1714:, who wanted to confirm the unity of totemism in some way and approached the matter more from a biological and psychological point of view than from an ethnological one. According to Malinowski, totemism was not a cultural phenomenon, but rather the result of trying to satisfy basic human needs within the natural world. As far as Radcliffe-Brown was concerned, totemism was composed of elements that were taken from different areas and institutions, and what they have in common is a general tendency to characterize segments of the community through a connection with a portion of nature. In opposition to Durkheim's theory of sacralization, Radcliffe-Brown took the point of view that nature is introduced into the social order rather than secondary to it. At first, he shared with Malinowski the opinion that an animal becomes totemistic when it is âgood to eat.â He later came to oppose the usefulness of this viewpoint, since many totemsâsuch as crocodiles and fliesâare dangerous and unpleasant.
1414:
1364:
1601:
1684:
and between different peoples in
British Columbia. He then expands his analysis to other groups to show that they share some of the customs associated with totemism, without having totems. He concludes by offering two general definitions of totemism, one of which is: "Totemism is the tendency of definite social units to become associated with objects and symbols of emotional value".
1434:
54:
277:
1683:
to show that the supposedly shared qualities of totemismâexogamy, naming, descent from the totem, taboo, ceremony, reincarnation, guardian spirits and secret societies and artâwere actually expressed very differently between
Australia and British Columbia, and between different peoples in Australia
1656:
explanation of totemism, namely, that local groups or clans, in selecting a totemistic name from the realm of nature, were reacting to a need to be differentiated. If the origin of the name was forgotten, Lang argued, there followed a mystical relationship between the objectâfrom which the name was
1165:
is not limited to the Ojibwe people. Similar concepts, under differing names and with variations in beliefs and practices, may be found in a number of cultures worldwide. The term has also been adopted, and at times redefined, by anthropologists and philosophers of different cultures.
1807:
In the 21st century, Australian anthropologists question the extent to which "totemism" can be generalized even across different
Aboriginal Australian peoples, let alone to other cultures like the Ojibwe from whom the term was originally derived. Rose, James and Watson write that:
1583:
wrote that
Aboriginal people "have no idea of procreation as being directly associated with sexual intercourse, and firmly believe that children can be born without this taking place". Frazer's thesis has been criticised by other anthropologists, including
1570:
Early anthropologists sometimes attributed
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander totemism to ignorance about procreation, with the entrance of an ancestral spirit individual (the "totem") into the woman believed to be the cause of pregnancy (rather than
1821:
Poets, and to a lesser extent fiction writers, often use anthropological concepts, including the anthropological understanding of totemism. For this reason, literary criticism often resorts to psychoanalytic, anthropological analyses.
2042:
1390:
poles featuring many different designs (bears, birds, frogs, people, and various supernatural beings and aquatic creatures). They serve multiple purposes in the communities that make them. Similar to other forms of
1395:, they may function as crests of families or chiefs, recount stories owned by those families or chiefs, or commemorate special occasions. These stories are known to be read from the bottom of the pole to the top.
1657:
once derivedâand the groups that bore these names. Through nature myths, animals and natural objects were considered as the relatives, patrons, or ancestors of the respective social units.
1878:
2053:
1480:
1181:
not otherwise involved in the practice of a traditional, tribal religion have been known to use "totem" terminology for the personal identification with a tutelary spirit or
1082:
1641:(1869, 1870). McLennan did not seek to explain the specific origin of the totemistic phenomenon but sought to indicate that all of the human race had, in
633:
389:
1627:
identified totemism as a shared practice across indigenous groups in unconnected parts of the world, typically reflecting a stage of human development.
2205:
1517:
term "totem" to describe a pre-existing and independent practice, although others use the term. The term "token" has replaced "totem" in some areas.
2326:
590:
1676:
1710:, he was skeptical that totemism could be described in any unified way. In this he opposed the other pioneer of social anthropology in England,
1524:
of coastal New South Wales, a person may have multiple totems of different types (personal, family or clan, gender, tribal and ceremonial). The
1075:
2334:
1991:
1703:
in totemism. In addition, he argued that totemism also served as a form of collective worship, reinforcing social cohesion and solidarity.
