ground looking for water, as is the case with today's elephants.
1429:
with junipers, alternating, with an increase towards the end, with pine forests. The AS6 level is characterized by the almost exclusive domain of the pine forests, but on the roof, the return of the moorlands is finally reflected with junipers and grasses (Poaceae).
1448:
The set of frogs indicates a more benign environment than the current one, with less dry summers and less cold winters. The age (stage of ontogenetic development) of some specimens indicates that death occurred between March and summer, most likely in the spring.
1622:
scavengers, even the skeleton of an elephant specimen (in the so-called "α" concentration) is practically complete. On the other hand, there is evidence of human manipulation in some elephant bones: certain fractures and cut marks by lytic instruments for dying.
1640:
Elephants are the most represented mammals in all the fossiliferous levels, except in the AS6 levels of
Ambrona (middle member), in which only horse remains appear, and Va de Torralba (upper complex), in which the horse is clearly predominant over the rest.
387:
Howell visited Ambrona and Torralba in 1960. He obtained funding and permits to excavate, helped by Biberson, who was also able to provide some funding for the work. An international multidisciplinary team and a modern work methodology were proposed.
1636:
From the excavations of Howell in Ambrona, the alignment of a defense and five long elephant bones of difficult interpretation have been described and in which it has been wanted to see, without any justification, some type of ritual.
1858:
433:
In 1973 Aguirre directed the systematic excavation of more than 200 m around the Museum of Ambrona, built ten years earlier, necessary to correct the humidity that endangered it, recovering more fossils and lithic industry.
341:-reference work during the first third of the 20th century-, in which he describe the findings of Torralba, originally published in Spanish in 1916, with a second edition expanded in 1925 that was translated into English.
1407:). Without skeletal remains in the sites, human presence is identified by the lithic industry and the activity marks on elephant bones. The species is inferred only by correlation with the Sima de los Huesos site of
1727:
Between 20% and 65% of the pieces, according to the levels, they seem not to be eroded, while the rest show signs of light bearing, secondary accumulation, with few elements very rolled. There is no evidence of
2539:
A. Pinilla; M. J. López García; A. Pérez González, and M. Santonja (2005). "Contribución de las biomineralizaciones silíceas a la investigación paleoecológica de yacimientos arqueológicos. El caso de Ambrona".
419:, Leslie Gordon Freeman (University of Chicago, record), Thomas Lynch (University of Chicago), Susan Tax (cartoonist), several Spanish and American students denses and more than twenty workers in the area.
1459:
Some of the birds found are typical of lacustrine areas with thick marginal vegetation, but no remains of any diving species have appeared, indicating that the lagoon would be shallow, of shallow depth.
3043:
260:
Cerralbo excavated between 1000 and 2000 m of the Torralba site and an unknown, but much smaller, area of Ambrona. Paleontological elements recovered accounted for 525 elephant remains (
3117:
391:
In the different campaigns from 1961 to 1963 they were part of Howell's teams: Pierre Biberson (Museum of the Man of Paris, deputy director of the excavations and head of the Ambrona area),
2949:
1839:
245:, Marquis of Cerralbo, first in Torralba from 1909 to 1913 and later in Ambrona from 1914 to 1916, and have been considered as the best performed of the first half of the 20th century.
2409:, expressly indicated by its authors (Pérez-González and Santonja, 2005), for this reason, it has been indicated between quotation marks and the term formation with lowercase letters.
174:
in the category of "archaeological zone" on September 7, 1995. They are also declared as "a place of international geological interest of international relevance" ("Geosite") by the
2847:
178:, with the designations "VP -07: Loma del Saúco, Torralba" and "VP-07b: Loma de los Huesos, Ambrona", within the category "vertebrate sites of the Pliocene-Spanish Pleistocene".
3082:
3092:
120:, although the use of the term for a concentration of bones raises a problem of definition. The sites show evidence of successive occupations by human beings, who had a
1724:, from different origins, some transported from long distances (flint and quartzite) and others taking advantage of those available in the area (limestone and quartz).
2911:
2673:
2623:
2573:
2522:
2475:
2354:
1967:
3112:
2807:
2288:
M. Santonja, A. Pérez-González and R. Mora (2005). "Investigaciones recientes (1990–1997) en los yacimientos Achelenses de Ambrona y Torralba (Soria, España)".
1434:
For the AS6 unit they show that a medium-high salinity is maintained, but with a lower water layer, decreasing until disappearing towards the roof of the unit.
2872:
437:
The last campaigns of Howel were realized in 1980, 1981 and 1983. The possibility of finding some human fossil facilitated new economic supports, even of the
677:
The lists of taxa identified in the deposits have been changing over time, depending on the discovery of better diagnostic elements or the vagaries of the
2321:
M. Santonja, J. Panera; S. Rubio Jara and A. Pérez-González (2005). "The lithic industry of Ambrona. General characteristics and stratigraphic context".
