361:
1783:
1232:
35:
1666:
1644:". In these places, close to water sources, corpses tend to accumulate, mainly elephants, but also other mammals, and have been well studied in African parks. In this environment trampling and fragmentation of exposed or semi-buried remains by elephants or other mammals occurs, which continue to go to the water sources. In Ambrona, the elephant mortality curve also fits into this model, seems to indicate deaths due to natural causes and does not present the typical bias due to selective hunting.
219:
485:
524:), Borja Sanchiz (amphibians and reptiles), Antonio Sánchez Marco (birds), Juan M. Rodríguez de Tembleque, Joaquín Panera and Susana Rubio (archeology), Christophe Falguères (dating), Alfonso Benito Calvo (geology), C. Álvaro Chirveches, M. Vilà Margalef and Alexandra Vicent (consolidation and restoration). The excavations were carried out by a large number of archeology students, reaching over fifty in one of the campaigns.
1774:, selected and purposely prepared by man for use in lithic carving. These affirmations are based on direct experimentation with current elephant bones and comparing the results with the breaking and polishing marks of some bone elements of the sites, with sharpness and with the percussion polishing marks at the tips of the defenses, as well as in the relative abundance of these last ones against complete defenses.
501:, mixing levels that should be differentiated with this other method. The works began in the years 1990 and 1991, with the elaboration of surface geological studies complemented with some soundings, and the main excavation campaigns were carried out, this time only in Ambrona, the summers from 1993 to 2000, without interruption, taking place some complementary sampling and other trials between 2001 and 2002.
629:. It would be more recent than Ambrona, formed at a later time, not determinable, of the encasement of the fluvial network in the valley, although Aguirre it supposes a probable temporary overlap between the superior members of Ambrona and the inferior ones of Torralba. The maximum recognized thickness of this formation is about 15 meters. In 1965, Butzer differentiated thirteen units in the
1306:
468:); researchers: Emiliano Aguirre, Karl W. Butzer, Richard G. Klein, M. Teresa Alberdi, A. Azzaroli, J. Bischoff, T. E. Cerling, Katherine Cruz-Uribe, Ignacio Doadrio, Frank Harrold, Manuel Hoyos, P. Preece, Antonio Sánchez-Marco (birds), F. Borja Sanchiz (amphibians), H. P. Schwarcz, Carmen Sesé (micromammals), Kathy Schick, N. P. Toth and Charles Turner.
493:
archaeologist Manuel
Santonja and the geologist Alfredo Pérez-González proposed and co-directed a new stage of excavations, focused mainly to establish with precision the geology and the detailed stratigraphy of the same. The approach was based on the realization, prior to the systematic excavation, of
1762:
On the one hand, Villa and collaborators, based on the taphonomic analysis of the types of breaks and superficial alterations of the bones deny the existence of bone industry, at least for the
Ambrona site, leaving Torralba with indetermination. In the deposits, more than fifty tips of young elephant
343:
The international diffusion of the works in
Torralba was due, on the one hand, to the communication that Marquis of Cerralbo himself presented at the International Congress of Prehistory that was held in Geneva in 1912, which he accompanied with a sample of his discoveries, and, on the other hand, to
527:
In
Ambrona a total of 688 m were excavated and some surveys and control tastings were carried out in Torralba. Some 975 lithic industry specimens were obtained, however, most paleontological remains were left unexploded, consolidated, covered again and protected to prevent spoilage and looting,
492:
As a result of the results of Howell and collaborators, in the following years, extensive discussions took place on some conclusions related to human behavior, mainly those related to active hunting or the use of bone instruments. In order to establish a precise formation model of the deposits, the
259:
In 1907, when the
Marquis of Cerralbo vacationed in the area, he had news of the appearance of "colossal" elephant carcasses; after visiting the place and aware, from the beginning, of the antiquity of the remains, he decided to undertake and pay for the excavations himself, hoping to find evidence
238:
The
Torralba site is infinitely precious for Spanish prehistory and it is a joy that is in the hands of someone so enlightened and with such powerful means of action as the Marquis of Cerralbo. His study, scientific and methodical, will continue without rest. He could discover the skeletons of some
1444:
The diatoms indicate that during the sedimentation of the AS4 and AS5 units the salinity increased in the lagoon and that the water layer was somewhat higher with respect to the previous units -the salts would be contributed by the sediments of the underwater Keuper facies that surround all area-.
1809:
It was devised by
Aguirre in 1963, for which Howell reserved an area of the excavations from which the fossils found were not extracted. Aguirre and Echaide designed the project, which was completed in November of the same year. It was the first museum of its kind to be opened in Spain. Ten years
589:
have been identified, grouped into three members: one lower (AS1 to AS5 levels) – gravels, gray silts and clays, another medium (AS6) – sands and gray limes, and the upper one (AS7) – graves and red sands. The AS3 level (silt and clays) is locally eroded, supporting AS4 directly on AS2 at some
383:
conducted six excavation campaigns in
Torralba and Ambrona, between 1961 and 1963 and in 1980, 1981 and 1983. The results of his studies seemed to have demonstrated the practice of active hunting by the human groups of the time-hypothesis discussed later, in favor of occasional scavenging. Also
1632:
The bone remains of large mammals are, in general, dispersed, eroded and fragmented, evidencing trawling by fluvial transport, although in clay or silty sediments there are usually elements in anatomical connection, with little or no transport (primary accumulation), and without predators or
1435:
at different levels, shows the evolution of the paleoenvironment during the sedimentation of the same, which in general corresponds to fluvio-lacustrine media under a temperate climate, softer and more humid than the current one. For the lower sections of the sequence (AS1 to AS5) an initial
206:. The contract was awarded to a Belgian company. The first remains appeared in 1888, with the works of canalization of the water that the company was carrying out for the first railway station of Torralba (moved later twice, before 1926 and in 1959). Part of that material was acquired by the
414:(professor at the University of Salamanca, delegate of Fine Arts in 1962–63), Desmond Collins (University of Cambridge, United Kingdom), Peter Taylor, Richard G. Klein, Blanca Izquierdo, José Viloria (MNCN, preparation and restoration of fossils), Karl W. Butzer (University of Wisconsin,
395:(University of Barcelona) interested the anthropologists F. Clark Howell (University of Chicago) and Pierre Biberson (Museum of the Man of Paris), in the works that the Marquis of Cerralbo had done in Torralba and his concept of "station", very similar to the one they were discussing.