1408:
1812:
The term âtotemâ has proved to be a blunt instrument. Far more subtlety is required, and again, there is regional variation on this issue.
1383:
2180:
Reports of the
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits: Volume 5, Sociology, Magic and Religion of the Western Islanders
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1267:
referring to the extended family. In the
Anishinaabe oral tradition, in prehistory the Anishinaabe were living along the coast of the
835:
409:
2528:
2523:
2242:
2215:
2188:
1680:
1068:
2178:
2043:"Exploring ways of knowing, protecting, acknowledging Aboriginal totems across the Eurobodalla, Far South Coast, NSW: Final report"
1706:
The leading representative of
British social anthropology, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, took a totally different view of totemism. Like
1675:
By 1910, the idea of totemism as having common properties across cultures was being challenged, with
Russian American ethnologist
1787:
The terms in Elkin's typologies see some use today, but
Aboriginal customs are seen as more diverse than his typologies suggest.
122:
2538:
1979:
499:
2105:
1669:
1404:
1178:
727:
272:
207:
2533:
2130:
2074:
1957:
Bohaker, H. (2010). Anishinaabe Toodaims: Contexts for politics, kinship, and identity in the Eastern Great Lakes.
1699:
and theological point of view, attempting to discover a pure religion in very ancient forms and claimed to see the
1609:
2543:
948:
805:
2465:
Berg, Henk de. Freud's Theory and Its Use in Literary and Cultural Studies: An Introduction. Camden House, 2004
1718:
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162:
45:
2008:
1832:
1711:
1510:
1197:
1139:
880:
830:
611:
444:
232:
2399:
1513:, and the natural world are often described as totems. Many Indigenous groups object to using the imported
2499:
Nikoletseas, Michael. The Male Totem in Klepht Poetry: Parallels with the Iliad, 2014, ISBN 978-1500934729
1795:
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31:
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2075:"Aboriginal Spirituality: Aboriginal Philosophy The Basis of Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing"
1637:, following the vogue of 19th-century research, addressed totemism in a broad perspective in his study
2139:
1873:
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subjecting totemistic phenomena to sharp criticism. Goldenweiser compared Indigenous Australians and
1422:
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157:
107:
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or clan literally would translate as 'the expression of, or having to do with one's heart', with
860:
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284:
147:
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Maryniak, Irena. Spirit of the Totem: Religion and Myth in Soviet Fiction, 1964-1988, MHRA, 1995
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1987:
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316:
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1945:
WiLLMoTT, C. (2016). Anishinaabe Doodem Pictographs: narrative inscriptions and identities.
1742:
1541:
1326:
1012:
771:
756:
707:
539:
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social (totems regulate marriage, and often a person cannot eat the flesh of their totem),
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1983:
1972:
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of the Ojibwe term (and both the word and beliefs associated with it are part of the
1150:
1118:) is a spirit being, sacred object, or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of
870:
687:
645:
554:
544:
529:
524:
474:
368:
2207:
Totemism and Exogamy - A Treatise on Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society
2373:
Totemism and Exogamy. A Treatise on Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society
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132:
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Nikoletseas Michael M, The Male Totem Dream Fragments, 2020, ISBN 979-8667493426
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102:
61:
2019:(1). Ottawa: Dept. of Resources and Development, National Museum of Canada: 9
1947:
Together We Survive: Ethnographic Intuitions, Friendships, and Conversations.
2177:
Haddon, A. C.; Rivers, W. H. R.; Seligmann, C. G.; Wilkin, A. (2011-02-17).
1863:
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341:
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2234:
A Place for Strangers: Towards a History of Australian Aboriginal Being
1858:
1837:
1729:
His typologies of totemism included eight "forms" and six "functions".
1418:
1299:
for the peoples in the east. The five original Anishinaabe totems were
1174:
1043:
1024:
980:
875:
766:
92:
69:
1672:, along with a compilation of the work of other writers in the field.
