Touchscreen - Knowledge

972:/ History). It used a 14 inch version of this newly invented wire based projected capacitance touchscreen and had 64 sensing areas - the wiring pattern being similar to that shown in the lower diagram. The zig-zag pattern was introduced to minimize visual reflections and prevent Moire interference between the wires and the monitor line scans. About 600 of these were sold for this purpose, retailing at £50 apiece, which was very cheap for the time. Working through very thick glass made it ideal for operation in a "hostile" environment, such as a pub. Although reflected light from the copper wires was noticeable under certain lighting conditions, this problem was eliminated by using tinted glass. The reflection issue was later resolved by using finer (10 micron diameter), dark coated wires. Throughout the following decade JPM continued to use touchscreens for many other games such as "Cluedo" and "Who wants to be a Millionaire". 2303:(Brewster, Chohan, and Brown, 2007; and more recently Hogan) demonstrates that touchscreen users reduce input errors (by 20%), increase input speed (by 20%), and lower their cognitive load (by 40%) when touchscreens are combined with haptics or tactile feedback. On top of this, a study conducted in 2013 by Boston College explored the effects that touchscreens haptic stimulation had on triggering psychological ownership of a product. Their research concluded that a touchscreens ability to incorporate high amounts of haptic involvement resulted in customers feeling more endowment to the products they were designing or buying. The study also reported that consumers using a touchscreen were willing to accept a higher price point for the items they were purchasing. 2005:

corresponding to every position on the surface, determining the touch location. A moving touch is tracked by rapid repetition of this process. Extraneous and ambient sounds are ignored since they do not match any stored sound profile. The technology differs from other sound-based technologies by using a simple look-up method rather than expensive signal-processing hardware. As with the dispersive signal technology system, a motionless finger cannot be detected after the initial touch. However, for the same reason, the touch recognition is not disrupted by any resting objects. The technology was created by SoundTouch Ltd in the early 2000s, as described by the patent family EP1852772, and introduced to the market by

39: 2312:

when customers are ordering items off the menu. While the addition of touchscreens is a development for this industry, customers may choose to bypass the touchscreen and order from a traditional cashier. To take this a step further, a restaurant in Bangalore has attempted to completely automate the ordering process. Customers sit down to a table embedded with touchscreens and order off an extensive menu. Once the order is placed it is sent electronically to the kitchen. These types of touchscreens fit under the Point of Sale (POS) systems mentioned in the lead section.

1364:

fringing fields. Part of the challenge of making a practical capacitive sensor is to design a set of printed circuit traces which direct fringing fields into an active sensing area accessible to a user. A parallel-plate capacitor is not a good choice for such a sensor pattern. Placing a finger near fringing electric fields adds conductive surface area to the capacitive system. The additional charge storage capacity added by the finger is known as finger capacitance, or CF. The capacitance of the sensor without a finger present is known as parasitic capacitance, or CP.

1703: 1033: 2347: 575:

ever developed or patented by Boie. Many of these citations rely on anecdotal evidence from Bill Buxton of Bell Labs. However, Bill Buxton did not have much luck getting his hands on this technology. As he states in the citation: "Our assumption (false, as it turned out) was that the Boie technology would become available to us in the near future. Around 1990 I took a group from Xerox to see this technology it since I felt that it would be appropriate for the user interface of our large document processors. This did not work out".

1406: 332: 1689:, bi-state cylindrical layout, with 36 unique intersections - all the I/O lines connected to one end of the cylinder (a standard x/y array would require horizontal I/O lines entering the side of the cylinder). Unsplit diagonal sensing elements can also be formed into cylinders, but 9 I/Os would only create 20 (5x4) unique intersections. These cylinders can be physically transformed into complex 3 dimensional shapes, by a range of different methods, such as blow molding, vacuum forming, etc.. 941: 1333:, some capacitive touchscreens cannot be used to detect a finger through electrically insulating material, such as gloves. This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather when people may be wearing gloves. It can be overcome with a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread allowing electrical contact with the user's fingertip. 797: 1277: 1269: 31: 1678: 1827: 656:(CDUs) were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early 1980s. Initial research showed that a touch interface would reduce pilot workload as the crew could then select waypoints, functions and actions, rather than be "head down" typing latitudes, longitudes, and waypoint codes on a keyboard. An effective integration of this technology was aimed at helping flight crews maintain a high level of 1505: 1473: 953: 583: 961:

capability, indicated that most of these tracks could be eliminated. This proved to be so, and led to the invention of a wire based touchscreen in 1994, where one 25 micron diameter, insulation coated wire replaced about 30 of these 80 micron wide tracks, and could also accurately sense fingers through thick glass. Screen masking, caused by the copper, was reduced from 50% to less than 0.5%.

1640: 1632: 1942:, infrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system. Infrared touchscreens are sensitive to dirt and dust that can interfere with the infrared beams, and suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press when the user hovers a finger over the screen while searching for the item to be selected. 2029: 1871: 1418:

for such changes, and c) eliminating measured capacitance changes that do not match this profile, attributable to global variables (such as temperature/humidity, dirt build-up, electrical noise), and local variables (such as rain drops, partial shade and hands/elbows). Capacitance sensors may be discrete - possibly (but not necessarily) in a regular array, or they may be multiplexed.

851:

visitors were able to find information about the exposition’s rides, attractions, performances, facilities, and the surrounding areas. Visitors could also select between information displayed in English and Japanese; a reflection of Australia’s overseas tourist market in the 1980s. It is worth noting that Telecom’s Expo Info system was based on an earlier system employed at

222: 1918: 2075: 1489: 519:

changes value from zero to five when a button is touched. The touching of other buttons would give other non-zero values of BUT but this is protected against by software" (Page 6, section 2.6). "Actual contact between a finger and the capacitor is prevented by a thin sheet of plastic" (Page 3, section 2.3). At that time Projected capacitance had not yet been invented.

1195:

pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections (i.e. glare) from the layers of material placed over the screen. This type of touchscreen has been used by Nintendo in the DS family, the

1187:

layer on top of its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, while the other along the top and bottom. A voltage is applied to one layer and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become connected at that point. The panel then behaves as a pair of

2037: 1786: 1481: 1207: 1025: 1453:

capacitance has "long term drift compensation" built in. This minimizes the effects of slowly changing environmental factors, such as the build-up of dirt and effects caused by changes in the weather. Drops of rain have little effect, but flowing water, and especially flowing sea water (due to its electrical conductivity), can cause short term issues.

1113: 276: 1803:. Some of the time a trace will be an output, at another time it will be an input or "grounded". A "look-up" table can be used to simplify this process. By slightly distorting the conductors in a "n" I/O diagonal matrix, the equivalent of a (n-1) by (n/2) array is formed. After address decoding, this can then be processed as a standard x/y array. 2256:, visual acuity and the speed of the feedback loop between the eyes and fingers. The precision of the human finger alone is much, much higher than this, so when assistive technologies are provided—such as on-screen magnifiers—users can move their finger (once in contact with the screen) with precision as small as 0.1 mm (0.004 in). 2051:. One of these micro-capacitors every 10 to 15 mm is probably sufficient spacing if fingers are relatively widely spaced apart, but very high discrimination multi-touch may need a micro-capacitor every 5 or 6 mm. A similar system can be used for ultra-high resolution sensing, such as fingerprint sensing. 1883:

measurements. However, when using mutual capacitance, every intersection may have to be measured, making a total of 224 (i.e. 16 x 14) capacitance measurements. In this example, therefore, mutual capacitance requires nearly 7 times as many measurements as self-capacitance to detect the position of a finger.

2009:'s Elo division in 2006 as Acoustic Pulse Recognition. The touchscreen used by Elo is made of ordinary glass, giving good durability and optical clarity. The technology usually retains accuracy with scratches and dust on the screen. The technology is also well suited to displays that are physically larger. 2298:

response systems. A common example of this technology is the vibratory feedback provided when a button on the touchscreen is tapped. Haptics are used to improve the user's experience with touchscreens by providing simulated tactile feedback, and can be designed to react immediately, partly countering

1834:

If the trace being sensed is intersected by another trace that has a "desensitizing" signal on it, then that intersection is insensitive to touch. By imposing such a "desensitizing" signal on all the intersecting traces, except one, along the trace being sensed, then just a short length of that trace

1759:

An electrical signal, imposed on one electrical conductor, can be capacitively "sensed" by another electrical conductor that is in very close proximity, but electrically isolated—a feature that is exploited in mutual capacitance touchscreens. In a mutual capacitive sensor array, the "mutual" crossing

1444:

When a conductive object, such as a finger, comes into contact with a PCT panel, it distorts the local electrostatic field at that point. This is measurable as a change in capacitance. If a finger bridges the gap between two of the "tracks", the charge field is further interrupted and detected by the

1098:

of the touchscreen, no matter how wide it is. This could be reduced to 1.15 times the height, if opposing diagonal elements intersect at 60 degrees instead of 90 degrees. The elongated touchscreen could be controlled by a single processor, or the distant ends could be controlled totally independently

2311:

Touchscreen technology has become integrated into many aspects of customer service industry in the 21st century. The restaurant industry is a good example of touchscreen implementation into this domain. Chain restaurants such as Taco Bell, Panera Bread, and McDonald's offer touchscreens as an option

2096:

The end product is environmentally friendly as it uses recyclable polyester, and minute quantities of copper wire. The film could even have a second life as another product, such as drawing film, or wrapping film. Unlike some other touchscreen technologies, no complex processes or rare materials are

2064:

The wire is threaded through a plotter pen and plotted directly, as one continuous wire, onto a thin sheet of adhesive coated, clear polyester film (such as "window film"), using a standard, low cost x/y pen plotter. After plotting, the single wire is gently cut into individual sections with a sharp

1937:

pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch. A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any opaque

1908:

Capacitive touchscreens do not necessarily need to be operated by a finger, but until recently the special styli required could be quite expensive to purchase. The cost of this technology has fallen greatly in recent years and capacitive styli are now widely available for a nominal charge, and often

1861:

Self-capacitance is far more sensitive than mutual capacitance and is mainly used for single touch, simple gesturing and proximity sensing where the finger does not even have to touch the glass surface. Mutual capacitance is mainly used for multitouch applications. Many touchscreen manufacturers use