1669:
recovered from these sites has been very numerous, although in relation to the excavated volumes it can be considered scarce. It corresponds to the late
1558:, from Ambrona, presents traits that indicate an age after the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, coinciding with what is indicated by the presence of
2590:
B. Ruiz Zapata; M. J. Gil García; M. Dorado and A. Valdeolmillos (2005). "El paisaje vegetal durante el Pleistoceno medio en el interior peninsular".
1871:
175:
2957:
1833:
454:
156:
2931:
Procesos técnicos y variabilidad en la industria lítica del Pleistoceno Medio de la meseta : Sierra de Atapuerca, Torralba, Ambrona y Aridos
1799:
later Aguirre obtained, in addition, that a road was made that facilitated a route of cultural tourism between the Nacional II, the museum and
196:
3032:
2201:
574:
The Ambrona site is located in the "Ambrona formation", whose sediment thickness, as a whole, would not exceed eight meters. Seven levels or
430:
adhered between the teeth of the elephants, to get as close as possible to the existing environment during the accumulation of the remains.
1827:
1445:
water conditions. On the other hand, the salinity of the waters could not be very high, as indicated by the presence of certain ostracods.
399:, paleontology of vertebrates), Dolores Echaide (University of Zaragoza, representative in 1961 of the Dirección General de Bellas Artes),
396:
152:
486:
and sections for detailed stratigraphic analysis, since simultaneous excavation in large areas could lead to confusion among very similar
422:
Grids were drawn, stratigraphic profiles were raised and each extracted remainder was labeled. As an example of thoroughness, samples of
3087:
603:. The upper member (AS7), with a granulometry higher than the previous ones, corresponds again to alluvial fan facies, in which neither
249:
of its synchrony with the "most primitive" man. He initiated them in 1909 – a year after taking office as Permanent Academician of the
2980:
2887:
2822:
2771:
2735:
2699:
2649:
2599:
2549:
2498:
2382:
2330:
2297:
2117:
1930:
1759:
and other bone elements endowed with points and edges. Likewise, Aguirre interprets the tips of ivory of defenses as possible soft
349:
477:
Aspect of the Ambrona site in 2012. The trenches of the excavations can be seen in the foreground and behind the Museum buildings.
1602:
116:), with remains of nearly fifty individuals from each site, in addition to large bovines and horses. The sites can be seen as an
642:
1565:
Other sites, with a similar faunal association of mammals or the evolutionary status of the significant species, are those of
1527:
age, which lasted from 781 000 to 126 000 years before the present). The most characteristic temporal marker is the
3102:
2373:
A. Pérez- M. González and Santonja (2005). "Secuencias litoestratigráficas del Pleistoceno medio del yacimiento de Ambrona".
3107:
661:
2640:
A. Baltanás; P. Alcorlo and T. Namiotko (2005). "Ostrácodos (Crustacea, Ostracoda) del yacimiento pleistoceno de Ambrona".
1771:
1425:
environment is inferred with grasses, riparian trees (alder, willow and elm) and few pines, after which an environment of
1519:
resolution, and those represented in Torralba and Ambrona have the association and characteristics typical of mid-Middle
1590:
250:
242:
132:
1803:. In 1985, laboratories and a public exhibition room were built, showing material that was deposited in other museums.
361:
remains (the most important taxon in the site): a defense, a vertebra, a jaw (upside down) and some ribs, among others.
3097:
3005:
2247:
J. Menéndez-Amor and F. Florschutz (1963). "Sur les éléments steppiques dans la végétation quaternaire de l'Espagne".
2007:
587:
environment. The rest of the lower and middle members (AS4 to AS6) are interpreted as deposited in low-energy shallow
438:
2726:
S. Perea and I. Doadrio (2005). "Estudio paleosistemático de la ictiofauna pleistocénica del yacimiento de Ambrona".
646:
171:
626:
Lower complex, of gray tones, characterized by gravels, sands and marls (IIa to IId, IIIa, IIIb, IVa and IVb units).
1582:
1566:
1319:
1220:
286:
1820:
633:
Above the Torralba Formation, the Sahuco Formation, of the Upper Pleistocene, absent in Ambrona, is superimposed.
1788:
497:), Blanca Ruiz Zapata (palynology), Rafael Mora (area of Torralba, registry and cartography), Josep María Parés (
160:
2808:"Mamíferos del yacimiento del Pleistoceno Medio de Ambrona: análisis faunístico e interpretación paleoambiental"
1923:
Torralba, Ambrona and the Marquis of Cerralbo. Las dos primeras excavaciones del Paleolítico Inferior en España
1807:
1776:
1755:
On the other hand, Aguirre, among others, maintains that it is very probable a certain rudimentary industry of
653:, a dating has been obtained absolute not inferior to 350,000 years, contemporary of OSI 9 or final of OSI 11.