53:
17:
1853:
1751:
subsection (the "tribe" consists of eight groups, each with a totem),
1545:
1372:
1368:
1237:
1158:
1123:
1119:
1114:
963:
717:
702:
682:
336:
197:
177:
97:
65:
1757:
local (people living or born in a particular area share a totem) and
1534:
were each associated with one or two plant or animal totems, called
1883:
1847:
1599:
1412:
1362:
1346:
1135:
938:
926:
662:
321:
311:
1748:
section (the "tribe" consists of four groups, each with a totem),
1615:
Early anthropologists and ethnologists like James George Frazer,
1664:
in 1910, a four-volume work based largely on his research among
1544:
relations (such as in the case of Wangarr relationships for the
1521:
1336:
1127:
667:
326:
2106:"Indigenous kinship with the natural world in New South Wales"
1427:
781:
1886:, an abstract seal or device used by Eurasian nomadic peoples
52:
1777:
dream (the person appears as this totem in others' dreams),
1754:
clan (a group with common descent share a totem or totems),
1974:
The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska
1879:
Religious symbolism in U.S. sports team names and mascots
1660:
British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer published
1783:
assistant (the totem assists a healer or clever person).
1745:(the "tribe" consists of two groups, each with a totem),
2104:
Rose, Deborah; James, Diana; Watson, Christine (2003).
1277:
beings appeared from the sea. These beings taught the
2400:"What is Totemism? The Concept of Totem in Sociology"
1959:
Gathering places: Aboriginal and fur trade histories.
1202:
The Anishinaabe peoples are divided into a number of
1771:
cult (totems associated with a secret organization),
2260:"Coming into being among the Australian Aborigines"
1971:
1804:("Totemism Today" ) are often cited in the field.
1727:The Australian Aborigines: How to understand them.
1535:
1525:
1399:Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders
1475:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
1421:Chief Tantaquidgeon, commemorated on a plaque at
2183:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155â156.
1760:"multiple" (people across groups share a totem).
1810:
2237:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36â39.
1970:Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest (1961).
1293:beings that remained to teach established the
2297:
2295:
2009:"Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics"
1687:The founder of a French school of sociology,
1076:
8:
1799:
1505:The spiritual, mutual relationships between
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1203:
1108:
2424:Structure and Function in Primitive Society
1850:, a type of family totem in Maratha culture
1780:classificatory (the totem sorts people) and
1083:
1069:
36:
2475:Nikoletseas Michael M (26 January 2013).
2132:The native tribes of south-east Australia
1652:, early in the 20th century, advocated a
2327:Continuum International Publishing Group
591:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
2355:
2353:
1914:
44:
2281:
2279:
2258:Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1938-02-12).
1230:) named mainly for animal totems (or
7:
2210:. SEVERUS Verlag. pp. 191â192.
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2068:
2066:
2036:
2034:
1790:As a chief representative of modern
1409:Dreaming (Australian Aboriginal art)
280:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
1645:, gone through a totemistic stage.
1555:typically translated as totems. An
1540:. Totems are sometimes attached to
1384:Indigenous peoples of North America
2319:Patrick Wolfe (22 December 1998).
2013:National Museum of Canada Bulletin
1923:"totemism | religion | Britannica"
1465:for transliterated languages, and
1445:of its non-English content, using
410:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
2303:The worship of animals and plants
1681:First Nations in British Columbia
1639:The Worship of Animals and Plants
1739:sex (one totem for each gender),
1432:
1287:peoples. Six of the seven great
1240:person would say this word). In
2361:Method in the Study of Totemism
2158:DHIMURRU Aboriginal corporation
2129:Howitt, Alfred William (1904).
1774:conception (multiple meanings),
1764:The functions identified were:
123:Evolutionary origin of religion
2041:Donaldson, Susan Dale (2012).
1980:University of Washington Press
1736:individual (a personal totem),
1481:multilingual support templates
278:Treatise on the Apparitions of
1:
2439:(1958); english trans. as
2287:Totemism; An analytical study
2204:Frazer, James George (2011).
1551:Torres Strait Islanders have
1405:Australian Aboriginal kinship
728:Traditional African religions
273:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
2447:. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963
1596:Anthropological perspectives
1163:tutelary spirits and deities
1732:The forms identified were:
1520:In some cases, such as the
1179:mythopoetic men's movements
27:Emblem of a group of people
2560:
2398:Koto, Koray (2023-04-10).