1774:

Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field, which in turn reduces the capacitance between these intersecting conductors. Any significant change in the strength of the signal sensed is used to determine if a finger is present or not

1608:

Capacitance multiplexing requires a grid of intersecting, but electrically isolated conductive tracks. This can be achieved in many different ways. One way is by creating parallel conductive tracks on one side of a plastic film, and similar parallel tracks on the other side, orientated at 90 degrees

1436:

c) When a decision is to be made about the validity of one or more touches, then, assumption c) means that the average value, of changes measured for some of the inputs with the smallest change, can be used to "offset" the touch thresholds of the inputs in contention. This minimizes the influence of

1432:

b) Long-term drift compensation is used to gradually raise or lower these thresholds (trending eventually to "no-touch"). This compensates for global changes in temperature and humidity. It also eliminates the possibility of any position appearing to be touched for too long, due to some "non-finger"

1417:

Projected capacitance is a method for accurately detecting and tracking a particular variable, or group of variables (such as finger(s)), by: a) using a simple form of artificial intelligence to develop a profile of the capacitance changing effects expected for that variable, b) specifically looking

1388:

Although some standard capacitance detection methods are projective, in the sense that they can be used to detect a finger through a non-conductive surface, they are very sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, which expand or contract the sensing plates, causing fluctuations in the capacitance of

1194:

Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories, and hospitals due to its high tolerance for liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive-touch technology is its low cost. Additionally, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute, as only sufficient

1186:

touchscreen panel is composed of several thin layers, the most important of which are two transparent electrically resistive layers facing each other with a thin gap between them. The top layer (the layer that is touched) has a coating on the underside surface; just beneath it is a similar resistive

1045:

elements coming from just one edge, and no bussed wires or "dead zone" round the other three edges (see top image on right). Touch resolution is almost doubled compared to x/y multiplexing. For example, 16 x/y I/Os create a maximum of 64 sensing element intersections, whereas 16 diagonal I/Os create

910:

1993 CAPACITANCE MOUSE / KEYPAD - Bob Boie of AT&T Bell Labs, patented a simple mouse or keypad that capacitively sensed just one finger through a thin insulator. Although not claimed or even mentioned in the patent, this technology could potentially have been used as a capacitance touchscreen.

815:

1988 SELECT ON "LIFT-OFF" - Touchscreens had a bad reputation of being imprecise until 1988. Most user-interface books would state that touchscreen selections were limited to targets larger than the average finger. At the time, selections were done in such a way that a target was selected as soon as

574:

Many derivative sources retrospectively describe Boie as making a major advancement with his touchscreen technology; but no evidence has been found that a rugged multi-touch capacitive touchscreen, that could sense through a rigid, protective overlay - the sort later required for a mobile phone, was

2386:

Some devices have a mode which increases the sensitivity of the touchscreen. This allows the touchscreen to be used more reliably with gloves, but can also result in unreliable and phantom inputs. However, thin gloves such as medical gloves are thin enough for users to wear when using touchscreens;

2330:

Extended use of gestural interfaces without the ability of the user to rest their arm is referred to as "gorilla arm". It can result in fatigue, and even repetitive stress injury when routinely used in a work setting. Certain early pen-based interfaces required the operator to work in this position

1950:

A translucent acrylic sheet is used as a rear-projection screen to display information. The edges of the acrylic sheet are illuminated by infrared LEDs, and infrared cameras are focused on the back of the sheet. Objects placed on the sheet are detectable by the cameras. When the sheet is touched by

1619:

Touch resolution and the number of fingers that can be detected simultaneously is determined by the number of cross-over points (x * y). If x + y = n, then the maximum possible number of cross-overs is (n/2). However, the number of cross-over points can be almost doubled by using a diagonal lattice

578:

UP TO 1984 CAPACITANCE - Although, as cited earlier, Johnson is credited with developing the first finger operated capacitive and resistive touchscreens in 1965, these worked by directly touching wires across the front of the screen. Stumpe and Beck developed a self-capacitance touchscreen in 1972,

518:

1973 MULTI-TOUCH CAPACITANCE - In 1973, Beck and Stumpe published another article describing their capacitive touchscreen. This indicated that it was capable of multi-touch but this feature was purposely inhibited, presumably as this was not considered useful at the time ("A...variable...called BUT

2243:

Much more important is the accuracy humans have in selecting targets with their finger or a pen stylus. The accuracy of user selection varies by position on the screen: users are most accurate at the center, less so at the left and right edges, and least accurate at the top edge and especially the

2224:

Guidelines for touchscreen designs were first developed in the 2000s, based on early research and actual use of older systems, typically using infrared grids—which were highly dependent on the size of the user's fingers. These guidelines are less relevant for the bulk of modern touch devices which

2194:

TapSense, announced in October 2011, allows touchscreens to distinguish what part of the hand was used for input, such as the fingertip, knuckle and fingernail. This could be used in a variety of ways, for example, to copy and paste, to capitalize letters, to activate different drawing modes, etc.

1893:

Two fingers can be detected and tracked accurately using self-capacitance, but this does involve a few extra calculations, and 4 extra capacitance measurements to eliminate the 2 "ghost" positions. One method is to undertake a full self-capacitance scan, to detect the 4 ambiguous finger positions,

964:

The use of fine wire meant that very large touchscreens, several meters wide, could be plotted onto a thin polyester support film with a simple x/y pen plotter, eliminating the need for expensive and complicated sputter coating, laser ablation, screen printing or etching. The resulting, incredibly

804:

1987 FIRST LARGE PROJECTED CAPACITANCE TOUCHSCREEN INVENTED - A large projected capacitance touchscreen was invented, by British inventor Ron Binstead. This sensed fingers through very thick glass and double-glazing, enabling touchscreens to be operated through shop windows. 16 touch sensing zones

610:

Projected capacitance uses a simple form of artificial intelligence to measure the changes in capacitance caused by one or more fingers, by specifically profiling the capacitance effects expected for finger touch, and eliminating any measured capacitance changes attributable to other global and/or

1819:

There is, however, ambiguity if more than one finger is to be detected. Two fingers may have four possible detection positions, only two of which are true, the other two being "ghosts." However, by selectively de-sensitizing any touch-points in contention, conflicting results are easily resolved.

1815:

Traces are sensed, one after the other until all the traces have been sensed. A finger may be detected anywhere along the whole length of a trace (even "off-screen"), but there is no indication where the finger is along that trace. If, however, a finger is also detected along another intersecting

1811:

Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X/Y or diagonal grid layout as mutual capacitance sensors, but, with self-capacitance all the traces usually operate independently, with no interaction between different traces. Along with several other methods, the extra capacitive load of a finger on a

1781:

Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.The greater the number of intersections, the better the touch resolution and the more independent fingers that can be detected. This indicates a distinct advantage of

1363:

A simple parallel-plate capacitor has two conductors separated by a dielectric layer. Most of the energy in this system is concentrated directly between the plates. Some of the energy spills over into the area outside the plates, and the electric field lines associated with this effect are called

1053:

line to be capable of switching between two states (bistate), an output some of the time and an input at other times. I/Os are inputs most of the time, but, once every scan, one of the I/Os has to take its turn at being an output, the remaining input I/Os sensing any signals it generates. The I/O

960:

1994 FIRST WIRE BASED PROJECTED CAPACITANCE - Stumpe and Beck's touchscreens (1972/1977 - already cited), used opaque conductive copper tracks that obscured about 50% of the screen (80 micron track / 80 micron space). The advent of projected capacitance in 1984, however, with its improved sensing

948:

1994 FIRST X/Y PROJECTED CAPACITANCE TOUCHSCREEN PATENT - An x/y multiplexed, projected capacitance, multiple input proximity detector and touchpad / touchscreen, was invented by British inventor Ron Binstead. This was capable of multi-touch and could accurately and reliably sense fingers through

1886:

Many applications, such as selecting items from a list or menu, require just one finger, and self-capacitance is eminently suitable for such applications, due to the relatively low processing load, simpler processing method, the ability to sense through thick dielectric materials or air, and the

1710:

Touchscreen width is normally restricted by the resistance of the conductive material used. As the width of an x/y touchscreen is increased, eventually the resistance of the horizontal conductors becomes too great for the touchscreen to work properly. "Infinitely" wide touchscreens are possible,

1452:

Moisture on the surface of the panel, high humidity, or collected dust are not a problem, especially with 'fine wire' based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a very low 'parasitic' capacitance, and there is a greater distance between neighboring conductors. Projected

1413:

Projected capacitive touch (PCT; also PCAP) technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of artificial intelligence. This intelligent processing enables finger

1372:

In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's

1214:

Due to their simple structure, with very few inputs, resistive touchscreens are mainly used for single touch operation, although some two touch versions (often described as multi-touch) are available. However, there are some true multi-touch resistive touchscreens available. These need many more

850:

Workstations. Each system was also equipped with a videodisc player, speakers, and a 20 MB hard drive. In order to keep up-to-date information during the event, the database of visitor information was updated and remotely transferred to the computer terminals each night. Using the touch screens,

590:

1984 FIRST PROJECTED CAPACITANCE TOUCHSCREEN PATENT- A capacitance keypad and touchscreen, capable of multi-touch, that could "project" touch sensing through several centimeters of air and other non-conductive materials, was invented by a British inventor, Ron Binstead This enabled the accurate

1670:

A square/rectangular diagonal array can be formed by double folding the parallel conductors - see diagram on the right. Two connectors could be fitted at the folds, on opposite sides of the array. Alternatively, a single connector can be fitted at one end of the array - as shown in the diagram.

2248:

accuracy (required radius for 95% target accuracy) varies from 7 mm (0.28 in) in the center to 12 mm (0.47 in) in the lower corners. Users are subconsciously aware of this, and take more time to select targets which are smaller or at the edges or corners of the touchscreen.