524:
The works were followed by numerous publications, highlighting an extensive monographic volume of the magazine
262:
112:
33:
23:
2848:"Los micromamíferos del Cuaternario peninsular español: cronoestratigrafía e implicaciones bioestratigráficas"
1594:
1328:
268:
254:
91:). The sites, traditionally studied together, are about 3 km distant, and belong to the settlements of
1630:
1241:
450:
148:
117:
442:
441:. For the excavations and analysis of samples of these campaigns, he had the following team: co-directors:
400:
2905:
2667:
2617:
2567:
2516:
2469:
2348:
1163:
446:
381:
76:
2489:
JM Parés; A. Pérez-González, and M. Santonja (2005). "Datos arqueomagnéticos del yacimiento de Ambrona".
1367:
1254:
972:
1654:
1598:
96:
2449:
2762:
A. Sánchez Marco (2005). "Pocos huesos para tanta historia: las aves fósiles de Ambrona y Torralba".
2450:"The Lower Acheulian site of Ambrona, Soria (Spain): ages derived from a combined ESR/U-series model"
2406:
1901:. Memories. Vol. 9. Madrid: Commission of Paleontological and Prehistoric Research. p. 457.
1705:
1456:, the only fish found in these sites, indicates a small fluvial course or lagoon not very extensive.
1403:
946:
619:
615:
369:
144:
136:
2427:
2165:
Santonja Gómez, M. (publisher); Pérez González, A .; Ruiz Zapata, B .; Sesé, C. and Soto, E. (2005)
373:
carbonaceous remains to indicate the presence of homes: the intentional and controlled use of fire.
322:
1875:
1756:
1610:
1578:
1408:
1193:
1108:
1004:
995:
596:
65:
53:
2690:
I. Martínez Solano and B. Sanchiz (2005). "Anfibios y reptiles del Pleistoceno medio de Ambrona".
326:
2135:
2057:
2020:
1948:
1674:
1574:
1524:
1063:
678:
100:
84:
2221:
1701:
318:
2448:
C. Falguères; J. J. Bahain; A. Pérez-González; N. Mercier; M. Santonja, and J. M. Dolo (2006).
2171:. Madrid: Regional Archaeological Museum, Community of Madrid, Junta de Castilla y León: 55 pp.
1345:
560:). They were located in the flat and impermeable bottom of an elongated valley from an ancient
473:
3028:
2986:
2976:
2893:
2883:
2828:
2818:
2777:
2767:
2741:
2731:
2705:
2695:
2655:
2645:
2605:
2595:
2555:
2545:
2504:
2494:
2388:
2378:
2336:
2326:
2303:
2293:
2263:
2197:
2123:
2113:
1936:
1926:
1733:
1442:
1130:
80:
49:
2457:
2428:"Contextualización del complejo inferior de Ambrona en al Achelense de la Península Ibérica"
2229:
1693:
1309:
1276:
1180:
1090:
865:
392:
377:
140:
629:
Superior complex, of reddish colors, composed of sands, marls and gravels (Va to Vd units).
207:
2147:
2069:
2032:
1960:
1666:
1625:
The abundant accumulations of elephant remains in Ambrona are similar to the modern sites
1570:
1387:
1099:
1029:
608:
291:
61:
17:
2929:
191:
In the late 19th century it was decided that a new railway line should link Torralba and
493:
The team had numerous specialists: Carmen Sesé and Enrique Soto (mammals), Paola Villa (
376:
In 1959, during the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, in which
1685:
1658:
1337:
657:
498:
334:
299:
280:
219:
2047:
3076:
1745:
1586:
1550:, prior to populations recorded in late-Middle Pleistocene sites. On the other hand,
1516:
1224:
1081:
964:
794:
311:
1381:
986:
784:
757:
735:
580:
366:
303:
233:
2233:
2871:
P. Villa; E. Soto; A. Pérez-González; R. Mora; J. Parcerisas and C. Sesé (2005).
1800:
1760:
1626:
1528:
1520:
1207:
1116:
1054:
1013:
650:
416:
307:
151:. The remains from the different excavations are scattered, mainly, between the
135:
between 1909 and 1914, later, in the early '60s and early '80s, by the American
110:
From these sites have been obtained fossils of large mammals, mainly elephants (
88:
2971:
P. Villa and F. d'Errico (2005). "Las puntas de marfil de Torralba y Ambrona".
1876:"Lugares de interés geológico españoles de relevancia internacional (Geosites)"
1294:
660:
have given in all Ambrona samples a normal polarity value, consistent with the
2461:
1697:
1453:
1139:
1072:
1021:
780:
753:
412:
404:
215:
104:
3058:
3045:
2990:
2897:
2832:
2781:
2745:
2709:
2659:
2609:
2559:
2508:
2392:
2340:
2307:
2127:
1940:
2167:
1717:
1713:
1670:
1359:
1155:
955:
821:
817:
808:
789:
510:
494:
483:
380:
was presenting the concept of "occupation sites", the Spanish archaeologist
125:
73:
2222:"Acheulian occupation sites at Torralba and Ambrona, Spain: their geology"
131:
Known since the end of the 19th century, they were excavated first by the
1681:
1426:
891:
813:
772:
761:
545:
536:
The sediments in which the deposits are integrated correspond to ancient
502:
295:
211:
1988:
E. White (1975). "The hunter". In Time-Life book publishing team (ed.).
517:
in anticipation of a possible future extension of the museum exhibition
1787:, the Museo de Ambrona. It is currently managed as an off-shoot of the
1784:
1748:
from bones and elephant defenses in these sites is very controversial.
1689:
1606:
877:
871:
853:
749:
622:, grouped into two "complexes", both with fossils and lithic industry:
408:
274:
121:
92:
1992:. Origins of Man. Time-Life International (Nederland). pp. 66–95.
1810:
at its natural size was incorporated into the exterior of the museum.
1721:
1421:
1268:
1038:
859:
691:
604:
575:
557:
553:
549:
487:
423:
69:
2873:"Nuevos datos sobre Ambrona: cerrado el debate caza versus carroñeo"
2249:
Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Geología)
2937:. Doctoral thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 370.
1770:
1709:
1293:
1219:
847:
841:
835:
829:
799:
766:
600:
588:
562:
537:
472:
348:
206:
192:
57:
317:
Cerralbo was accompanied in his excavations by the archaeologist
592:
584:
541:
506:
427:
1542:, which in Ambrona presents some primitive characters, as does
2168:
Waiting for the Flood. Ambrona and Torralba 400,000 years ago
1507:) and more temperate and humid climate than the current one.
583:
channel (AS1 and AS2). The AS3 level has been interpreted as
2950:"Ambrona (Soria): la industria lítica del Complejo Superior"
614:
The Torralba site, in turn, is integrated into the Torralba
2954:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología
1673:
primitive or middle-ancient Acheulian, dated in the «full»
1441:, present throughout the sequence (AS1 to AS6), indicates
544:, Discordant deposits, by a soft local pale-relief, on the
664:, the current one, which started 779 000 years ago .
143:
and later, in the '90s, new campaigns were carried out by
1840:
Regional Archaeological Museum of the Community of Madrid
2009:
Las excavaciones en la estación arqueológica de Torralba
257:, a relatively close location where he owned an estate.
1823:, material from these sites are housed and exhibited in
579:
points. The base, discordant, corresponds to facies of
1921:
M. Santonja, A. Pérez-González, and R. Flores (2005).
2585:
2583:
2866:
2864:
2228:. Vol. 150, no. 3704. pp. 1718–1722.
411:), Josefina Menéndez Amor (MNCN) and F. Florschutz (
2757:
2755:
2635:
2633:
2196:. Espasa Forum. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 389.
2534:
2532:
681:; we try to present the most up-to-date relation.
294:accounted for a total of 557 specimens, including
253:– and established his paleontological workshop in
3118:Buildings and structures in the Province of Soria
3006:"Constitución del museo prehistórico de Ambrona"
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
83:) associated, at least about 350,000 years old (
2923:
2921:
2857:. Vol. Extraordinary Nº. pp. 278–287.
1708:, among others. The materials are very varied:
225:
2956:. Vol. 9. pp. 77–104. Archived from
2685:
2683:
2456:. Vol. 33, no. 2. pp. 149–157.
2264:"A Spanish camp of Stone Age elephant hunters"
1857:Historical Heritage. Database of real estate:
1240:Early Middle Pleistocene European cave hyena (
548:materials of the area (locally constituted by
2721:
2719:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2368:
2366:
2364:
1253:Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion (
353:Detail of Howell's 1963 excavation conserved
139:with the collaboration of the paleontologist
8:
2910:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2672:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2521:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2474:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2251:(in French). Vol. 61. pp. 121–133.
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2103:
2101:
2099:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1290:Proboscides, perissodactyla and artiodactyla
199:and the rest distributed among individuals.
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2001:
1999:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1806:Subsequently, the unrealistic figure of a
566:, then open and in the process of erosion.
31:exhibition of remains of ancient elephant,
3015:. Vol. February 23, 1964. p. 75.
2161:
2159:
2157:
2110:Torralba y Ambrona. Un siglo de encuentros
1515:Some Pleistocene mammals may provide some
241:The first excavations were carried out by
3093:Lower Paleolithic Archaeological cultures
2215:
2213:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1966:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3083:Archaeological sites in Castile and León
1872:Geological and Mining Institute of Spain
1795:, part of the material as it was found.
1791:. Built directly on the site, it shows,
1653:
1523:, between 400 000 and 300 of
521:to a much larger extension of the site.