2231:Swain, Tony (1993-08-09).
2110:www.environment.nsw.gov.au
1648:Another Scottish scholar,
1610:Victoria, British Columbia
1402:
1356:
1195:
29:
2477:The Iliad: The Male Totem
2050:Eurobodalla Shire Council
1246:
1220:
1214:
1109:
806:Armenian Apostolic Church
2529:Native American religion
2524:Anthropology of religion
2437:Le Totémisme aujourd'hui
1801:Le Totémisme aujourd'hui
1719:structural functionalist
1224:), or clans, (singular:
698:Native American religion
353:Revitalization movements
208:Sacredâprofane dichotomy
46:Anthropology of religion
2073:Grieves, Vicki (2009).
2007:Marius Barbeau (1950).
1833:Anishinaabe clan system
1536:
1526:
1511:Torres Strait Islanders
1379:The totem poles of the
1198:Anishinaabe clan system
1140:Anishinaabe clan system
612:The Journal of Religion
233:Theories about religion
2309:, vol. 6-7 (1869-1870)
1904:Shona Culture - Mitupo
1814:
1800:
1677:Alexander Goldenweiser
1666:Indigenous Australians
1635:John Ferguson McLennan
1621:John Ferguson McLennan
1612:
1586:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
1507:Aboriginal Australians
1425:
1376:
1367:Tlingit totem pole in
1341:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1204:
1104:
658:Alaska Native religion
653:Afro-American religion
248:Veneration of the dead
57:
32:Totem (disambiguation)
2539:Sociology of religion
2082:The Lowitja Institute
1794:, French ethnologist
1608:in Thunderbird Park,
1603:
1416:
1366:
1059:cultural anthropology
678:Chinese folk religion
570:Anthony F. C. Wallace
565:Daniel Martin Varisco
490:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
392:of the Religious Life
56:
2422:Radcliffe-Brown A.,
1874:Moe anthropomorphism
1712:BronisĆaw Malinowski
1662:Totemism and Exogamy
1581:Totemism and Exogamy
1479:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
1443:specify the language
1441:This section should
1423:Norwich, Connecticut
1381:Pacific Northwestern
713:Shamanism in Siberia
560:Edward Burnett Tylor
390:The Elementary Forms
158:Magic (supernatural)
108:Comparative religion
30:For other uses, see
2534:Nature and religion
2322:Settler Colonialism
1796:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1577:James George Frazer
1563:("chief totem") or
1315:(echo-maker, i.e.,
895:Hindu denominations
836:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
605:The Hibbert Journal
515:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
500:Fustel de Coulanges
40:Part of a series on
2435:(LĂ©vi-Strauss C.,
2307:Fortnightly Review
1927:www.britannica.com
1701:origin of religion
1617:Alfred Cort Haddon
1613:
1567:("little totem").
1426:
1417:Personal totem of
1377:
949:Non-denominational
861:Oriental Orthodoxy
415:Poles in mythology
148:Laying on of hands
58:
2336:978-0-304-70340-1
2329:. pp. 111â.
2285:Goldenweiser A.,
1993:978-0-295-73998-4
1843:Charge (heraldry)
1503:
1502:
1483:may also be used.