2004:

The key to this technology is that a touch at any one position on the surface generates a sound wave in the substrate which then produces a unique combined signal as measured by three or more tiny transducers attached to the edges of the touchscreen. The digitized signal is compared to a list

1995:

in the glass. Complex algorithms interpret this information and provide the actual location of the touch. The technology is unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches. Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide excellent optical

570:

1983 MULTI-TOUCH FORCE SENSING TOUCHSCREEN - Bob Boie of AT&T Bell Labs, used capacitance to track the mechanical changes in thickness of a soft, deformable overlay membrane when one or more physical objects interact with it; the flexible surface being easily replaced, if damaged by these

2179:

With the growing use of touchscreens, the cost of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is nearly eliminated. Touchscreen technology has demonstrated reliability and is found in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems,

1057:

2021 FIRST "INFINITELY WIDE" TOUCHSCREEN PATENT - With standard x/y array touchscreens, the length of the horizontal sensing elements increases as the width of the touchscreen increases. Eventually, a limit is hit where the resistance gets so great that the touchscreen can no longer function

1882:

When using a 16 x 14 X/Y array to determine the position of a single finger by self-capacitance, 30 (i.e. 16 + 14) capacitance measurements are required. The finger being determined to be at the intersection of the strongest of the 16 x measurements and the strongest of the 14 y

1620:

layout ( see Lattice/diagonal touchscreen diagrams ) where, instead of x elements only ever crossing y elements, each conductive element crosses every other element. Under these circumstances the maximum number of cross-overs is (n-n)/2. All the connector inputs come from just one edge.

1835:

will be sensitive to touch. By selecting a sequence of these sensing sections along the trace, it is possible to determine the accurate position of multiple fingers along the one trace. This process can then be repeated for all the other traces until the whole screen has been scanned.

111:

or one or more fingers. Some touchscreens use ordinary or specially coated gloves to work, while others may only work using a special stylus or pen. The user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed and, if the software allows, to control how it is displayed; for example,

820:(HCIL). As users touch the screen, feedback is provided as to what will be selected: users can adjust the position of the finger, and the action takes place only when the finger is lifted off the screen. This allowed the selection of small targets, down to a single pixel on a 640×480 1355:

screens, that eliminates a layer by building the capacitors inside the display itself. This type of touchscreen reduces the visible distance between the user's finger and what the user is touching on the screen, reducing the thickness and weight of the display, which is desirable in

1389:

these plates. These fluctuations result in a lot of background noise, so a strong finger signal is required for accurate detection. This limits applications to those where the finger directly touches the sensing element or is sensed through a relatively thin non-conductive surface.

1314:. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch. The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Some touchscreens use silver instead of ITO, as ITO causes several environmental problems due to the use of indium. The controller is typically a 870:

of the time, describing gestures such as rotating knobs, adjusting sliders, and swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch). The HCIL team developed and studied small touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed users could type at 25

1975:) are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared backlights are placed in the sensor's field of view on the opposite side of the screen. A touch blocks some lights from the sensors, and the location and size of the touching object can be calculated (see 1662:

The diagram (left) shows how a group of 6 parallel conductive elements, folded back on themselves (at right angles), can create a triangular array of 15 unique intersections. An x/y array, with 6 conductive elements, would only have created a maximum of 9 unique intersections.

1008:

released). By 2009, touchscreen-enabled mobile phones were becoming trendy and quickly gaining popularity in both basic and advanced devices. In Quarter-4 2009 for the first time, a majority of smartphones (i.e. not all mobile phones) shipped with touchscreens over non-touch.

1440:

By these and other means, the processor is constantly fine tuning the touch thresholds, and tweaking the touch sensitivity of each input. This enables very small changes, caused only by fingers, to be accurately detected through thick overlays, or several centimeters of air.

1218:

One example of a true multi-touch resistive touchscreen can detect 10 fingers at the same time. This has 80 I/O connections. These are possibly split 34 x inputs / 46 y outputs, forming a standard 3:4 aspect ratio touchscreen with 1564 x/y intersecting touch sensing nodes.

2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1016:

2015 FORCE SENSING TOUCHSCREENS - Until recently, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This has changed with the commercialization of multi-touch technology, and the

2082: 1496: 875:

on a touchscreen keyboard), aiding their introduction on mobile devices. They also designed and implemented multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger.

1373:

controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic

2046:

A very simple, low cost way to make a multi-touch projected capacitance touchscreen, is to sandwich an x/y or diagonal matrix of fine, insulation coated copper or tungsten wires between two layers of clear polyester film. This creates an array of proximity sensing

377: 614:

Instead of a keypad, the device could be used as a continuous x/y sensing area (see Claim 9). A transparent version was usable as a projected capacitance touchscreen (see Claim 10), but it was limited in size due to the high resistance of the narrow, transparent

488:(European Organization for Nuclear Research), developed a transparent touchscreen in the early 1970s, based on Stumpe's work at a television factory in the early 1960s. Then manufactured by CERN, and shortly after by industry partners, it was put to use in 1973. 1456:

A high frequency (RF) signal, possibly from 100 kHz to 1 MHz, is imposed on one track at a time, and appropriate capacitance measurements are taken ( as described later in this article). This process is repeated until all the tracks have been sampled.

2175:

The development of multi-touch screens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen; thus, operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously.

1424:

In practice, various assumptions are made, such as: - a) fingers will not be touching the screen at "power-up", b) a finger will not be on the same spot for more than a fixed period of time, and c) fingers will not be touching everywhere at the same time.

465:" ("touch input facility") for the SIG 50 terminal utilizing a conductively coated glass screen in front of the display. This was patented in 1971 and the patent was granted a couple of years later. The same team had already invented and marketed the 1996:

clarity. Any object can be used to generate touch events, including gloved fingers. A downside is that after the initial touch, the system cannot detect a motionless finger. However, for the same reason, resting objects do not disrupt touch recognition.

2331:

for much of the workday. Allowing the user to rest their hand or arm on the input device or a frame around it is a solution for this in many contexts. This phenomenon is often cited as an example of movements to be minimized by proper ergonomic design.

2079: 1493: 1099:

by different processors, linked by a synchronizing processor in the overlapping middle section. The number of unique intersections could be increased by allowing individual sensing elements to run in two opposing directions - as shown in the diagram.

965:

flexible, touchscreen film, less than 100 microns thick, could be attached by static or non-setting weak adhesive to one side of a sheet of glass, for sensing through that glass. Early versions of this device were controlled by the PIC16C54 microchip.

805:

were connected directly to the four edges of the touchscreen (see inset image), thereby avoiding the necessity for narrow tracks linking sensing zones to the edge. An order was placed for $ 0.7M worth of these touchscreens for use in a US hotel chain.

395: 1428:

a) If a finger IS touching the screen at "power-up", then, as soon as it is removed a large "anti-touch" capacitance change will be detected. This signals to the processor to reset the touch thresholds and store new "no touch" values for each input.

404:

which no longer are receiving a signal can be used to determine where the interruption is. Later iterations of matrix based touchscreens built upon this by adding more emitters and detectors to improve resolution, pulsing emitters to improve optical

2108:) may be used. The film can be blow molded or heat formed into complex three dimensional shapes, such as bottles, globes or car dashboards. Alternatively, the wires can be embedded in thick plastic such as fiber glass or carbon fiber body panels. 420: 1012:

2013 RESISTIVE VERSUS PROJECTED CAPACITANCE SALES - In 2007, 93% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and only 4% were projected capacitance. In 2013, 3% of touchscreens shipped were resistive and 96% were projected capacitance (see page 5).

1894:

then use just 4 targeted mutual capacitance measurements to discover which two of the 4 positions are valid and which 2 are not. This gives a total of 34 measurements—still far less than the 224 required when using mutual capacitance alone.

2208:

For touchscreens to be effective input devices, users must be able to accurately select targets and avoid accidental selection of adjacent targets. The design of touchscreen interfaces should reflect technical capabilities of the system,

2017:

There are several principal ways to build a touchscreen. The key goals are to recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.

2264:

Users of handheld and portable touchscreen devices hold them in a variety of ways, and routinely change their method of holding and selection to suit the position and type of input. There are four basic types of handheld interaction:

2939: 1448:

Due to the top layer of a PCT being glass, it is sturdier than less-expensive resistive touch technology. Unlike traditional capacitive touch technology, it is possible for a PCT system to sense a passive stylus or gloved fingers.

1398: 1615:

A simple alternative is to embed an x/y or diagonal grid of very fine, insulation coated conductive wires in a thin polyester film. This film can then be attached to one side of a sheet of glass, for operation through the glass.

816:

the finger came over it, and the corresponding action was performed immediately. Errors were common, due to parallax or calibration problems, leading to user frustration. "Lift-off strategy" was introduced by researchers at the

2159:

There are two infrared-based approaches. In one, an array of sensors detects a finger touching or almost touching the display, thereby interrupting infrared light beams projected over the screen. In the other, bottom-mounted

1666:

Although conductive elements are normally connected to a terminal at one end of the conductor, the left diagram shows that these folded elements can be terminated at the fold, thereby forming split (or bifurcated) elements.

2285:

In addition, devices are often placed on surfaces (desks or tables) and tablets especially are used in stands. The user may point, select or gesture in these cases with their finger or thumb, and vary use of these methods.

1225:

could have been used instead of x/y multiplexing. This would have reduced the I/O count from 80 to 60 while creating 1770 unique touch sensing nodes, with no need for a bezel, and with all inputs coming from just one edge.

4413:

Hong, Chan-Hwa; Shin, Jae-Heon; Ju, Byeong-Kwon; Kim, Kyung-Hyun; Park, Nae-Man; Kim, Bo-Sul; Cheong, Woo-Seok (1 November 2013). "Index-Matched Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Capacitive Touch Screen Panel Applications".

1040:

2015 FIRST DIAGONALLY "WIRED" TOUCHSCREEN PATENT - A new diagonal "wiring" arrangement was invented by British inventor Ron Binstead, for use with resistive and multi-touch projected capacitance touchscreens - all the

5043: 1248:

to determine the position of the touch event. Surface acoustic wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.

412:

1963 INDIRECT LIGHT PEN - Later inventions built upon this system to free telewriting styli from their mechanical bindings. By transcribing what a user draws onto a computer, it could be saved for future use. See

1515:

In order to detect many fingers at the same time, some modern PCT touch screens are composed of thousands of discrete keys, each key being linked individually to the edge of the touch screen. This is enabled by

2382:

Capacitive touchscreens rarely work when the user wears gloves. The thickness of the glove and the material they are made of play a significant role on that and the ability of a touchscreen to pick up a touch.