176:Geological and Mining Institute of Spain
22:
1850:
1834:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
1307:Ancient elephant with a septated nose (
3113:Buildings and structures in Medinaceli
2903:
2665:
2615:
2565:
2514:
2467:
2405:The "Ambrona Formation" is a unit not
2346:
2143:
2133:
2065:
2055:
2028:
2018:
2015:. Vol. July 20, 1963. p. 46.
1956:
1946:
1463:Mammals indicate forest environments (
469:1990–2002: Santonja and Pérez-González
333:the book by the German paleontologist
595:environments, with some sediments of
455:Museo Arqueológico Nacional de España
7:
1828:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
1736:, and mainly on quartzite elements.
1148:Soricomorphs, rodents and lagomorphs
649:(U-Th), on the enamel and dentin of
397:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
153:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
197:Escuela Superior de Minas de Madrid
124:station or, more likely, scavanged
2270:. Vol. 308. pp. 160–162.
1819:In addition to the aforementioned
1420:The vegetation, identified by the
203:1909–1916: the Marquis of Cerralbo
14:
2975:. Vol. 5. pp. 288–304.
2882:. Vol. 5. pp. 352–380.
2855:Revista Española de Paleontología
2817:. Vol. 5. pp. 258–280.
2766:. Vol. 5. pp. 248–256.
2730:. Vol. 5. pp. 240–247.
2694:. Vol. 5. pp. 232–239.
2644:. Vol. 5. pp. 222–230.
2594:. Vol. 5. pp. 214–220.
2544:. Vol. 5. pp. 200–212.
2493:. Vol. 5. pp. 190–198.
2454:Journal of Archaeological Science
2377:. Vol. 5. pp. 176–188.
2325:. Vol. 5. pp. 306–332.
2292:. Vol. 5. pp. 104–123.
2052:. Vol. 21. pp. 369–371.
1859:Yacimientos de Ambrona y Torralba
1499:), with areas of abundant water (
1317:Rhinoceros with a septated nose (
2049:Nouvelles découvertes en Espagne
2846:C. Sesé and P. Sevilla (1996).
2112:. Vol. 5. pp. 40–77.
1925:. Vol. 5. pp. 19–38.
1475:) and open areas with meadows (
939:Fishes, amphibians and reptiles
643:electron paramagnetic resonance
2437:. Vol. 7. pp. 17–36.
1861:. Ministry of Culture (Spain).
325:and the French paleontologist
1:
2928:M. Mosquera Martínez (2004).
2234:10.1126/science.150.3704.1718
345:1961–1983: Howell and Aguirre
218:of Torralba. Illustration by
128:and carried out quartering.
16:For the Italian commune, see
2806:C. Sesé and E. Soto (2005).
1821:Museo aqueológico de Ambrona
251:Real Academia de la Historia
243:Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa
3023:Park, Michael Alan (2005).
1783:There is a small museum in
1573:) and some terraces of the
439:National Geographic Society
157:Museo Arqueológico Nacional
68:that correspond to various
3134:
3088:Prehistoric sites in Spain
2426:J. Panera Gallego (1996).
1320:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
287:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
15:
2462:10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.006
1789:Numantine Museum of Soria
1680:The typology is diverse:
1179:Southwestern water vole (
641:Combining the methods of
2006:Celestino Monge (1963).
1899:The fossil man (2nd ed.)
1897:Hugo Obermaier (1925) .
1808:straight-tusked elephant
1777:Straight-tusked elephant
1775:Life-size recreation of
1744:The existence or not of
1329:Equus caballus torralbae
1162:Topillo de las brechas (
1097:Red-breasted merganser (
993:Spanish spadefoot toad (
359:Straight-tusked elephant
272:), 37 of a great bovid (
269:Equus caballus torralbae
263:Straight-tusked elephant
172:Bien de Interés Cultural
161:Museo Numantino de Soria
113:Straight-tusked elephant
34:Straight-tusked elephant
3059:41.16000°N 2.49850611°W
3027:. Boston: McGraw Hill.
3025:Biological Anthropology
2948:S. Rubio Jara (1996).
1780:
1767:Paleontological Museum
1662:
1544:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1439:Leucocythere mirabilis
1310:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1303:
1300:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1236:
971:Spanish painted frog (
509:), Ascensión Pinilla (
478:
362:
239:
223:
149:Alfredo Pérez-González
38:
3103:Paleontology in Spain
3064:41.16000; -2.49850611
2220:K. W. Butzer (1965).
2046:Henri Breuil (1910).
1774:
1732:manufacture, only of
1657:
1631:Elephants' graveyards
1595:Rincón de la Victoria
1401:Heidelberg's man? (?