1138:, such as in the
1093:
1092:
881:Russian Orthodoxy
831:Eastern Orthodoxy
480:Arnold van Gennep
399:Purity and Danger
16:(Redirected from
2551:
2544:Tutelary deities
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:ULUKAYIN English
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2359:Andrew Lang A.,
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2316:
2310:
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2290:
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2273:
2271:
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2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2154:"Yolngu Culture"
2150:
2144:
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2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:. Archived from
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2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1803:
1539:
1530:or clans of the
1529:
1498:
1495:
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1474:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1279:Mide way of life
1276:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1242:Anishinaabemowin
1235:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1112:
1111:
1085:
1078:
1071:
826:Coptic Orthodoxy
540:Marshall Sahlins
382:Related articles
37:
21:
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2301:MacLennan, J.,
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1900:
1891:Totem and Taboo
1828:
1819:
1721:anthropologist
1625:W. H. R. Rivers
1598:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1460:transliteration
1456:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1411:
1401:
1361:
1355:
1335:(tender, i.e.,
1271:when the great
1200:
1194:
1155:Ojibwe language
1145:While the word
1089:
1049:
1048:
841:Greek Orthodoxy
821:Catholic Church
637:
636:
625:
624:
585:
584:
575:
574:
550:Stanley Tambiah
505:Clifford Geertz
460:Joseph Campbell
445:Augustin Calmet
440:
439:
438:Major theorists
430:
429:
405:Myth and ritual
391:
384:
383:
374:
373:
279:
263:
262:
253:
252:
203:Sacred language
193:Rite of passage
118:Divine language
83:
82:
73:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2555:
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2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2486:978-1482069006
2485:
2467:
2458:
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2059:on 2018-06-14.
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1911:
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1689:Ămile Durkheim
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1397:
1357:Main article:
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470:Ămile Durkheim
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450:Akbar S. Ahmed
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81:Basic concepts
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2244:9780521446914
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2190:9780521179898
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2100:
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2084:. p. 12.
2083:
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2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:Sigmund Freud
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
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1880:
1877:
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1792:structuralism
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1717:In 1938, the
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1643:ancient times
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1255:means heart.
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1192:
1188:
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1169:Contemporary
1167:
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1161:), belief in
1160:
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1151:anglicisation
1149:itself is an
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871:Protestantism
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571:
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563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Victor Turner
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:Melford Spiro
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Roy Rappaport
528:
526:
525:Steven Ozment
523:
521:
520:Robert Marett
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
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475:Mircea Eliade
473:
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369:Handsome Lake
367:
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2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2385:
2380:
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2340:. Retrieved
2321:
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2267:. Retrieved
2263:
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2179:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2148:
2131:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2081:
2054:the original
2049:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2012:
2002:
1973:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1889:
1869:Little Arpad
1820:
1811:
1806:
1789:
1786:
1763:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1705:
1697:sociological
1686:
1674:
1661:
1659:
1654:nominalistic
1647:
1638:
1629:
1614:
1589:
1580:
1573:insemination
1569:
1565:mugina augud
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1532:Ngarrindjeri
1519:
1504:
1494:October 2021
1491:
1477:ISO 639 code
1473:}}
1467:{{
1463:}}
1457:{{
1453:}}
1447:{{
1442:
1386:are carved,
1378:
1284:Waabanakiing
1282:
1201:
1190:
1183:spirit guide
1168:
1146:
1144:
1122:, such as a
1113:
1096:
1094:
988:Conservative
856:Nestorianism
789:Christianity
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
535:Saba Mahmood
510:Robin Horton
495:James Frazer
465:Mary Douglas
397:
388:
285:Neo-Paganism
261:Case studies
237:
228:Superstition
223:Soul dualism
133:Great Spirit
2375:(1911-1915)
2023:24 November
1978:. Seattle:
1723:A. P. Elkin
1691:, examined
1670:Melanesians
1650:Andrew Lang
1632:ethnologist
1559:could be a
1353:Totem poles
1342:Moozwaanowe
1312:Baswenaazhi
1171:neoshamanic
915:Vaishnavism
846:Lutheranism
801:Anglicanism
485:René Girard
364:Ghost Dance
243:Transtheism
213:Sacred site
173:Nympholepsy
2518:Categories
2409:2023-04-10
2342:4 December
2269:2019-01-07
2163:2018-12-19
2115:2019-01-14
1982:. p.
1932:2021-11-24
1910:References
1817:Literature
1798:, and his
1708:Franz Boas
1606:totem pole
1403:See also:
1388:monumental
1359:Totem pole
1345:("little"
1322:Aan'aawenh
1302:Wawaazisii
1037:ĆvetÄmbara
673:Böö mörgöl
455:Talal Asad
359:Cargo cult
188:Polytheism
183:Pilgrimage
168:Monotheism
153:Liminality
143:Initiation
138:Henotheism
113:Divination
103:Communitas
62:totem pole
2386:Totémisme
2140:Macmillan
1864:Jangseung
1630:Scottish
1592:in 1938.