1938:

object including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and POS systems that cannot rely on a conductor (such as a bare finger) to activate the touchscreen. Unlike

579:

and a mutual capacitance touchscreen in 1977. Both these devices could only sense the finger by direct touch or through a thin insulating film. This was 11 microns thick according to Stumpe's 1977 report.

1796:

Each trace of an x/y mutual capacitance array only has one function, it is either an input or an output. The horizontal traces may be transmitters while the vertical traces are sensors, or vice versa.

2191:(PVDF) plays a major role in this innovation due its high piezoelectric properties, which allow the tablet to sense pressure, making such things as digital painting behave more like paper and pencil. 2090:

The film can be mounted on, or behind non-conducting (or slightly conducting) surfaces. Usually, it is mounted behind a sheet of glass up to 12 mm thick (or more), for sensing through the glass.

789:

color computer. It featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface. The ViewTouch POS software was first shown by its developer, Gene Mosher, at the Atari Computer demonstration area of the Fall

774:

1985 MULTI-TOUCH CAPACITANCE - The University of Toronto group, including Bill Buxton, developed a multi-touch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems (see

1900:

With more fingers, it may be decided that the process of disambiguation is too unwieldy. If sufficient processing power is available, the switch can then be made to full mutual capacitance scanning.

1599: 5330: 1909:

given away free with mobile accessories. These consist of an electrically conductive shaft with a soft conductive rubber tip, thereby resistively connecting the fingers to the tip of the stylus.

4392: 1746: 1562: 1096: 5412: 1921:

Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user's touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in 1981. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated.

522:

1977 RESISTIVE - An American company, Elographics – in partnership with Siemens – began work on developing a transparent implementation of an existing opaque touchpad technology, U.S. patent

3513: 2925: 817: 5712: 1612:

Another way is to etch tracks on separate sheets of glass, and join these sheets, with tracks at right angles to each other, face to face using a thin non-conductive, adhesive interlayer.

1476:

This diagram shows how eight inputs to a lattice touchscreen or keypad creates 28 unique intersections, as opposed to 16 intersections created using a standard x/y multiplexed touchscreen.

2078: 1492: 968:

1994 FIRST PUB GAME WITH TOUCHSCREEN - Appearing in pubs in 1994, JPM's Monopoly SWP (skill with prizes) was the first machine to use touch screen technology instead of buttons (see

2516: 436:, England, who described his work on capacitive touchscreens in a short article published in 1965 and then more fully—with photographs and diagrams—in an article published in 1967. 5283: 5039: 4303: 3185: 439:

MID-60s ULTRASONIC CURTAIN - Another precursor of touchscreens, an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of a terminal display, had been developed by a team around

6134: 5514: 4926: 5159: 4884: 4863: 4206: 370:(CRT) would amplify and add to the original signal. Effectively, this was used for temporarily drawing arrows or circles onto a live television broadcast, as described in 6660: 4789: 4518:"Environment: [Topics2] Development of Materials That Solve Environmental Issues EXCLEAR thin double-sided sensor film for touch panels | FUJIFILM Holdings" 771:. It consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where pen presses are detected. It was used primarily with a drawing software application. 1799:

The traces in a diagonal mutual capacitance array, however, have to continuously change their functionality, "on the fly", by a process called bi-state multiplexing or

2894: 1315: 5738: 3480: 2236:

have promulgated standards, but these vary between manufacturers, and allow for significant variation in size based on technology changes, so are unsuitable from a

1816:

trace, then it is assumed that the finger position is at the intersection of the two traces. This allows for the speedy and accurate detection of a single finger.

6060: 5693: 5638: 4732: 1054:

lines, therefore, may have to change from input to output, and vice versa, many times a second. This new design won an Electronics Weekly Elektra Award in 2017.

892:

1991 THE FIRST PROJECTED CAPACITANCE PATENT IS GRANTED - The 1984 projected capacitance patent application is granted to Binstead Designs of Nottingham, England.

2071:

The end product is extremely flexible, being about 75 microns thick (about the thickness of a human hair). It can even be creased without loss of functionality.

5488: 4457: 750:

customers, but mostly because of costly technical problems suffered by the ECC's touchscreen which would render climate control or stereo operation impossible.

660:

of all major aspects of the vehicle operations including the flight path, the functioning of various aircraft systems, and moment-to-moment human interactions.

5892:"A Restaurant That Lets Guests Place Orders Via a Touchscreen Table (Touche is said to be the first touchscreen restaurant in India and fifth in the world)". 2068:

A second identical polyester film is laminated over the first film. The resulting touchscreen film is then trimmed to shape, and a connector is retro-fitted.

1890:

For many other applications, however, such as for expanding / contracting items on the screen and for other gestures, two or more fingers need to be tracked.

1793:

A 30 i/o, 16×14 x/y array, for example, would have 224 of these intersections / capacitors, and a 30 i/o diagonal lattice array could have 435 intersections.

4345: 1244:

waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. The change in ultrasonic waves is processed by the

4277: 1659:

In 2015, a new diagonal array, suited to a range of touchscreen and keypad technologies, was invented and patented by Ron Binstead of Binstead Designs Ltd.

1280:

The Casio TC500 Capacitive touch sensor watch from 1983, with angled light exposing the touch sensor pads and traces etched onto the top watch glass surface

2093:

This method is suitable for a wide range of touchscreen sizes from very small to several meters wide - or even wider, if using a diagonally wired matrix.

1527:

To reduce the number of input tracks, most PCT touch screens use multiplexing. This enables, for example, 100 (n) discrete key inputs to be reduced to 20

730:

controls and displays, and was capable of providing very detailed and specific information about the vehicle's cumulative and current operating status in

5759:

Brasel, S. Adam; Gips, James (2014). "Tablets, touchscreens, and touchpads: How varying touch interfaces trigger psychological ownership and endowment".

5326: 5232:

Seo, Wonkuk; Pi, Jae-Eun; Cho, Sung Haeung; Kang, Seung-Youl; Ahn, Seong-Deok; Hwang, Chi-Sun; Jeon, Ho-Sik; Kim, Jong-Uk; Lee, Myunghee (January 2018).

2180:

appliances, and handheld display devices including cellphones; the touchscreen market for mobile devices was projected to produce US$ 5 billion by 2009.

949:

thick plastic and glass overlays. Together with the inventors earlier patent, this was very similar to an Apple patent taken out 10 years later in 2004.

595:

for image). The massively increased functionality was due to much greater processing power being available at that time, and the use of a simple form of

3858: 3212: 3733: 1771:

High frequency voltage pulses are applied to these conductors, one at a time. These pulses capacitively couple to every conductor that intersects it.

1464:(ITO), a transparent electrical conductor, but these conductive tracks can be made of very fine, non-transparent metal mesh or individual fine wires. 5408: 4662: 3055: 2282:

Use rates vary widely. While two-thumb tapping is encountered rarely (1–3%) for many general interactions, it is used for 41% of typing interaction.

400:. This touchscreen utilized a matrix of collimated lights shining orthogonally across the touch surface. When a beam is interrupted by a stylus, the 3517: 6127: 2995: 1319: 169:

has driven the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable and functional electronics. Touchscreens are found in the medical field,

1049:

2015 BISTATE PROJECTED CAPACITANCE - When used as a Projected Capacitance touchscreen, in mutual capacitance mode, diagonal wiring requires each

5458: 3592: 2167:

In each case, the system determines the intended command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the touch.

1445:

controller. The capacitance can be changed and measured at every individual point on the grid. This system is able to accurately track touches.

549:'s Input Research Group developed the first human-input multi-touch system, using a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. 154:. They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. They play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as 3756: 5708: 4905: 4230: 3966: 3800: 2149:—the voltage generated when mechanical force is applied to a material that occurs chemically when a strengthened glass substrate is touched. 4517: 839:, whose theme was “leisure in the age of technology”. To support the event and provide information to expo visitors, Telecom Australia (now 6665: 5437: 2437: 1952: 2549: 5287: 3790: 6701: 6045:

Sears, A.; Plaisant, C. & Shneiderman, B. (1992). "A new era for high precision touchscreens". In Hartson, R. & Hix, D. (eds.).

5312: 4295: 3460: 3986: 6120: 5136: 1955:

results in leakage of infrared light which peaks at the points of maximum pressure, indicating the user's touch location. Microsoft's

937:, though the device was ultimately shelved and never released due to the expensive cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s. 1508:

8 x 8 projected capacitance touchscreen manufactured using 25 micron insulation coated copper wire embedded in a clear polyester film

1306:(ITO). As the human body is also an electrical conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the screen's 956:

8 x 8 projected capacitance touchscreen manufactured using 25 micron insulation coated copper wire embedded in a clear polyester film

385:

1962 OPTICAL - The first version of a touchscreen which operated independently of the light produced from the screen was patented by

5669: 5614: 5567:

Henze, Niels; Rukzio, Enrico; Boll, Susanne (2011). "100,000,000 Taps: Analysis and Improvement of Touch Performance in the Large".

4579: 4552: 4499: 3897: 3122: 1155: 318: 257: 5393:"Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)–Part 9: Requirements for Non-keyboard Input Devices". 3477: 5510: 5356: 1061:

The patent describes how the use of diagonal elements ensures that the length of any element never exceeds 1.414 times the height

5151: 1210:

For the same number of inputs, tri-state multiplexed touchscreens have many more intersections than x/y multiplexed touchscreens.

232: 5919: 986:

2004 MOBILE MULTI-TOUCH PROJECTED CAPACITANCE PATENT - Apple patents its multi-touch capacitive touchscreen for mobile devices.

879:

1990 TOUCHSCREEN SLIDER AND TOGGLE SWITCHES - HCIL demonstrated a touchscreen slider, which was later cited as prior art in the

38: 3638: 2105: 477: 340: 204:

manufacturers. Display manufacturers and chip manufacturers have acknowledged the trend toward acceptance of touchscreens as a

5794:

Zhu, Ying; Meyer, Jeffrey (September 2017). "Getting in touch with your thinking style: How touchscreens influence purchase".

5187: 3543: 1778:

The capacitance change at every intersection on the grid can be measured to accurately determine one or more touch locations.