1385:) or primitive bull (
1297:
1223:
1002:Common parsley frog (
476:
443:Leslie Gordon Freeman
401:Francisco Jordá Cerdá
352:
255:Santa María de Huerta
210:
26:
2108:Aguirre, E. (2005).
1734:secondary retouching
1603:Solana del Zamborino
1477:Microtus brecciensis
1404:Homo heidelbergensis
984:European tree frog (
947:Chondrostoma arcasii
620:stratigraphic column
505:), Ignacio Doadrio (
451:Martín Almagro Basch
426:were taken from the
370:Francis Clark Howell
284:) and 3 rhinoceros (
137:Francis Clark Howell
118:elephants' graveyard
66:archaeological sites
3055: /
2192:E. Aguirre (2008).
1779:next to the museum.
1611:Province of Granada
1366:Great-horned deer (
1335:European red deer (
1298:Skull and tusks of
1109:Porphyrio porphyrio
1005:Pelodytes punctatus
996:Pelobates cultripes
501:), Ángel Baltanás (
170:They were declared
133:Marquis of Cerralbo
27:Museum of Ambrona:
3108:Miño de Medinaceli
3098:Middle Pleistocene
1781:
1675:Middle Pleistocene
1663:
1599:Province of Málaga
1326:Torralba's horse (
1304:
1237:
1128:Northern lapwing (
1106:Western swamphen (
1088:Common merganser (
1070:Northern pintail (
1064:Tadorna ferruginea
1027:Ladder snake (cf.
479:
378:John Desmond Clark
363:
224:
101:Torralba del Moral
97:Miño de Medinaceli
89:Middle Pleistocene
39:
3034:978-0-07-286312-3
2973:Zona Arqueológica
2880:Zona Arqueológica
2815:Zona Arqueológica
2764:Zona Arqueológica
2728:Zona Arqueológica
2692:Zona Arqueológica
2642:Zona Arqueológica
2592:Zona Arqueológica
2542:Zona Arqueológica
2491:Zona Arqueológica
2375:Zona Arqueológica
2323:Zona Arqueológica
2290:Zona Arqueológica
2203:978-84-670-2823-2
1814:Other exhibitions
1411:, of similar age.
1131:Vanellus vanellus
806:Shrubs: juniper (
611:have been found.
526:Zona Arqueológica
453:(director of the
228:elephant hunters!
222:(1925, page 194).
103:(municipality of
95:(municipality of
81:Lower Paleolithic
50:Province of Soria
3125:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3038:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2812:
2803:
2786:
2785:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2613:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2410:
2407:formally defined
2403:
2397:
2396:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2262:S. Cole (1962).
2259:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2172:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2105:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1575:Manzanares River
1275:Mosbach's wolf (
1091:Mergus merganser
1061:Ruddy shelduck (
928:Plesiocyrpdopsis
393:Emiliano Aguirre
321:, the geologist
237:
141:Emiliano Aguirre
54:Castile and León
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3022:
3020:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2902:
2890:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2825:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2789:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2664:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2614:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2564:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2513:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2466:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2345:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2164:
2155:
2144:|magazine=
2142:
2132:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2077:
2064:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2029:|magazine=
2027:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1957:|magazine=
1955:
1945:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1816:
1769:
1742:
1667:lithic industry
1652:
1650:Lithic industry
1647:
1619:
1571:Arganda del Rey
1548:Bos primigenius
1513:
1418:
1398:
1388:Bos primigenius
1292:
1243:Crocuta crocuta
1218:
1150:
1137:Great bustard (
1115:Eurasian coot (
1100:Mergus serrator
1052:Greylag goose (
1049:
1030:Elaphe scalaris
941:
888:
745:
687:
675:
670:
656:The studies of
647:uranium-thorium
639:
609:lithic industry
572:
556:facies of type
534:
528:(vol.5, 2005).
471:
447:lithic industry
347:
292:lithic industry
238:
232:
205:
189:
187:1888: discovery
184:
163:and the museum
145:Manuel Santonja
77:lithic industry
62:paleontological
21:
18:Torralba, Italy
12:
11:
5:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3074:
3033:
3019:
3018:
3004:Cifra (1964).
2996:
2981:
2963:
2960:on 2011-02-28.