475:
The investigations of these years gave rise to a large number of scientific publications on all related aspects, paleontology, archeology, geology, paleoclimatology, etc., but highlighting, due to its social impact, those related to the presumed hunting activities of primitive man.
471:
In all its campaigns, Howell excavated more than 1000 m in
Torralba, recovering about 700 lithic instruments and more than 2100 fossils, and about 2700 m in Ambrona, with more than 4400 lithic instruments and several thousand fossils (of them more of 2000 elephants).
1763:
tusks have been collected, after almost a century of excavations, which these authors interpret as a result of the natural break during the activity of the animals in the barking of trees or the digging of the ground looking for water, as is the case with today's elephants.
1440:
with junipers, alternating, with an increase towards the end, with pine forests. The AS6 level is characterized by the almost exclusive domain of the pine forests, but on the roof, the return of the moorlands is finally reflected with junipers and grasses (Poaceae).
1459:
The set of frogs indicates a more benign environment than the current one, with less dry summers and less cold winters. The age (stage of ontogenetic development) of some specimens indicates that death occurred between March and summer, most likely in the spring.
1633:
scavengers, even the skeleton of an elephant specimen (in the so-called "α" concentration) is practically complete. On the other hand, there is evidence of human manipulation in some elephant bones: certain fractures and cut marks by lytic instruments for dying.
1651:
Elephants are the most represented mammals in all the fossiliferous levels, except in the AS6 levels of
Ambrona (middle member), in which only horse remains appear, and Va de Torralba (upper complex), in which the horse is clearly predominant over the rest.
398:
Howell visited Ambrona and Torralba in 1960. He obtained funding and permits to excavate, helped by Biberson, who was also able to provide some funding for the work. An international multidisciplinary team and a modern work methodology were proposed.
1647:
From the excavations of Howell in Ambrona, the alignment of a defense and five long elephant bones of difficult interpretation have been described and in which it has been wanted to see, without any justification, some type of ritual.
1869:
444:
In 1973 Aguirre directed the systematic excavation of more than 200 m around the Museum of Ambrona, built ten years earlier, necessary to correct the humidity that endangered it, recovering more fossils and lithic industry.
352:-reference work during the first third of the 20th century-, in which he describe the findings of Torralba, originally published in Spanish in 1916, with a second edition expanded in 1925 that was translated into English.
1418:). Without skeletal remains in the sites, human presence is identified by the lithic industry and the activity marks on elephant bones. The species is inferred only by correlation with the Sima de los Huesos site of
1738:
Between 20% and 65% of the pieces, according to the levels, they seem not to be eroded, while the rest show signs of light bearing, secondary accumulation, with few elements very rolled. There is no evidence of
2550:
A. Pinilla; M. J. López García; A. Pérez González, and M. Santonja (2005). "Contribución de las biomineralizaciones silíceas a la investigación paleoecológica de yacimientos arqueológicos. El caso de Ambrona".
430:, Leslie Gordon Freeman (University of Chicago, record), Thomas Lynch (University of Chicago), Susan Tax (cartoonist), several Spanish and American students denses and more than twenty workers in the area.
1470:
Some of the birds found are typical of lacustrine areas with thick marginal vegetation, but no remains of any diving species have appeared, indicating that the lagoon would be shallow, of shallow depth.
3054:
271:
Cerralbo excavated between 1000 and 2000 m of the Torralba site and an unknown, but much smaller, area of Ambrona. Paleontological elements recovered accounted for 525 elephant remains (
3128:
402:
In the different campaigns from 1961 to 1963 they were part of Howell's teams: Pierre Biberson (Museum of the Man of Paris, deputy director of the excavations and head of the Ambrona area),
2960:
1850:
256:, Marquis of Cerralbo, first in Torralba from 1909 to 1913 and later in Ambrona from 1914 to 1916, and have been considered as the best performed of the first half of the 20th century.
2420:, expressly indicated by its authors (Pérez-González and Santonja, 2005), for this reason, it has been indicated between quotation marks and the term formation with lowercase letters.
185:
in the category of "archaeological zone" on September 7, 1995. They are also declared as "a place of international geological interest of international relevance" ("Geosite") by the
2858:
189:, with the designations "VP -07: Loma del Saúco, Torralba" and "VP-07b: Loma de los Huesos, Ambrona", within the category "vertebrate sites of the Pliocene-Spanish Pleistocene".
3093:
3103:
131:, although the use of the term for a concentration of bones raises a problem of definition. The sites show evidence of successive occupations by human beings, who had a
1735:, from different origins, some transported from long distances (flint and quartzite) and others taking advantage of those available in the area (limestone and quartz).
2922:
2684:
2634:
2584:
2533:
2486:
2365:
1978:
3123:
2818:
2299:
M. Santonja, A. Pérez-González and R. Mora (2005). "Investigaciones recientes (1990–1997) en los yacimientos Achelenses de Ambrona y Torralba (Soria, España)".