975:

1998 PROJECTED CAPACITANCE LICENSES - This technology was licensed four years later to Romag Glass Products - later to become

867: 476:

1968 CAPACITANCE - The application of touch technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in 1968.

6068:

Sears, Andrew; Shneiderman, Ben (April 1991). "High precision touchscreens: design strategies and comparisons with a mouse".

4052: 3727: 2362:

Touchscreens can suffer from the problem of fingerprints on the display. This can be mitigated by the use of materials with

1979:). This technology is growing in popularity due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability for larger touchscreens. 812:

pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4×4 matrix, resulting in 16 touch areas in its small LCD graphic screen.

5734: 3568: 2883: 2621: 2058:

The touchscreens can be manufactured at home, using readily available tools and materials, or it can be done industrially.

6655: 4708: 3356: 1685:

Diagonal sensing elements can also be formed into a seamless cylindrical array. The diagram on the right shows a split, 9

1567: 5535:

Hoober, Steven; Shank, Patti; Boll, Susanne (2014). "Making mLearning Usable: How We Use Mobile Devices". Santa Rosa, CA.

4185: 3830: 3659: 3424: 3148: 6691: 6686: 6523: 6494: 4969: 2237: 2210: 1714: 1530: 1137: 1064: 866:

1990 SINGLE AND MULTI-TOUCH GESTURES - Sears et al. (1990) gave a review of academic research on single and multi-touch

300: 4748: 4729: 2135:

When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electric current that flows through the display.

1702: 1191:, one axis at a time. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of pressure on the screen can be detected. 1032: 843:) erected 8 kiosks around the expo site with a total of 56 touch screen information consoles, being specially modified 6320: 6262: 5940: 1337: 989:

2004 VIDEO GAMES WITH TOUCHSCREENS - Touchscreens were not be popularly used for video games until the release of the

731: 727: 722:

CRT touchscreen that functioned both as display and sole method of input. The ECC replaced the traditional mechanical

5484: 4476:"Development of a Thin Double-sided Sensor Film "EXCLEAR" for Touch Panels via Silver Halide Photographic Technology" 3099: 619:

tracks (numbered 96 in the image) used to link all sensing zones (80,82,84,86,88,90) independently to a common edge.

499:

Plato IV Student Terminal and thousands were built for this purpose. These touchscreens had a crossed array of 16×16

2928:[Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time"]. Leben und Wissen. 2346: 6499: 4475: 3885: 2457: 1517: 900: 155: 4644: 1782:

diagonal wiring over standard x/y wiring, since diagonal wiring creates nearly twice the number of intersections.

189:

systems do not allow a suitably intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content.

6313: 4274: 3456: 3234: 2517:"A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display: Review of touch technologies" 1128: 688: 429: 291: 151: 70: 58: 4823: 4125: 2825: 1862:

both self and mutual capacitance technologies in the same product, thereby combining their individual benefits.

556:

starting in 1983. The HP 150 was one of the world's earliest commercial touchscreen computers. HP mounted their

6630: 6543: 6516: 6487: 6250: 5569:

Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services

3503:. Technical Paper 831532, Aerospace Congress & Exposition, Long Beach, CA: Society of Automotive Engineers. 2335: 2321: 1323: 676: 367: 344: 174: 147: 4806: 4139: 4026: 1760:

of one electrical conductor with another electrical conductor, but with no direct electrical contact, forms a

1706:

Diagonal wiring allows touchscreen width to be increased indefinitely without increasing electrode resistance.

1681:

Nine conductive elements form a cylindrical multitouch touchscreen with 36 uniquely addressable intersections.

4626: 3852: 1036:

Diagonal wiring allows touchscreen width to be increased indefinitely without increasing electrode resistance

6573: 6568: 6456: 6429: 2890: 2472: 2338:

and data kiosks, but are not an issue as the typical user only engages for brief and widely spaced periods.

2245: 2188: 1823:

Although mutual capacitance is simpler for multi-touch, multi-touch can be achieved using self-capacitance.

1711:

however, when using diagonal wiring, because track lengths are always 1.414 x the height of the touchscreen

1347:

Some capacitive display manufacturers continue to develop thinner and more accurate touchscreens. Those for

1005: 596: 433: 428:

1965 CAPACITANCE AND RESISTANCE - The first finger driven touchscreen was developed by Eric Johnson, of the

3707: 1381:

during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and

5833: 4946: 4666: 4602: 3714:. Proc. of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '88. Washington, DC. pp. 27–32. 1800: 1602: 1291: 1222: 691:

alternatives wherever possible. The finished device was dubbed the ECC for "Electronic Control Center", a

492: 113: 89: 3748: 2370:

coatings, which lessen the amount of oil residue. Another option is to install a matte-finish anti-glare

2118:

In the resistive approach, which used to be the most popular technique, there are typically four layers:

1967:

Optical touchscreens are a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more

6696: 6463: 5540: 5205: 5095: 4073: 2734: 2685: 2636: 2300: 1330: 1235: 1177: 922: 604: 546: 515:

panel. This arrangement could sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen.

406: 331: 166: 135: 5824:

Hueter, Jackie; Swart, William (February 1998). "An Integrated Labor-Management System for Taco Bell".

3613: 3003: 1812:

trace electrode may be measured by a current meter, or by the change in frequency of an RC oscillator.

440: 415: 390: 372: 4365: 4091: 3051: 1405: 940: 6451: 5462: 3589: 3049:

Ebeling, F.; R. Johnson; R. Goldhor. "Infrared light beam x-y position encoder for display devices",

2792: 2214: 2161: 2146: 1956: 1930: 1299: 821: 653: 535: 531: 5838: 4159: 1647:) parallel conductors over each other forms a square array, in the central region, composed of 15 (( 1635:

Folding (n) conductors over themselves forms a triangular array of (n^2 − n)/2 unique intersections.

1414:

sensing to be projected, accurately and reliably, through very thick glass and even double glazing.

1344:

may temporarily interfere with the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of capacitive touch screens.

671:

division with a project aimed at replacing an automobile's non-essential functions (i.e. other than

6325: 5967: 3433: 1374: 796: 657: 527: 386: 5003: 1276: 208:

component and have begun to integrate touchscreens into the fundamental design of their products.

6095: 6054: 6024: 5851: 5776: 5687: 5675: 5652:

Bérard, François (2012). "Measuring the linear and rotational user precision in touch pointing".

5632: 5620: 5083: 5065: 4439: 3782: 2539: 2422: 2417: 2052: 2006: 1939: 1285: 1257: 904: 761: 571:

objects. The patent states "the tactile sensor arrangements may be utilized as a touch screen".

348: 108: 5582:

Parhi, Pekka (2006). "Target Size Study for One-Handed Thumb Use on Small Touchscreen Devices".

5433: 4296:"Nintendo 3DS has resistive touchscreen for backwards compatibility, what's the Wii U's excuse?" 1433:

event. This might be caused, for example, by a wet leaf landing on, and sticking to the screen.

162:. Touchscreens are important in educational settings such as classrooms or on college campuses. 5122: 127:, or other such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens). 119:

A touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, instead of using a

6473: 6337: 6235: 6147: 5984: 5897: 5874: 5665: 5610: 5265: 4548: 4431: 4111: 3806: 3796: 3723: 2935: 2599: 2412: 2407: 2295: 2229: 1843: 1382: 1253: 1196: 1123: 668: 631: 586:

Track layout for projected capacitance keypad or touchscreen for operation through thick glass

468: 286: 197: 186: 182: 139: 5308: 4769: 4536: 3446: 3322: 2716: 2667: 1524:

grid pattern in a transparent conductive coating on one side of a sheet of glass or plastic.

6308: 6199: 6085: 6077: 6016: 5976: 5843: 5803: 5768: 5657: 5602: 5352: 5255: 5245: 5075: 4687: 4574: 4423: 3715: 2856: 2800: 2531: 2397: 2371: 2218: 1992: 1839: 1512:

Layout can vary depending on whether a single finger is to be detected or multiple fingers.

1461: 1303: 896: 692: 646: 616: 375:, Denk, William E, "Electronic pointer for television images", issued 1949-11-08 42: 2879: 2032:

Section through a micro-capacitor created when two insulation coated conductive wires cross

1830:

Hand sensed through thick glass, by projected capacitance - using "masked" self-capacitance

883:

patent litigation between Apple and other touchscreen mobile phone vendors (in relation to

445: 6468: 6446: 6409: 6357: 6177: 6172: 6164: 5941:"Gesture Fatigue ruined light pens forever. Make sure it doesn't ruin your gesture design" 5654:

Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces

5553: 5218: 5108: 4736: 4569: 4281: 3879: 3789:(June 1990). "A new era for high-precision touchscreens". In Hartson, R.; Hix, D. (eds.). 3786: 3596: 3484: 3428: 3152: 2747: 2698: 2649: 2447: 2427: 2363: 2355: 2184: 1245: 1188: 926: 715: 508: 178: 78: 4458:"Fujifilm reinforces the production facilities for its touch-panel sensor film "EXCLEAR"" 3708:"Improving the accuracy of touch screens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies" 2366:

designed to reduce the visible effects of fingerprint oils. Most modern smartphones have

2183:

The ability to accurately point on the screen itself is also advancing with the emerging

2041:

Single wire plot for a 32 input, diagonally wired, projected capacitance touchscreen film

1168:

There are a number of touchscreen technologies, with different methods of sensing touch.

459:

for an air traffic control system. In 1970, this evolved into a device named "Touchinput-

5901: 5878: 4250: 3514:"1986, Electronics Developed for Lotus Active Suspension Technology - Generations of GM" 3298: 3070: 2796: 2122:

Top polyester-coated layer with a transparent metallic-conductive coating on the bottom.

1897:

With 3 fingers, 9 disambiguations are required; with 4 fingers, 16 disambiguations etc.

366:

for a stylus designed for sports telecasting which, when placed against an intermediate

6533: 6434: 6204: 6187: 5327:"New Screen Technology, TapSense, Can Distinguish Between Different Parts Of Your Hand" 5284:"Touch Screens in Mobile Devices to Deliver $ 5 Billion Next Year | Press Release" 5260: 5233: 2960:

Orr, N. W.; Hopkins, V. D. (1968). "The Role of Touch Display in Air Traffic Control".