2940:
2917:
2888:
2860:
2838:
2823:
2787:
2772:
2751:
2736:
2715:
2700:
2679:
2650:
2629:
2600:
2579:
2550:
2528:
2499:
2481:
2440:
2411:
2398:
2383:
2360:
2331:
2313:
2298:
2273:
2254:
2239:
2209:
2202:
2194:Homo hispánico
2173:
2153:
2118:
2075:
2038:
1995:
1973:
1931:
1904:
1884:
1863:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1768:
1765:
1741:
1738:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1618:
1615:
1517:biochronologic
1512:
1509:
1485:Stephanorhinus
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1379:Ancient bull (
1377:
1364:
1355:
1342:
1338:Cervus elaphus
1333:
1324:
1315:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1011:Perez's frog (
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
969:
960:
951:
940:
937:
936:
935:
887:
884:
883:
882:
825:
804:
777:
744:
741:
740:
739:
686:
685:Microorganisms
683:
674:
671:
669:
666:
658:paleomagnetism
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
571:
568:
533:
530:
499:paleomagnetism
470:
467:
367:anthropologist
346:
343:
339:The fossil man
335:Hugo Obermaier
323:Pedro Palacios
312:Chopping tools
281:Cervus elaphus
230:
204:
201:
188:
185:
183:
180:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3130:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3050:2°29′54.622″W
3039:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:84-451-2789-6
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2906:cite magazine
2899:
2895:
2891:
2889:84-451-2789-6
2885:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:84-451-2789-6
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:84-451-2789-6
2769:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:84-451-2789-6
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:84-451-2789-6
2697:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2668:cite magazine
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:84-451-2789-6
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2618:cite magazine
2611:
2607:
2603:
2601:84-451-2789-6
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2568:cite magazine
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:84-451-2789-6
2547:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2517:cite magazine
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:84-451-2789-6
2496:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:cite magazine
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:84-451-2789-6
2380:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:cite magazine
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:84-451-2789-6
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:84-451-2789-6
2295:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:New Scientist
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:84-451-2789-6
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:The first man
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:84-451-2789-6
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:bone industry
1740:Bone industry
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1560:Palaeoloxodon
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:Biochronology
1510:
1508:
1506:
1505:Palaeoloxodon
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Palaeoloxodon
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:The ostracod
1435:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
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1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:Fallow deer (
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1312:platyrhynchus
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
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1196:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:Musk shrews (
1152:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
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1101:
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1083:
1082:Anas strepera
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1036:Water snake (
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
997:
992:
989:
988:
983:
980:
979:
975:
970:
967:
966:
965:Bufo calamita
962:Runner toad (
961:
958:
957:
953:Common toad (
952:
949:
948:
943:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:Herpetocypris
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
889:
885:
880:
879:
874:
873:
868:
867:
863:), chestnut (
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
827:Trees: pine (
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:
805:
802:
801:
796:
795:Ranunculaceae
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
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737:
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725:
721:
717:
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709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
682:
680:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
628:
625:
624:
623:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:alluvial fans
577:
569:
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
529:
527:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
475:
468:
466:
462:
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456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
382:Lluís Pericot
379:
374:
371:
368:
365:The American
360:
356:
351:
344:
342:
340:
336:
330:
328:
327:Édouard Harlé
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
266:), 86 horse (
265:
264:
258:
256:
252:
246:
244:
235:
229:
221:
217:
213:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
186:
181:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
70:fossiliferous
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
35:
30:
25:
19:
3040:
3024:
3021:
3012:
2999:
2972:
2966:
2958:the original
2953:
2943:
2930:
2879:
2854:
2841:
2814:
2763:
2727:
2691:
2641:
2591:
2541:
2490:
2484:
2453:
2443:
2434:
2401:
2374:
2322:
2316:
2289:
2267:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2225:
2193:
2166:
2109:
2048:
2041:
2008:
1989:
1922:
1898:
1866:
1853:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1761:hammerstones
1754:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1726:
1694:denticulates
1679:
1664:
1661:of Torralba.
1639:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:oligotrophic
1438:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1416:Paleoecology
1402:
1386:
1382:Bos antiquus
1380:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1308:
1299:
1282:mosbachensis
1281:
1277:
1267:
1259:
1256:Panthera leo
1255:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:Panthera leo
1228:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1192:Wood mouse (
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1138:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1037:
1028:
1012:
1003:
994:
987:Hyla arborea
985:
977:
973:
963:
954:
945:
944:Bermejuela (
932:Potamocypris
931:
927:
924:Leucocythere
923:
919:
916:Heterocypris
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
807:
798:
788:
785:Nymphaeaceae
771:
765:
758:Cichoriaceae
748:Herbaceous:
736:chrysophytes
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:Anomoeoensis
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
676:
668:Paleontology
662:cron Brunhes
655:
640:
632:
613:
576:litic facies
573:
570:Stratigraphy
561:
535:
525:
523:
518:
515:
492:
480:
463:
459:
436:
432:
421:
390:
386:
375:
364:
358:
354:
338:
331:
316:
285:
279:
278:), 25 deer (
273:
267:
261:
259:
247:
240:
234:Henri Breuil
226:
190:
169:
167:of Ambrona.
164:
130:
111:
109:
72:levels with
45:
41:
40:
32:
28:
3062: /
2066:|work=
1698:perforators
1591:El Higuerón
1540:brecciensis
1529:Arvicolinae
1521:Pleistocene
1369:Megaloceros
1302:of Ambrona.
1278:Canis lupus
1247:praespelaea
1235:of Ambrona.