1445:
For the AS6 unit they show that a medium-high salinity is maintained, but with a lower water layer, decreasing until disappearing towards the roof of the unit.
2883:
448:
The last campaigns of Howel were realized in 1980, 1981 and 1983. The possibility of finding some human fossil facilitated new economic supports, even of the
688:
The lists of taxa identified in the deposits have been changing over time, depending on the discovery of better diagnostic elements or the vagaries of the
2332:
M. Santonja, J. Panera; S. Rubio Jara and A. Pérez-González (2005). "The lithic industry of Ambrona. General characteristics and stratigraphic context".
1680:
recovered from these sites has been very numerous, although in relation to the excavated volumes it can be considered scarce. It corresponds to the late
1569:, from Ambrona, presents traits that indicate an age after the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, coinciding with what is indicated by the presence of
2601:
B. Ruiz Zapata; M. J. Gil García; M. Dorado and A. Valdeolmillos (2005). "El paisaje vegetal durante el Pleistoceno medio en el interior peninsular".
1882:
186:
2968:
1844:
465:
167:
2942:
Procesos técnicos y variabilidad en la industria lítica del Pleistoceno Medio de la meseta : Sierra de Atapuerca, Torralba, Ambrona y Aridos
1810:
later Aguirre obtained, in addition, that a road was made that facilitated a route of cultural tourism between the Nacional II, the museum and
207:
3043:
2212:
585:
The Ambrona site is located in the "Ambrona formation", whose sediment thickness, as a whole, would not exceed eight meters. Seven levels or
441:
adhered between the teeth of the elephants, to get as close as possible to the existing environment during the accumulation of the remains.
1838:
1456:
water conditions. On the other hand, the salinity of the waters could not be very high, as indicated by the presence of certain ostracods.
410:, paleontology of vertebrates), Dolores Echaide (University of Zaragoza, representative in 1961 of the Dirección General de Bellas Artes),
407:
163:
497:
and sections for detailed stratigraphic analysis, since simultaneous excavation in large areas could lead to confusion among very similar
433:
Grids were drawn, stratigraphic profiles were raised and each extracted remainder was labeled. As an example of thoroughness, samples of
3098:
614:. The upper member (AS7), with a granulometry higher than the previous ones, corresponds again to alluvial fan facies, in which neither
260:
of its synchrony with the "most primitive" man. He initiated them in 1909 – a year after taking office as Permanent Academician of the
2991:
2898:
2833:
2782:
2746:
2710:
2660:
2610:
2560:
2509:
2393:
2341:
2308:
2128:
1941:
1770:
and other bone elements endowed with points and edges. Likewise, Aguirre interprets the tips of ivory of defenses as possible soft
360:
488:
Aspect of the Ambrona site in 2012. The trenches of the excavations can be seen in the foreground and behind the Museum buildings.
1613:
127:), with remains of nearly fifty individuals from each site, in addition to large bovines and horses. The sites can be seen as an
653:
1576:
Other sites, with a similar faunal association of mammals or the evolutionary status of the significant species, are those of
1538:
age, which lasted from 781 000 to 126 000 years before the present). The most characteristic temporal marker is the
3113:
2384:
A. Pérez- M. González and Santonja (2005). "Secuencias litoestratigráficas del Pleistoceno medio del yacimiento de Ambrona".
3118:
672:
2651:
A. Baltanás; P. Alcorlo and T. Namiotko (2005). "Ostrácodos (Crustacea, Ostracoda) del yacimiento pleistoceno de Ambrona".
1782:
1436:
environment is inferred with grasses, riparian trees (alder, willow and elm) and few pines, after which an environment of
1530:
resolution, and those represented in Torralba and Ambrona have the association and characteristics typical of mid-Middle
1601:
261:
253:
143:
1814:. In 1985, laboratories and a public exhibition room were built, showing material that was deposited in other museums.
372:
remains (the most important taxon in the site): a defense, a vertebra, a jaw (upside down) and some ribs, among others.
3108:
3016:
2258:
J. Menéndez-Amor and F. Florschutz (1963). "Sur les éléments steppiques dans la végétation quaternaire de l'Espagne".
2018:
598:
environment. The rest of the lower and middle members (AS4 to AS6) are interpreted as deposited in low-energy shallow
449:
2737:
S. Perea and I. Doadrio (2005). "Estudio paleosistemático de la ictiofauna pleistocénica del yacimiento de Ambrona".
657:
182:
637:
Lower complex, of gray tones, characterized by gravels, sands and marls (IIa to IId, IIIa, IIIb, IVa and IVb units).
1593:
1577:
1330:
1231:
297:
1831:
644:
Above the Torralba Formation, the Sahuco Formation, of the Upper Pleistocene, absent in Ambrona, is superimposed.
1799:
508:), Blanca Ruiz Zapata (palynology), Rafael Mora (area of Torralba, registry and cartography), Josep María Parés (
171:
2819:"Mamíferos del yacimiento del Pleistoceno Medio de Ambrona: análisis faunístico e interpretación paleoambiental"
1934:
Torralba, Ambrona and the Marquis of Cerralbo. Las dos primeras excavaciones del Paleolítico Inferior en España
1818:
1787:
1766:
On the other hand, Aguirre, among others, maintains that it is very probable a certain rudimentary industry of
664:, a dating has been obtained absolute not inferior to 350,000 years, contemporary of OSI 9 or final of OSI 11.