2763:

Two devices for operator interaction in the central control of the new CERN accelerator

2495: 1693: 1677: 1268: 707: 664: 512: 205: 170: 120: 30: 5980: 2926:"Entwickler aus Singen über die Anfänge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus"" 1826: 6680: 6635: 6605: 6421: 6347: 6300: 6245: 6240: 6192: 6081: 5807: 5780: 5597:

Lee, Seungyons; Zhai, Shumin (2009). "The performance of touch screen soft buttons".

5087: 3451: 3186:"a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology-from-the-iphone-to-multi-user-videowalls/" 2566: 2402: 2101: 1968: 1934: 1887:

possibility of reducing the number of inputs required, through repeat track layouts.

1847: 1401:

Back side of a Multitouch Globe, based on projected capacitive touch (PCT) technology

1348: 1307: 1200: 980: 836: 809: 782: 768: 735: 723: 401: 143: 103:

A user can give input or control the information processing system through simple or

66: 6028: 5855: 5679: 4989: 4443: 3712:

Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88

3539: 3256: 3145: 2783:

Johnson, E. A. (1965). "Touch Display - A novel input/output device for computers".

2544: 6511: 6399: 6382: 6377: 6155: 6099: 5624: 5180: 3945: 3918: 3464: 2452: 2325: 2061:

First, a "continuous-trace" wiring pattern is generated using a simple CAD system.

1855: 1504: 1472: 997: 969: 952: 743: 739: 600: 526: 3,911,215, October 7, 1975, which had been developed by Elographics' founder 62: 5025: 4044: 3165: 2930: 2374:, which creates a slightly roughened surface that does not easily retain smudges. 582: 343:, a British electronics engineer, for the control room of CERN's accelerator SPS ( 5915: 2590:

Allvin, Rhian Evans (2014-09-01). "Technology in the Early Childhood Classroom".

2275:

Holding with one hand, tapping with the finger (or rarely, thumb) of another hand

6610: 6578: 6481: 6441: 6404: 6372: 3564: 3489:

Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service - Volume II: Technology & Government

3277: 2712: 2663: 2617: 2487: 2462: 2442: 2233: 1976: 1972: 1639: 1631: 1378: 1311: 1018: 990: 880: 786: 775: 639: 560: 542: 495:

filed for a patent on an optical touchscreen that became a standard part of the

481: 352: 201: 104: 74: 5772: 4704: 3352: 2028: 1870: 1692:

A similar layout is possible for a complementary cylindrical LED display - see

1484:

16 I/O diagonal touchscreen made with 10 micron diameter insulation coated wire

1028:

16 I/O diagonal touchscreen made with 10 micron diameter insulation coated wire

409:, and a nonorthogonal matrix to remove shadow readings when using multi-touch. 6625: 6342: 6272: 6267: 6257: 5869:

Baker, Rosie (19 May 2011). "FOOD: McDonald's explores digital touchscreens".

5079: 4325: 3820: 3421: 3213:"from-touch-displays-to-the-surface-a-brief-history-of-touchscreen-technology" 3095: 2889:(Interview). Interviewed by Steinbach, Günter. Singen am Hohentwiel, Germany: 2860: 2482: 2367: 2278:

Holding the device in one hand, and tapping with the thumb from that same hand

2048: 1357: 1241: 885: 719: 700: 451: 131: 4843: 3821:"1991 video of the HCIL touchscreen toggle switches (University of Maryland)" 3401: 2847:

Johnson, E. A. (1967). "Touch Displays: A Programmed Man-Machine Interface".

2603: 603:

was initially used to process the data. This technique later became known as

393:, Harmon, Leon D, "Electrographic transmitter", issued 1962-01-09 6620: 6615: 6599: 6528: 6367: 6219: 6182: 6112: 5661: 5606: 2477: 2467: 2432: 2128:

Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic-conductive coating on the top

1917: 1851: 1761: 1521: 1183: 934: 915: 856: 832: 711: 17: 5988: 5944: 5269: 4435: 3685: 3380: 591:

detection of fingers through very thick glass and even double-glazing (see

192:

Historically, the touchscreen sensor and its accompanying controller-based

69:(a visual display). The touch panel is typically layered on the top of the 5599:

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

4427: 2804: 2036: 1838:

Self-capacitive touch screen layers are used on mobile phones such as the

1785: 1623:

See video (above) of raw data from 32 input diagonally wired touchscreen.

1480: 1206: 1024: 757:

released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the

418:, Graham, Robert E, "Telewriting apparatus", issued 1963-05-14 6558: 6209: 6144: 5847: 5378:"ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations". 4275:

What Are The Differences Between Capacitive & Resistive Touchscreens?

4096: 2979:

Lowe, J. F. (18 November 1974). "Computer creates custom control panel".

2334:

Unsupported touchscreens are still fairly common in applications such as

2253: 1926: 1001: 976: 847: 828: 781:

1985 USED FOR POINT OF SALE - The first commercially available graphical

696: 684: 672: 627: 557: 530:. The resulting resistive technology touch screen was first shown on the 500: 496: 473:

mouse RKS 100-86 for the SIG 100-86 a couple of years earlier.

359:

One predecessor of the modern touchscreen includes stylus based systems.

193: 159: 124: 5965:

Pogue, David (January 3, 2013). "Why Touch Screens Will Not Take Over".

5064:

Du, Li (2016). "Comparison of self capacitance and mutual capacitance".

4006: 3719: 3501:

The Touch-Sensitive Control/Display Unit: A Promising Computer Interface

6392: 6330: 6284: 3825: 3025: 1351:

are now being produced with 'in-cell' technology, such as in Samsung's

1341: 852: 840: 765: 758: 703: 623: 5250: 3898:"Computer mouse or keyboard input device utilizing capacitive sensors" 3634: 1874:

Self-capacitance creates n^2 possible finger positions when detecting

1789:

Mutual capacitance arrays can have an x/y format or a diagonal format.

1397: 6506: 6279: 6020: 5020: 5018: 5016: 3190: 2762: 2717:"Experiments to find a manufacturing process for an x-y touch screen" 2535: 2269:

Holding at least in part with both hands, tapping with a single thumb

1352: 860: 790: 592: 553: 363: 335:

The prototype x-y mutual capacitance touchscreen (left) developed at

93: 82: 6090: 4663:"Please Touch! Explore The Evolving World Of Touchscreen Technology" 2821: 1751:

There are two types of PCT: mutual capacitance and self-capacitance

6007:

Shneiderman, B. (1991). "Touch screens now offer compelling uses".

5070: 3680: 3678: 1748:, and are independent of touchscreen width (see diagram on right). 5040:"Self-capacitive touch described on official Sony Developers blog" 2345: 2073: 2035: 2027: 1916: 1869: 1825: 1820:

This enables self-capacitance to be used for two touch operation.

1784: 1701: 1676: 1638: 1630: 1503: 1487: 1479: 1471: 1404: 1396: 1295: 1275: 1267: 1205: 1031: 1023: 951: 939: 795: 747: 680: 645:

1986 GRAPHIC TABLET - A graphic touch tablet was released for the

635: 581: 330: 37: 29: 5709:"Insights on Switching, Centering, and Gestures for Touchscreens" 5004:"Ambiguity caused by multitouch in self capacitance touchscreens" 3123:""G. Samuel Hurst -- the 'Tom Edison' of ORNL", December 14 2010" 1215:

inputs, and rely on x/y multiplexing to keep the I/O count down.

6583: 6477: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 2351: 930: 844: 754: 564: 485: 336: 97: 61:

that can detect touch input from a user. It consists of both an

6116: 5819: 5817: 1322:(ASIC) chip, which in turn usually sends the signals to a CMOS 6563: 6387: 5123:"Hybrid self and mutual capacitance touch sensing controllers" 1991:, this system detects a touch by using sensors to measure the 1686: 1106: 1050: 1042: 800:

Transparent projected capacitance keypad used as a touchscreen

504: 269: 215: 4688:"formula for relationship between plate area and capacitance" 4225: 4223: 4126:"Canalys - the leading global technology market analyst firm" 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 2055:

require a micro-capacitor spacing of about 44 to 50 microns.

1021:

being released with a force-sensitive display in April 2015.

4645:"Aggressively combat noise in capacitive touch applications" 3565:"Terebi Oekaki / Sega Graphic Board - Articles - SMS Power!" 921:

EARLY 90s ABANDONED GAME CONTROLLER - An early attempt at a

663:

EARLY 80s EVALUATATION FOR CARS - also, in the early 1980s,

231:

may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

3609: 3026:"Another of CERN's many inventions! - CERN Document Server" 1988: 1460:

Conductive tracks are often transparent, one example being

6040:. Proc. CHI'88. Washington, DC: ACM Press. pp. 27–32. 5353:"TapSense: Enhancing Finger Interaction on Touch Surfaces" 4906:"Element arrangement and associated method of manufacture" 3346: 3344: 3342: 2086:

32 input diagonally wired touchscreen detecting 10 fingers

914:

1993 FIRST RESISTIVE TOUCHSCREEN PHONE - IBM released the

827:

1988 WORLD EXPO - From April to October 1988, the city of

165:

The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of

4326:"Multi-touch Resistive Touchscreen with 12/15 x/y matrix" 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 2131:

Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.

1252:

SAW devices have a wide range of applications, including

196:

have been made available by a wide array of after-market

4180: 4178: 4176: 511:

on the other edge, all mounted in front of a monochrome

4537:"Touchscreen technology basics & a new development" 3610:"The World Leader in GNU-Linux Restaurant POS Software" 2100:

For non-touchscreen applications, other plastics (e.g.

239: 4500:"What's behind your smartphone screen? This... |" 3375: 3373: 2824:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society. 2016. 2387:

mostly applicable to medical technology and machines.

1717: 1570: 1533: 1067: 552:

1983 OPTICAL - An optical touchscreen was used on the

6036:

Potter, R.; Weldon, L. & Shneiderman, B. (1988).