1208:Oryctolagus
1199:Sylvaticus
1173:brecciensis
1055:Anser anser
1014:Rana perezi
974:Discoglosus
904:Cypridopsis
875:), walnut (
839:), willow (
673:Systematics
651:horse teeth
417:paleobotany
290:), and the
60:) are two
3077:Categories
3047:41°09′36″N
1846:References
1702:back knife
1645:Archeology
1629:known as "
1454:bermejuela
1357:Roe Deer (
1216:Carnivores
1140:Otis tarda
1073:Anas acuta
1024:indeterm.)
1022:Lacertidae
920:Ilyocypris
892:Ostracodes
886:Arthropods
869:), hazel (
857:), birch (
833:), alder (
781:Cyperaceae
754:Asteraceae
743:Vegetation
728:Pinnularia
720:Rhopalodia
708:Cyclotella
700:Hantzschia
679:systematic
645:(EPR) and
593:lacustrine
585:lacustrine
511:phytoliths
484:trial pits
413:palynology
405:edaphology
319:Juan Cabré
216:chalcedony
105:Medinaceli
2991:1579-7384
2898:1579-7384
2833:1579-7384
2782:1579-7384
2746:1579-7384
2710:1579-7384
2660:1579-7384
2610:1579-7384
2560:1579-7384
2509:1579-7384
2435:Complutum
2393:1579-7384
2341:1579-7384
2308:1579-7384
2146:ignored (
2136:cite book
2128:1579-7384
2068:ignored (
2058:cite book
2031:ignored (
2021:cite book
1959:ignored (
1949:cite book
1941:1579-7384
1757:trihedral
1718:limestone
1714:quartzite
1682:hand axes
1671:Acheulean
1627:popularly
1617:Taphonomy
1497:Capreolus
1473:Capreolus
1409:Atapuerca
1360:Capreolus
1195:Apodemus
1156:Crocidura
1079:Gadwall (
956:Bufo bufo
822:Ericaceae
818:Cistaceae
809:Juniperus
790:Polygonum
779:Aquatic:
732:Nitzschia
724:Cocconeis
716:Epithemia
704:Surriella
616:Formation
503:ostracods
495:taphonomy
296:hand axes
220:Obermaier
74:Acheulean
1874:(2011).
1801:Sigüenza
1690:racloirs
1686:cleavers
1552:Arvicola
1532:Microtus
1501:Arvicola
1427:moorland
1396:Primates
1260:fossilis
1233:fossilis
1205:Rabbit (
1182:Arvicola
1169:Iberomys
1165:Microtus
1020:Lizard (
978:jeanneae
908:Eucypris
866:Castanea
851:), oak (
845:), elm (
814:Rosaceae
773:Plantago
762:Fabaceae
601:overflow
546:Triassic
300:cleavers
231:—
212:Hand axe
42:Torralba
2226:Science
1793:in situ
1785:Ambrona
1730:in situ
1659:Cleaver
1607:Fonelas
1556:sapidus
1186:Sapidus
896:Candona
878:Juglans
872:Corylus
854:Quercus
750:Poaceae
696:Amphora
692:diatoms
690:Algae:
605:fossils
597:channel
589:fluvial
554:gypsums
550:lutites
538:fluvium
532:Geology
519:in situ
409:geology
357:, with
355:in situ
275:Aurochs
182:History
165:in situ
126:carrion
122:hunting
93:Ambrona
46:Ambrona
29:in situ
3031:
2989:
2979:
2896:
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1929:
1722:quartz
1706:burins
1587:Toledo
1583:Pinedo
1579:Madrid
1567:Áridos
1525:Ionian
1465:Cervus
1422:pollen
1373:Savini
1269:Vulpes
1225:Radius
1118:Fulica
1039:Natrix
900:Cypris
860:Betula
637:Dating
558:Keuper
507:fishes
488:facies
449:) and
424:pollen
304:flakes
236:, 1910
159:, the
155:, the
99:) and
85:Ionian
3009:(PDF)
2935:(PDF)
2876:(PDF)
2851:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2013:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1710:flint
1601:) or
1554:aff.
1371:aff.
1266:Fox (
1245:aff.
1197:aff.
1184:aff.
1047:Birds
848:Ulmus
842:Salix
836:Alnus
830:Pinus
800:Typha
767:Rumex
563:polje
308:cores
193:Soria
58:Spain
3029:ISBN
2987:ISSN
2977:ISBN
2912:link
2894:ISSN
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2778:ISSN
2768:ISBN
2742:ISSN
2732:ISBN
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2198:ISBN
2148:help
2124:ISSN
2114:ISBN
2070:help
2033:help
1968:link
1961:help
1937:ISSN
1927:ISBN
1838:the
1832:the
1826:the
1720:and
1665:The
1546:and
1493:Dama
1469:Dama
1452:The
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1351:dama
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