535:
The works were followed by numerous publications, highlighting an extensive monographic volume of the magazine
273:
123:
44:
34:
2859:"Los micromamíferos del Cuaternario peninsular español: cronoestratigrafía e implicaciones bioestratigráficas"
1605:
1339:
279:
265:
102:). The sites, traditionally studied together, are about 3 km distant, and belong to the settlements of
1641:
1252:
461:
159:
128:
453:
452:. For the excavations and analysis of samples of these campaigns, he had the following team: co-directors:
411:
2916:
2678:
2628:
2578:
2527:
2480:
2359:
1174:
457:
392:
87:
2500:
JM Parés; A. Pérez-González, and M. Santonja (2005). "Datos arqueomagnéticos del yacimiento de Ambrona".
1378:
1265:
983:
1665:
1609:
107:
2460:
2773:
A. Sánchez Marco (2005). "Pocos huesos para tanta historia: las aves fósiles de Ambrona y Torralba".
2461:"The Lower Acheulian site of Ambrona, Soria (Spain): ages derived from a combined ESR/U-series model"
2417:
1912:. Memories. Vol. 9. Madrid: Commission of Paleontological and Prehistoric Research. p. 457.
1716:
1467:, the only fish found in these sites, indicates a small fluvial course or lagoon not very extensive.
1414:
957:
630:
626:
380:
155:
147:
2438:
2176:
Santonja Gómez, M. (publisher); Pérez González, A .; Ruiz Zapata, B .; Sesé, C. and Soto, E. (2005)
384:
carbonaceous remains to indicate the presence of homes: the intentional and controlled use of fire.
333:
1886:
1767:
1621:
1589:
1419:
1204:
1119:
1015:
1006:
607:
76:
64:
2701:
I. Martínez Solano and B. Sanchiz (2005). "Anfibios y reptiles del Pleistoceno medio de Ambrona".
337:
2146:
2068:
2031:
1959:
1685:
1585:
1535:
1074:
689:
111:
95:
2232:
1712:
329:
2459:
C. Falguères; J. J. Bahain; A. Pérez-González; N. Mercier; M. Santonja, and J. M. Dolo (2006).
2182:. Madrid: Regional Archaeological Museum, Community of Madrid, Junta de Castilla y León: 55 pp.
1356:
571:). They were located in the flat and impermeable bottom of an elongated valley from an ancient
484:
3039:
2997:
2987:
2904:
2894:
2839:
2829:
2788:
2778:
2752:
2742:
2716:
2706:
2666:
2656:
2616:
2606:
2566:
2556:
2515:
2505:
2399:
2389:
2347:
2337:
2314:
2304:
2274:
2208:
2134:
2124:
1947:
1937:
1744:
1453:
1141:
91:
60:
2468:
2439:"Contextualización del complejo inferior de Ambrona en al Achelense de la Península Ibérica"
2240:
1704:
1320:
1287:
1191:
1101:
876:
403:
388:
151:
640:
Superior complex, of reddish colors, composed of sands, marls and gravels (Va to Vd units).
218:
2158:
2080:
2043:
1971:
1677:
1636:
The abundant accumulations of elephant remains in Ambrona are similar to the modern sites
1581:
1398:
1110:
1040:
619:
302:
72:
28:
2940:
202:
In the late 19th century it was decided that a new railway line should link Torralba and
504:
The team had numerous specialists: Carmen Sesé and Enrique Soto (mammals), Paola Villa (
387:
In 1959, during the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, in which
1696:
1669:
1348:
668:
509:
345:
310:
291:
230:
2058:
3087:
1756:
1597:
1561:, prior to populations recorded in late-Middle Pleistocene sites. On the other hand,
1527:
1235:
1092:
975:
805:
322:
1392:
997:
795:
768:
746:
591:
377:
314:
244:
2244:
2882:
P. Villa; E. Soto; A. Pérez-González; R. Mora; J. Parcerisas and C. Sesé (2005).
1811:
1771:
1637:
1539:
1531:
1218:
1127:
1065:
1024:
661:
427:
318:
162:. The remains from the different excavations are scattered, mainly, between the
146:
between 1909 and 1914, later, in the early '60s and early '80s, by the American
121:
From these sites have been obtained fossils of large mammals, mainly elephants (
99:
2982:
P. Villa and F. d'Errico (2005). "Las puntas de marfil de Torralba y Ambrona".
1887:"Lugares de interés geológico españoles de relevancia internacional (Geosites)"
1305:
671:
have given in all Ambrona samples a normal polarity value, consistent with the
2472:
1708:
1464:
1150:
1083:
1032:
791:
764:
423:
415:
226:
115:
3069:
3056:
3001:
2908:
2843:
2792:
2756:
2720:
2670:
2620:
2570:
2519:
2403:
2351:
2318:
2138:
1951:
2178:
1728:
1724:
1681:
1370:
1166:
966:
832:
828:
819:
800:
521:
505:
494:
391:
was presenting the concept of "occupation sites", the Spanish archaeologist
136:
84:
2233:"Acheulian occupation sites at Torralba and Ambrona, Spain: their geology"
142:
Known since the end of the 19th century, they were excavated first by the
1692:
1437:
902:
824:
783:
772:
556:
547:
The sediments in which the deposits are integrated correspond to ancient
513:
306:
222:
1999:
E. White (1975). "The hunter". In Time-Life book publishing team (ed.).
528:
in anticipation of a possible future extension of the museum exhibition
1798:, the Museo de Ambrona. It is currently managed as an off-shoot of the
1795:
1759:
from bones and elephant defenses in these sites is very controversial.
1700:
1617:
888:
882:
864:
760:
633:, grouped into two "complexes", both with fossils and lithic industry:
419:
285:
132:
103:
17:
2003:. Origins of Man. Time-Life International (Nederland). pp. 66–95.
1821:
at its natural size was incorporated into the exterior of the museum.