1594:{\textstyle \left\lceil 1.5{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor } 818:

University of Maryland Human–Computer Interaction Lab

742:, but was unpopular with consumers—partly due to the 687:) from mechanical or electro-mechanical systems with 4251:"What is touch screen? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 3854:

Apple touch-screen patent war comes to the UK (2011)

652:

EARLY 80s EVALUATION FOR AIRCRAFT - Touch-sensitive

6648: 6592: 6551: 6542: 6420: 6356: 6299: 6228: 6163: 6154: 4570:"Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point" 4346:"Multi-touch Resistive Touchscreen with x/y matrix" 3002:. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. Archived from 2272:

Holding with two hands and tapping with both thumbs

1741:{\textstyle \left\lceil H{\sqrt {2}}\right\rfloor } 1557:{\textstyle \left\lceil 2{\sqrt {n}}\right\rfloor } 1091:{\textstyle \left\lceil H{\sqrt {2}}\right\rfloor } 1004:, released in May 2007 (which was before the first 944:

16 I/O multiple input proximity detector and keypad

3749:"Together we'll show the world: Telecom Expo Info" 3463:from the original on January 31, 2018 – via 1740: 1593: 1556: 1090: 734:. The ECC was standard equipment on the 1985–1989 3278:"Multi-touch systems that I have known and loved" 2874: 2872: 2870: 808:1987 CAPACITANCE TOUCH KEYS - Casio launched the 5511:"Design for Fingers and Thumbs Instead of Touch" 3706:Potter, R.; Weldon, L.; Shneiderman, B. (1988). 3155:. YouTube (2008-02-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-16. 73:of a device. Touchscreens are commonly found in 4699: 4697: 4154: 4152: 2994:Stumpe, Bent; Sutton, Christine (1 June 2010). 996:2007 MOBILE PHONE WITH CAPACITANCE - The first 895:1991 INERTIAL CONTROL - From 1991 to 1992, the 107:gestures by touching the screen with a special 6038:An experimental evaluation of three strategies 5395:International Organization for Standardization 4112:"Touch screen gamble: Which technology to use" 3516:. History.gmheritagecenter.com. Archived from 2618:"The first capacitative touch screens at CERN" 2524:Journal of the Society for Information Display 2299:on-screen response latency. Research from the 2225:use capacitive or resistive touch technology. 1290:A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an 785:(POS) software was demonstrated on the 16-bit 362:1946 DIRECT LIGHT PEN - A patent was filed by 242:to make improvements to the overall structure. 177:(ATMs), and kiosks such as museum displays or 6661:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 6128: 4790:"tech-brief-projected-capacitance-technology" 4547:. CMOS Emerging Technologies Research: 1–13. 2919: 2917: 2915: 2816: 2814: 2555:on 2023-05-28 – via Walker Mobile, LLC. 2065:scalpel, taking care not to damage the film. 8: 6070:International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 3776: 3774: 1240:Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses 466: 460: 454: 5152:"Innovation Series: Touchscreen Technology" 3257:"patents.justia.com/inventor/robert-a-boie" 3127:G. Samuel Hurst -- the 'Tom Edison' of ORNL 563:and receivers around the bezel of a 9-inch 130:Touchscreens are common in devices such as 6548: 6160: 6135: 6121: 6113: 6059:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5796:Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 5735:"How Do Users Really Hold Mobile Devices?" 5692:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5637:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5286:. ABI Research. 2008-09-10. Archived from 2761:Beck, Frank; Stumpe, Bent (May 24, 1973). 2145:Dispersive signal technology measures the 1929:touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared 1409:Schema of projected-capacitive touchscreen 6089: 5837: 5259: 5249: 5181:"Acoustic Pulse Recognition Touchscreens" 5069: 4416:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 4284:. Makeuseof.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-16. 4092:"Touch Screen Market to Hit $ 9B by 2015" 3381:"How projected capacitance first evolved" 2543: 2023:Multi-touch projected capacitance screens 1726: 1716: 1579: 1569: 1542: 1532: 1468:Projected capacitance touchscreen layout. 1340:unit with an accordingly unstable, noisy 1156:Learn how and when to remove this message 1076: 1066: 347:). This was a further development of the 319:Learn how and when to remove this message 258:Learn how and when to remove this message 6049:. Vol. 3. Ablex, NJ. pp. 1–33. 3351:Binstead, Ronald Peter (16 April 1985). 1272:Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone 918:, which is the first touchscreen phone. 872: 824:(VGA) screen (a standard of that time). 507:on one edge of the screen and a matched 4807:"Short Course on Projected Capacitance" 4140:"Short Course on Projected Capacitance" 4027:"Short Course on Projected Capacitance" 3499:Biferno, M. A.; Stanley, D. L. (1983). 2507: 2260:Hand position, digit used and switching 1866:Self-capacitance vs. mutual capacitance 1320:application-specific integrated circuit 1316:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor 6052: 6047:Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 5685: 5630: 5549: 5538: 5380:Human Factors & Ergonomics Society 5214: 5203: 5104: 5093: 4665:. electronicdesign.com. Archived from 3857:. Event occurs at 1:24 min in video. 3792:Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2743: 2732: 2694: 2683: 2668:"A new principle for x-y touch system" 2645: 2634: 503:position sensors, each composed of an 5943:. Gesture Design Blog. Archived from 5333:from the original on October 20, 2011 5315:from the original on 15 October 2016. 4990:"Use of RC oscillator in touchscreen" 4541:CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference 4395:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. 2017-04-26 4306:from the original on 12 November 2015 4186:"Better Touchscreens from Nottingham" 4055:from the original on February 4, 2012 3759:from the original on 9 September 2024 3447:"Software that takes games seriously" 2624:from the original on 4 September 2010 1500:32 input diagonally wired touchscreen 7: 6666:List of pioneers in computer science 5359:from the original on 11 January 2012 3861:from the original on 8 December 2015 3753:National Archives of Australia (NAA) 3747:Mitchell, Simon (22 February 2021). 3121:Emerson, Lewis (December 13, 2010). 2828:from the original on 31 January 2018 2438:List of touch-solution manufacturers 2252:This user inaccuracy is a result of 1953:frustrated total internal reflection 699:control system hardwired to various 5485:"Common Misconceptions About Touch" 5137:"Multiple input proximity detector" 5026:"Multitouch using Self Capacitance" 4627:"Touch screens and charger noise |" 4074:"The LG KE850: touchable chocolate" 3987:"Multiple input proximity detector" 3919:"Multiple input proximity detector" 3478:Technology Trends: 2nd Quarter 1986 3235:"history-of-touchscreen-technology" 2884:"Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein" 2113:Single touch resistive touchscreens 1904:Use of stylus on capacitive screens 1564:when using x/y multiplexing, or 15 545:technology began in 1982, when the 4045:"IGN Presents the History of SEGA" 3833:from the original on 13 March 2016 3686:"History of projected capacitance" 1000:with a capacitive touchscreen was 25: 5981:10.1038/scientificamerican0113-25 4603:"How noise affects touch screens" 3637:. Wikimedia Commons. 2012-09-11. 3571:from the original on 23 July 2015 2294:Touchscreens are often used with 2164:record heat from screen touches. 1765: 1655:) / 2) unique intersections. 1601:if using bistate multiplexing or 1310:field, measurable as a change in 638:characters, which were stored as 634:to accommodate the complexity of 5808:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.05.006 5459:"Touch interactions for Windows" 5409:"iOS Human Interface Guidelines" 5309:"Insights Into PVDF Innovations" 5234:"Transparent fingerprint sensor" 4568:Ganapati, Priya (5 March 2010). 3736:from the original on 2015-12-08. 3102:from the original on 19 May 2013 2934:(in German). Konstanz, Germany: 2620:. CERN Courrier. 31 March 2010. 1111: 274: 220: 85:, and other electronic devices. 5922:from the original on 2012-01-21 5741:from the original on 2014-08-26 5715:from the original on 2014-09-06 5517:from the original on 2014-08-26 5491:from the original on 2014-08-26 5440:from the original on 2014-07-16 5415:from the original on 2014-08-26 5311:. Fluorotherm. 17 August 2015. 5193:from the original on 2011-09-05 5162:from the original on 2009-03-24 5046:from the original on 2012-03-14 4711:from the original on 2018-01-31 4582:from the original on 2014-05-11 4393:"Espacenet - Original document" 3641:from the original on 2012-12-20 3616:from the original on 2012-07-17 3590:The ViewTouch restaurant system 3546:from the original on 2016-03-16 3402:"What is projected capacitance" 3359:from the original on 2018-01-31 3096:"DISCRIMINATING CONTACT SENSOR" 2942:from the original on 2021-03-02 2900:from the original on 2021-01-27 2350:Fingerprints and smudges on an 903:implemented a touchscreen with 200:, and not by display, chip, or 5761:Journal of Consumer Psychology 5186:. Elo Touch Systems. 2006: 3. 4824:"Technologies of touch screen" 4504:fujifilm-innovation.tumblr.com 4043:Travis Fahs (April 21, 2009). 3660:"ProximitySensingTouchscreens" 3459:. March 26, 1987. p. 34. 3146:The H.P. Touch Computer (1983) 2228:From the mid-2000s, makers of 1699:Infinitely wide touchscreens. 1694:Charlieplexing#Diagonal arrays 599:(see Patent Claim1). An Acorn 523: 491:1972 OPTICAL - A group at the 34:A user operating a touchscreen 1: 6656:History of computing hardware 5733:Hoober, Steven (2013-02-18). 5707:Hoober, Steven (2014-09-02). 5584:Proceedings of MobileHCI 2006 5509:Hoober, Steven (2013-11-11). 5483:Hoober, Steven (2013-02-18). 3795:. Vol. 3. Ablex (1992). 3538:Badal, Jaclyne (2008-06-23). 2924:Ebner, Susanne (2018-01-24). 2515:Walker, Geoff (August 2012). 1959:tablets use this technology. 933:'s intended successor to the 6524:Network interface controller 6082:10.1016/0020-7373(91)90037-8 5397:. Geneva, Switzerland. 2000. 4970:"Self vs Mutual Capacitance" 4273:Lancet, Yaara. (2012-07-19) 4231:"InfinitelywideTouchscreens" 3967:"MakingFineWireTouchscreens" 3166:"Conformable Tactile Sensor" 3060:, granted November 27, 1973. 1983:Dispersive signal technology 1298:, coated with a transparent 6321:Refreshable braille display 6263:Refreshable braille display 5461:. Microsoft. Archived from 4885:"Elektra Award Winner 2017" 4864:"Elektra Award Winner 2017" 4294:Vlad Savov (13 June 2011). 4207:"Elektra Award Winner 2017" 1946:Infrared acrylic projection 1627:Diagonal touchscreen arrays 1338:switching-mode power supply 1256:, filters, correlators and 1131:. The specific problem is: 351:(right), also developed by 296:Unnecessary capitalization. 