1561:kai augud
1527:lakinyeri
1296:odoodeman
1210:syllabics
1032:Digambara
974:YazdĂąnism
954:Quranists
934:Ahmadiyya
920:Ayyavazhi
851:Methodism
816:Calvinism
796:Adventism
777:Vajrayana
762:Theravada
752:Pure Land
634:Religions
307:Bobohizan
218:Shamanism
128:Fetishism
88:Afterlife
2441:Totemism
1826:See also
1693:totemism
1393:heraldry
1349:-tail).
1307:bullhead
1236:, as an
1205:doodeman
1191:doodemen
1013:Orthodox
1003:Haymanot
944:Mahdavia
910:Smartism
905:Shaktism
900:Shaivism
888:Hinduism
811:Baptists
747:Nichiren
742:Mahayana
735:Buddhism
723:Tengrism
598:Folklore
583:Journals
342:Slametan
302:Babaylan
297:Angakkuq
72:, Canada
1859:Huabiao
1838:Aumakua
1695:from a
1553:auguds,
1537:ngaitji
1486:See why
1419:Mohegan
1329:duck),
1327:pintail
1281:to the
1189:Ojibwe
1175:New Age
1159:culture
1132:lineage
1044:Sikhism
1025:Jainism
1008:Karaite
998:Hasidic
981:Judaism
876:Quakers
772:Tibetan
767:Tiantai
757:Shingon
693:KejawĂšn
619:Oceania
93:Animism
70:Ontario
2483:
2426:, 1952
2388:(1910)
2363:(1911)
2333:
2289:, 1910
2264:Nature
2241:
2214:
2187:
1990:
1854:Fylgja
1743:moiety
1725:wrote
1590:Nature
1546:Yolngu
1542:moiety
1515:Ojibwe
1373:Alaska
1369:Juneau
1339:) and
1290:Miigis
1274:Miigis
1264:doodem
1258:Doodem
1238:Ojibwe
1233:doodem
1227:doodem
1177:, and
1124:family
1120:people
1115:doodem
1101:Ojibwe
1099:(from
1055:Social
1018:Reform
993:Haredi
964:Sufism
718:Shinto
708:Shindo
703:Noaidi
683:Hanitu
642:Ethnic
337:Pawang
332:JhÄkri
291:Ritual
198:Ritual
178:Oracle
98:Augury
66:Ottawa
18:Totems
2443:, by
2136:(PDF)
2078:(PDF)
2057:(PDF)
2046:(PDF)
1884:Tamga
1848:Devak
1557:augud
1347:moose
1332:Nooke
1317:crane
1147:totem
1136:tribe
1134:, or
1097:totem
969:Sunni
939:Ibadi
927:Islam
688:Hausa
663:Anito
322:Dukun
312:Bomoh
267:Magic
238:Totem
2481:ISBN
2344:2012
2331:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2025:2014
1988:ISBN
1668:and
1623:and
1522:Yuin
1450:lang
1407:and
1337:bear
1252:ode'
1221:áááȘá
1215:áááȘáŁ
1208:(in
1157:and
1128:clan
1057:and
959:Shia
668:Atua
644:and
327:Miko
317:Bora
163:Mana
2017:119
1894:by
1588:in
1579:in
1575:).
1548:).
1470:IPA
1319:),
1309:),
1247:á
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1218:or
1110:ááá»
1107:or
1105:áááŒ
782:Zen
64:in
2520::
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2402:.
2352:^
2325:.
2305:,
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2278:^
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2138:.
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2090:^
2080:.
2065:^
2048:.
2033:^
2015:.
2011:.
1986:.
1925:.
1619:,
1604:A
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1455:,
1371:,
1244:,
1212::
1185:.
1173:,
1142:.
1130:,
1126:,
1103::
1095:A
347:Wu
68:,
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2489:.
2412:.
2346:.
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2220:.
2193:.
2166:.
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2118:.
2027:.
1996:.
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1935:.
1496:)
1492:(
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1325:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