1732:
1432:
1279:
1049:
870:
702:
615:
586:
568:
564:
560:
498:
434:
80:
2884:"Nuevos datos sobre Ambrona: cerrado el debate caza versus carroñeo"
2260:
Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Geología)
2948:. Doctoral thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 370.
1781:
1720:
1304:
1230:
858:
852:
846:
840:
810:
777:
611:
599:
573:
548:
483:
359:
217:
203:
68:
328:
Cerralbo was accompanied in his excavations by the archaeologist
603:
595:
552:
517:
438:
1553:, which in Ambrona presents some primitive characters, as does
2179:
Waiting for the Flood. Ambrona and Torralba 400,000 years ago
1518:) and more temperate and humid climate than the current one.
594:
channel (AS1 and AS2). The AS3 level has been interpreted as
2961:"Ambrona (Soria): la industria lítica del Complejo Superior"
625:
The Torralba site, in turn, is integrated into the Torralba
2965:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología
1684:
primitive or middle-ancient Acheulian, dated in the «full»
1452:, present throughout the sequence (AS1 to AS6), indicates
555:, Discordant deposits, by a soft local pale-relief, on the
675:, the current one, which started 779 000 years ago .
154:
and later, in the '90s, new campaigns were carried out by
1851:
Regional Archaeological Museum of the Community of Madrid
2020:
Las excavaciones en la estación arqueológica de Torralba
268:, a relatively close location where he owned an estate.
1834:, material from these sites are housed and exhibited in
590:
points. The base, discordant, corresponds to facies of
1932:
M. Santonja, A. Pérez-González, and R. Flores (2005).
2596:
2594:
2877:
2875:
2239:. Vol. 150, no. 3704. pp. 1718–1722.
422:), Josefina Menéndez Amor (MNCN) and F. Florschutz (
2768:
2766:
2646:
2644:
2207:. Espasa Forum. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 389.
2545:
2543:
692:; we try to present the most up-to-date relation.
305:accounted for a total of 557 specimens, including
264:– and established his paleontological workshop in
3129:Buildings and structures in the Province of Soria
3017:"Constitución del museo prehistórico de Ambrona"
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
94:) associated, at least about 350,000 years old (
2934:
2932:
2868:. Vol. Extraordinary Nº. pp. 278–287.
1719:, among others. The materials are very varied:
236:
2967:. Vol. 9. pp. 77–104. Archived from
2696:
2694:
2467:. Vol. 33, no. 2. pp. 149–157.
2275:"A Spanish camp of Stone Age elephant hunters"
1868:Historical Heritage. Database of real estate:
1251:Early Middle Pleistocene European cave hyena (
559:materials of the area (locally constituted by
2732:
2730:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1264:Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion (
364:Detail of Howell's 1963 excavation conserved
150:with the collaboration of the paleontologist
8:
2921:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2683:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2364:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2262:(in French). Vol. 61. pp. 121–133.
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2114:
2112:
2110:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1301:Proboscides, perissodactyla and artiodactyla
210:and the rest distributed among individuals.
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2012:
2010:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1817:Subsequently, the unrealistic figure of a
577:, then open and in the process of erosion.
42:exhibition of remains of ancient elephant,
3026:. Vol. February 23, 1964. p. 75.
2172:
2170:
2168:
2121:Torralba y Ambrona. Un siglo de encuentros
1526:Some Pleistocene mammals may provide some
252:The first excavations were carried out by
3104:Lower Paleolithic Archaeological cultures
2226:
2224:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1977:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3094:Archaeological sites in Castile and León
1883:Geological and Mining Institute of Spain
1806:, part of the material as it was found.
1802:. Built directly on the site, it shows,
1664:
1534:, between 400 000 and 300 of
532:to a much larger extension of the site.
187:Geological and Mining Institute of Spain
33:
1861:
1845:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
1318:Ancient elephant with a septated nose (
3124:Buildings and structures in Medinaceli
2914:
2676:
2626:
2576:
2525:
2478:
2416:The "Ambrona Formation" is a unit not
2357:
2154:
2144:
2076:
2066:
2039:
2029:
2026:. Vol. July 20, 1963. p. 46.
1967:
1957:
1474:Mammals indicate forest environments (
480:1990–2002: Santonja and Pérez-González
344:the book by the German paleontologist
606:environments, with some sediments of
466:Museo Arqueológico Nacional de España
7:
1839:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
1747:, and mainly on quartzite elements.
1159:Soricomorphs, rodents and lagomorphs
660:(U-Th), on the enamel and dentin of
408:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
164:Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales
208:Escuela Superior de Minas de Madrid
135:station or, more likely, scavanged
2281:. Vol. 308. pp. 160–162.
1830:In addition to the aforementioned
1431:The vegetation, identified by the
214:1909–1916: the Marquis of Cerralbo
25:
2986:. Vol. 5. pp. 288–304.
2893:. Vol. 5. pp. 352–380.
2866:Revista Española de Paleontología
2828:. Vol. 5. pp. 258–280.
2777:. Vol. 5. pp. 248–256.
2741:. Vol. 5. pp. 240–247.
2705:. Vol. 5. pp. 232–239.
2655:. Vol. 5. pp. 222–230.
2605:. Vol. 5. pp. 214–220.
2555:. Vol. 5. pp. 200–212.
2504:. Vol. 5. pp. 190–198.
2465:Journal of Archaeological Science
2388:. Vol. 5. pp. 176–188.
2336:. Vol. 5. pp. 306–332.
2303:. Vol. 5. pp. 104–123.
2063:. Vol. 21. pp. 369–371.
1870:Yacimientos de Ambrona y Torralba
1510:), with areas of abundant water (
1328:Rhinoceros with a septated nose (
2060:Nouvelles découvertes en Espagne
2857:C. Sesé and P. Sevilla (1996).
2123:. Vol. 5. pp. 40–77.
1936:. Vol. 5. pp. 19–38.
1486:) and open areas with meadows (
950:Fishes, amphibians and reptiles
654:electron paramagnetic resonance
2448:. Vol. 7. pp. 17–36.
1872:. Ministry of Culture (Spain).
336:and the French paleontologist
1:
2939:M. Mosquera Martínez (2004).
2245:10.1126/science.150.3704.1718
356:1961–1983: Howell and Aguirre
229:of Torralba. Illustration by
139:and carried out quartering.
27:For the Italian commune, see
2817:C. Sesé and E. Soto (2005).
1832:Museo aqueológico de Ambrona
262:Real Academia de la Historia
254:Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa
3034:Park, Michael Alan (2005).
1794:There is a small museum in
1584:) and some terraces of the
450:National Geographic Society
168:Museo Arqueológico Nacional
79:that correspond to various
3145:
3099:Prehistoric sites in Spain
2437:J. Panera Gallego (1996).
1331:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
298:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus
26:
2473:10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.006
1800:Numantine Museum of Soria
1691:The typology is diverse:
1190:Southwestern water vole (
652:Combining the methods of
2017:Celestino Monge (1963).
1910:The fossil man (2nd ed.)
1908:Hugo Obermaier (1925) .
1819:straight-tusked elephant
1788:Straight-tusked elephant
1786:Life-size recreation of
1755:The existence or not of
1340:Equus caballus torralbae
1173:Topillo de las brechas (
1108:Red-breasted merganser (
1004:Spanish spadefoot toad (
370:Straight-tusked elephant
283:), 37 of a great bovid (
280:Equus caballus torralbae
274:Straight-tusked elephant
183:Bien de Interés Cultural
172:Museo Numantino de Soria
124:Straight-tusked elephant
45:Straight-tusked elephant
3070:41.16000°N 2.49850611°W
3038:. Boston: McGraw Hill.
3036:Biological Anthropology
2959:S. Rubio Jara (1996).
1791:
1778:Paleontological Museum
1673:
1555:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1450:Leucocythere mirabilis
1321:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1314:
1311:Palaeoloxodon antiquus
1247:
982:Spanish painted frog (
520:), Ascensión Pinilla (
489:
373:
250:
234:
160:Alfredo Pérez-González
49:
3114:Paleontology in Spain
3075:41.16000; -2.49850611
2231:K. W. Butzer (1965).
2057:Henri Breuil (1910).
1785:
1743:manufacture, only of
1668:
1642:Elephants' graveyards
1606:Rincón de la Victoria
1412:Heidelberg's man? (?
1396:) or primitive bull (
1308:
1234:
1013:Common parsley frog (
487:
454:Leslie Gordon Freeman
412:Francisco Jordá Cerdá
363:
266:Santa María de Huerta
221:
37:
2119:Aguirre, E. (2005).
1745:secondary retouching
1614:Solana del Zamborino
1488:Microtus brecciensis
1415:Homo heidelbergensis
995:European tree frog (
958:Chondrostoma arcasii
631:stratigraphic column
516:), Ignacio Doadrio (
462:Martín Almagro Basch
437:were taken from the
381:Francis Clark Howell
295:) and 3 rhinoceros (
148:Francis Clark Howell
129:elephants' graveyard
77:archaeological sites
3066: /
2203:E. Aguirre (2008).
1790:next to the museum.
1622:Province of Granada
1377:Great-horned deer (
1346:European red deer (
1309:Skull and tusks of
1120:Porphyrio porphyrio
1016:Pelodytes punctatus
1007:Pelobates cultripes
512:), Ángel Baltanás (
181:They were declared
144:Marquis of Cerralbo
38:Museum of Ambrona:
3119:Miño de Medinaceli
3109:Middle Pleistocene
1792:
1686:Middle Pleistocene
1674:
1610:Province of Málaga
1337:Torralba's horse (
1315:
1248:
1139:Northern lapwing (
1117:Western swamphen (
1099:Common merganser (
1081:Northern pintail (
1075:Tadorna ferruginea
1038:Ladder snake (cf.
490:
389:John Desmond Clark
374:
235:
112:Torralba del Moral
108:Miño de Medinaceli
100:Middle Pleistocene
50:
3045:978-0-07-286312-3
2984:Zona Arqueológica
2891:Zona Arqueológica
2826:Zona Arqueológica
2775:Zona Arqueológica
2739:Zona Arqueológica
2703:Zona Arqueológica
2653:Zona Arqueológica
2603:Zona Arqueológica
2553:Zona Arqueológica
2502:Zona Arqueológica
2386:Zona Arqueológica
2334:Zona Arqueológica
2301:Zona Arqueológica
2214:978-84-670-2823-2
1825:Other exhibitions
1422:, of similar age.
1142:Vanellus vanellus
817:Shrubs: juniper (
622:have been found.
537:Zona Arqueológica
464:(director of the
239:elephant hunters!
233:(1925, page 194).
114:(municipality of
106:(municipality of
92:Lower Paleolithic
61:Province of Soria
16:(Redirected from
3136:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3049:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2912:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2823:
2814:
2797:
2796:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2574:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2476:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2434:
2421:
2418:formally defined
2414:
2408:
2407:
2381:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2273:S. Cole (1962).
2270:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2200:
2183:
2174:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2116:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1586:Manzanares River
1286:Mosbach's wolf (
1102:Mergus merganser
1072:Ruddy shelduck (
939:Plesiocyrpdopsis
404:Emiliano Aguirre
332:, the geologist
248:
152:Emiliano Aguirre
65:Castile and León
21:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3084:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3033:
3031:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2913:
2901:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2836:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2675:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2625:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2575:
2563:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2524:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2477:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2356:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2186:
2175:
2166:
2155:|magazine=
2153:
2143:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2088:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2040:|magazine=
2038:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1976:
1968:|magazine=
1966:
1956:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1827:
1780:
1753:
1678:lithic industry
1663:
1661:Lithic industry
1658:
1630:
1582:Arganda del Rey
1559:Bos primigenius
1524:
1429:
1409:
1399:Bos primigenius
1303:
1254:Crocuta crocuta
1229:
1161:
1148:Great bustard (
1126:Eurasian coot (
1111:Mergus serrator
1063:Greylag goose (
1060:
1041:Elaphe scalaris
952:
899:
756:
698:
686:
681:
667:The studies of
658:uranium-thorium
650:
620:lithic industry
583:
567:facies of type
545:
539:(vol.5, 2005).
482:
458:lithic industry
358:
303:lithic industry
249:
243:
216:
200:
198:1888: discovery
195:
174:and the museum
156:Manuel Santonja
88:lithic industry
73:paleontological
32:
29:Torralba, Italy
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3044:
3030:
3029:
3015:Cifra (1964).
3007:
2992:
2974:
2971:on 2011-02-28.
2951:
2928:
2899:
2871:
2849:
2834:
2798:
2783:
2762:
2747:
2726:
2711:
2690:
2661:
2640:
2611:
2590:
2561:
2539:
2510:
2492:
2451:
2422:
2409:
2394:
2371:
2342:
2324:
2309:
2284:
2265:
2250:
2220:
2213:
2205:Homo hispánico
2184:
2164:
2129:
2086:
2049:
2006:
1984:
1942:
1915:
1895:
1874:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1779:
1776:
1752:
1749:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1629:
1626:
1528:biochronologic
1523:
1520:
1496:Stephanorhinus
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1390:Ancient bull (
1388:
1375:
1366:
1353:
1349:Cervus elaphus
1344:
1335:
1326:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1275:
1262:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1022:Perez's frog (
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
980:
971:
962:
951:
948:
947:
946:
898:
895:
894:
893:
836:
815:
788:
755:
752:
751:
750:
697:
696:Microorganisms
694:
685:
682:
680:
677:
669:paleomagnetism
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
582:
579:
544:
541:
510:paleomagnetism
481:
478:
378:anthropologist
357:
354:
350:The fossil man
346:Hugo Obermaier
334:Pedro Palacios
323:Chopping tools
292:Cervus elaphus
241:
215:
212:
199:
196:
194:
191:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3141:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3061:2°29′54.622″W
3050:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:84-451-2789-6
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2917:cite magazine
2910:
2906:
2902:
2900:84-451-2789-6
2896:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2835:84-451-2789-6
2831:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2784:84-451-2789-6
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2748:84-451-2789-6
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:84-451-2789-6
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2679:cite magazine
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:84-451-2789-6
2658:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2629:cite magazine
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:84-451-2789-6
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2579:cite magazine
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:84-451-2789-6
2558:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2528:cite magazine
2521:
2517:
2513:
2511:84-451-2789-6
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:cite magazine
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2395:84-451-2789-6
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:cite magazine
2353:
2349:
2345:
2343:84-451-2789-6
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:84-451-2789-6
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:New Scientist
2276:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:84-451-2789-6
2126:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:The first man
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:84-451-2789-6
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1757:bone industry
1751:Bone industry
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1571:Palaeoloxodon
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:Biochronology
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:Palaeoloxodon
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:Palaeoloxodon
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:The ostracod
1446:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1355:Fallow deer (
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:platyrhynchus
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
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1259:
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1233:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:Musk shrews (
1163:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:Anas strepera
1089:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:Water snake (
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
990:
986:
981:
978:
977:
976:Bufo calamita
973:Runner toad (
972:
969:
968:
964:Common toad (
963:
960:
959:
954:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Herpetocypris
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
901:
900:
896:
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
878:
874:), chestnut (
873:
872:
867:
866:
861:
860:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
842:
838:Trees: pine (
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
813:
812:
807:
806:Ranunculaceae
803:
802:
797:
793:
789:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
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757:
753:
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744:
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732:
728:
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720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:
695:
693:
691:
683:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
639:
636:
635:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:alluvial fans
588:
580:
578:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
542:
540:
538:
533:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
486:
479:
477:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
394:
393:Lluís Pericot
390:
385:
382:
379:
376:The American
371:
367:
362:
355:
353:
351:
347:
341:
339:
338:Édouard Harlé
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
277:), 86 horse (
276:
275:
269:
267:
263:
257:
255:
246:
240:
232:
228:
224:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
197:
192:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
81:fossiliferous
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3051:
3035:
3032:
3023:
3010:
2983:
2977:
2969:the original
2964:
2954:
2941:
2890:
2865:
2852:
2825:
2774:
2738:
2702:
2652:
2602:
2552:
2501:
2495:
2464:
2454:
2445:
2412:
2385:
2333:
2327:
2300:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2236:
2204:
2177:
2120:
2059:
2052:
2019:
2000:
1933:
1909:
1877:
1864:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1793:
1772:hammerstones
1765:
1761:
1754:
1740:
1737:
1705:denticulates
1690:
1675:
1672:of Torralba.
1650:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1454:oligotrophic
1449:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1427:Paleoecology
1413:
1397:
1393:Bos antiquus
1391:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1293:mosbachensis
1292:
1288:
1278:
1270:
1267:Panthera leo
1266:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1240:Panthera leo
1239:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1203:Wood mouse (
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1048:
1039:
1023:
1014:
1005:
998:Hyla arborea
996:
988:
984:
974:
965:
956:
955:Bermejuela (
943:Potamocypris
942:
938:
935:Leucocythere
934:
930:
927:Heterocypris
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
818:
809:
799:
796:Nymphaeaceae
782:
776:
769:Cichoriaceae
759:Herbaceous:
747:chrysophytes
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:Anomoeoensis
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
687:
679:Paleontology
673:cron Brunhes
666:
651:
643:
624:
587:litic facies
584:
581:Stratigraphy
572:
546:
536:
534:
529:
526:
503:
491:
474:
470:
447:
443:
432:
401:
397:
386:
375:
369:
365:
349:
342:
327:
296:
290:
289:), 25 deer (
284:
278:
272:
270:
258:
251:
245:Henri Breuil
237:
201:
180:
178:of Ambrona.
175:
141:
122:
120:
83:levels with
56:
52:
51:
43:
39:
3073: /
2077:|work=
1709:perforators
1602:El Higuerón
1551:brecciensis
1540:Arvicolinae
1532:Pleistocene
1380:Megaloceros
1313:of Ambrona.
1289:Canis lupus
1258:praespelaea
1246:of Ambrona.
1219:Oryctolagus
1210:Sylvaticus
1184:brecciensis
1066:Anser anser
1025:Rana perezi
985:Discoglosus
915:Cypridopsis
886:), walnut (
850:), willow (
684:Systematics
662:horse teeth
428:paleobotany
301:), and the
71:) are two
3088:Categories
3058:41°09′36″N
1857:References
1713:back knife
1656:Archeology
1640:known as "
1465:bermejuela
1368:Roe Deer (
1227:Carnivores
1151:Otis tarda
1084:Anas acuta
1035:indeterm.)
1033:Lacertidae
931:Ilyocypris
903:Ostracodes
897:Arthropods
880:), hazel (
868:), birch (
844:), alder (
792:Cyperaceae
765:Asteraceae
754:Vegetation
739:Pinnularia
731:Rhopalodia
719:Cyclotella
711:Hantzschia
690:systematic
656:(EPR) and
604:lacustrine
596:lacustrine
522:phytoliths
495:trial pits
424:palynology
416:edaphology
330:Juan Cabré
227:chalcedony
116:Medinaceli
3002:1579-7384
2909:1579-7384
2844:1579-7384
2793:1579-7384
2757:1579-7384
2721:1579-7384
2671:1579-7384
2621:1579-7384
2571:1579-7384
2520:1579-7384
2446:Complutum
2404:1579-7384
2352:1579-7384
2319:1579-7384
2157:ignored (
2147:cite book
2139:1579-7384
2079:ignored (
2069:cite book
2042:ignored (
2032:cite book
1970:ignored (
1960:cite book
1952:1579-7384
1768:trihedral
1729:limestone
1725:quartzite
1693:hand axes
1682:Acheulean
1638:popularly
1628:Taphonomy
1508:Capreolus
1484:Capreolus
1420:Atapuerca
1371:Capreolus
1206:Apodemus
1167:Crocidura
1090:Gadwall (
967:Bufo bufo
833:Ericaceae
829:Cistaceae
820:Juniperus
801:Polygonum
790:Aquatic:
743:Nitzschia
735:Cocconeis
727:Epithemia
715:Surriella
627:Formation
514:ostracods
506:taphonomy
307:hand axes
231:Obermaier
85:Acheulean
1885:(2011).
1812:Sigüenza
1701:racloirs
1697:cleavers
1563:Arvicola
1543:Microtus
1512:Arvicola
1438:moorland
1407:Primates
1271:fossilis
1244:fossilis
1216:Rabbit (
1193:Arvicola
1180:Iberomys
1176:Microtus
1031:Lizard (
989:jeanneae
919:Eucypris
877:Castanea
862:), oak (
856:), elm (
825:Rosaceae
784:Plantago
773:Fabaceae
612:overflow
557:Triassic
311:cleavers
242:—
223:Hand axe
53:Torralba
2237:Science
1804:in situ
1796:Ambrona
1741:in situ
1670:Cleaver
1618:Fonelas
1567:sapidus
1197:Sapidus
907:Candona
889:Juglans
883:Corylus
865:Quercus
761:Poaceae
707:Amphora
703:diatoms
701:Algae:
616:fossils
608:channel
600:fluvial
565:gypsums
561:lutites
549:fluvium
543:Geology
530:in situ
420:geology
368:, with
366:in situ
286:Aurochs
193:History
176:in situ
137:carrion
133:hunting
104:Ambrona
57:Ambrona
40:in situ
18:Ambrona
3042:
3000:
2990:
2907:
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1733:quartz
1717:burins
1598:Toledo
1594:Pinedo
1590:Madrid
1578:Áridos
1536:Ionian
1476:Cervus
1433:pollen
1384:Savini
1280:Vulpes
1236:Radius
1129:Fulica
1050:Natrix
911:Cypris
871:Betula
648:Dating
569:Keuper
518:fishes
499:facies
460:) and
435:pollen
315:flakes
247:, 1910
170:, the
166:, the
110:) and
96:Ionian
3020:(PDF)
2946:(PDF)
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2862:(PDF)
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1721:flint
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1565:aff.
1382:aff.
1277:Fox (
1256:aff.
1208:aff.
1195:aff.
1058:Birds
859:Ulmus
853:Salix
847:Alnus
841:Pinus
811:Typha
778:Rumex
574:polje
319:cores
204:Soria
69:Spain
3040:ISBN
2998:ISSN
2988:ISBN
2923:link
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2159:help
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2081:help
2044:help
1979:link
1972:help
1948:ISSN
1938:ISBN
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1843:the
1837:the
1731:and
1676:The
1557:and
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1463:The
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1360:cf.
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