294:. The specific problem is: 156:personal digital assistants 116:to increase the text size. 6718: 6702:Electronic display devices 5773:10.1016/j.jcps.2013.10.003 5150:Beyers, Tim (2008-02-13). 2765:(Report). CERN. CERN-73-06 2458:Touchscreen remote control 2319: 2000:Acoustic pulse recognition 1674:Cylindrical touchscreens. 1283: 1233: 1175: 1133:Grammar & punctuation. 868:human–computer interaction 541:1982 MULTI-TOUCH CAMERA - 152:electronic voting machines 5656:. New York. p. 183. 5601:. New York. p. 309. 5382:. Santa Monica, CA. 2007. 5080:10.1017/S1743921315010388 4705:"Touch operated keyboard" 3457:Reed Business Information 3353:"Touch operated keyboard" 2861:10.1080/00140136708930868 2567:"What is a Touch Screen?" 430:Royal Radar Establishment 175:automated teller machines 148:automated teller machines 71:electronic visual display 4522:www.fujifilmholdings.com 4366:"Resistive-touchscreens" 3946:"Multipoint touchscreen" 2822:"1965 - The Touchscreen" 2322:Repetitive strain injury 1766:touchscreen#Construction 1324:digital signal processor 738:and later the 1988–1989 567:cathode ray tube (CRT). 368:cathode ray tube display 345:Super Proton Synchrotron 88:The display is often an 6430:Central processing unit 5662:10.1145/2396636.2396664 5607:10.1145/1518701.1518750 4749:"Projected Capacitance" 4607:West Florida Components 4535:Kent, Joel (May 2010). 2893:. CHM Ref: X8517.2018. 2891:Computer History Museum 2473:Pointing device gesture 2189:Polyvinylidene fluoride 1940:capacitive touchscreens 597:artificial intelligence 349:self-capacitance screen 65:(a touch panel) and an 27:Input and output device 5894:India Business Insight 5548:Cite journal requires 5213:Cite journal requires 5103:Cite journal requires 3635:"File:Comdex 1986.png" 3540:"When Design Goes Bad" 2742:Cite journal requires 2693:Cite journal requires 2644:Cite journal requires 2359: 2185:graphics tablet-screen 2087: 2043: 2033: 1987:Introduced in 2002 by 1922: 1879: 1831: 1801:Tri-state multiplexing 1790: 1742: 1707: 1682: 1656: 1636: 1603:tri-state multiplexing 1595: 1558: 1509: 1501: 1485: 1477: 1410: 1402: 1326:(DSP) for processing. 1281: 1273: 1264:Capacitive touchscreen 1223:Tri-state multiplexing 1211: 1092: 1037: 1029: 983:in 2003 (see page 4). 957: 945: 801: 776:History of multi-touch 753:1985 GRAPHIC TABLET - 587: 493:University of Illinois 467: 461: 455: 356: 167:information appliances 136:handheld game consoles 46: 35: 4428:10.1166/jnn.2013.7814 2349: 2301:University of Glasgow 2290:Combined with haptics 2085: 2039: 2031: 1920: 1873: 1829: 1788: 1743: 1705: 1680: 1642: 1634: 1596: 1559: 1507: 1499: 1483: 1475: 1408: 1400: 1393:Projected capacitance 1331:resistive touchscreen 1279: 1271: 1236:Surface acoustic wave 1230:Surface acoustic wave 1209: 1178:Resistive touchscreen 1093: 1035: 1027: 955: 943: 923:handheld game console 886:U.S. patent 7,657,849 799: 658:situational awareness 654:control-display units 605:projected capacitance 585: 547:University of Toronto 407:signal to noise ratio 334: 142:. They are common in 41: 33: 5848:10.1287/inte.28.1.75 4947:"Touch technologies" 4927:"Mutual Capacitance" 4730:Multi-touch hardware 3030:CERN Document Server 2215:cognitive psychology 2199:Ergonomics and usage 2147:piezoelectric effect 1775:at an intersection. 1715: 1568: 1531: 1138:improve this article 1127:to meet Knowledge's 1065: 822:Video Graphics Array 746:of some traditional 387:AT&T Corporation 301:improve this section 290:to meet Knowledge's 6692:European inventions 6687:American inventions 5968:Scientific American 5434:"Metrics and Grids" 5329:. 19 October 2011. 4601:Andi (2014-01-24). 4080:. 15 December 2006. 3809:on October 9, 2014. 3783:Plaisant, Catherine 3720:10.1145/57167.57171 3434:Computer Chronicles 3422:Japanese PCs (1984) 2996:"CERN touch screen" 2805:10.1049/el:19650200 2797:1965ElL.....1..219J 2785:Electronics Letters 2715:(6 February 1978). 2053:Fingerprint sensors 1609:to the first side. 1375:capacitive coupling 1368:Surface capacitance 1258:DC to DC converters 1046:120 intersections. 528:George Samuel Hurst 240:editing the article 5896:. 31 August 2011. 4735:2012-02-03 at the 4481:. www.fujifilm.com 4280:2013-03-09 at the 3595:2009-09-09 at the 3542:. Online.wsj.com. 3483:2016-10-15 at the 3427:2017-07-07 at the 3151:2017-08-24 at the 2880:Mallebrein, Rainer 2423:Gestural interface 2418:One Glass Solution 2360: 2204:Touchscreen enable 2088: 2044: 2034: 2007:Tyco International 1923: 1880: 1832: 1791: 1755:Mutual capacitance 1738: 1708: 1683: 1657: 1643:Double folding 6 ( 1637: 1591: 1554: 1510: 1502: 1486: 1478: 1411: 1403: 1286:Capacitive sensing 1282: 1274: 1212: 1088: 1038: 1030: 958: 946: 905:inertial scrolling 802: 762:video game console 726:, fan, heater and 588: 357: 198:system integrators 140:personal computers 47: 36: 6674: 6673: 6644: 6643: 6574:Analog audio jack 6295: 6294: 6015:(2): 93–94, 107. 5251:10.3390/s18010293 4887:. 7 December 2017 4866:. 7 December 2017 4422:(11): 7756–7759. 4209:. 7 December 2017 4188:. 21 October 2016 3802:978-0-89391-751-7 3612:. Viewtouch.com. 3599:by Giselle Bisson 3000:Symmetry Magazine 2666:(16 March 1977). 2592:YC Young Children 2413:Flexible keyboard 2408:Energy harvesting 2244:bottom edge. The 2230:operating systems 2140:Dispersive signal 2083: 1844:Samsung Galaxy S4 1731: 1584: 1547: 1497: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1129:quality standards 1120:This article may 1081: 925:with touchscreen 669:Delco Electronics 484:, engineers from 441:Rainer Mallebrein 329: 328: 321: 292:quality standards 283:This section may 268: 267: 260: 233:layout guidelines 16:(Redirected from 6709: 6549: 6200:Optical trackpad 6165:Pointing devices 6161: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6114: 6103: 6093: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6021:10.1109/52.73754 5993: 5992: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5841: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5073: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751:. 18 August 2021 4745: 4739: 4728:Knowledge base: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4291: 4285: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4182: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3805:. Archived from 3787:Shneiderman, Ben 3778: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3443: 3437: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3348: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3327: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3156: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2921: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2888: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2672: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2548:. Archived from 2547: 2536:10.1002/jsid.100 2521: 2512: 2398:Dual-touchscreen 2372:screen protector 2364:optical coatings 2307:Customer service 2219:human physiology 2162:infrared cameras 2084: 1993:piezoelectricity 1840:Sony Xperia Sola 1807:Self-capacitance 1747: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1498: 1462:Indium tin oxide 1437:hands and arms. 1304:indium tin oxide 1189:voltage dividers 1161: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 899:Star7 prototype 888: 874: 693:digital computer 647:Sega AI Computer 622:1984 TOUCHPAD - 617:Indium Tin Oxide 525: 472: 464: 458: 449: 424: 423: 419: 399: 398: 394: 381: 380: 376: 355:at CERN in 1972. 324: 317: 313: 310: 304: 278: 277: 270: 263: 256: 252: 249: 243: 224: 223: 216: 158:(PDAs) and some 45:with touchscreen 43:Smart thermostat 21: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6640: 6588: 6538: 6416: 6410:USB flash drive 6359: 6352: 6291: 6224: 6178:Game controller 6173:Graphics tablet 6150: 6141: 6111: 6106: 6067: 6051: 6044: 6035: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5839:10.1.1.565.3872 5823: 5822: 5815: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5684: 5672: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5629: 5617: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5547: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5494: 5492: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5466: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5212: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5165: 5163: 5156:The Motley Fool 5149: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5102: 5092: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5049: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5014: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4737:Wayback Machine 4727: 4723: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4690:. 26 July 2013. 4686: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4462:FUJIFILM Europe 4456: 4455: 4451: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3803: 3781:Sears, Andrew; 3780: 3779: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3730: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3597:Wayback Machine 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3494: 3485:Wayback Machine 3476: 3472: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3429:Wayback Machine 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3350: 3349: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3153:Wayback Machine 3144: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2886: 2878: 2877: 2868: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2741: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2692: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2492: 2448:Tablet computer 2428:Graphics tablet 2393: 2380: 2356:tablet computer 2344: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2292: 2262: 2206: 2201: 2173: 2155: 2141: 2125:Adhesive spacer 2114: 2074: 2042: 2024: 2015: 2002: 1985: 1965: 1963:Optical imaging 1948: 1915: 1906: 1868: 1809: 1757: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1629: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1488: 1470: 1395: 1370: 1288: 1266: 1238: 1232: 1180: 1174: 1162: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1135: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1062: 884: 728:air conditioner 708:servomechanisms 509:phototransistor 443: 421: 414: 396: 389: 378: 371: 325: 314: 308: 305: 298: 279: 275: 264: 253: 247: 244: 238:Please help by 237: 225: 221: 214: 179:room automation 146:(POS) systems, 57:) is a type of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6534:Expansion card 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6471: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6435:Microprocessor 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6305: 6303: 6301:Output devices 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6205:Pointing stick 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6109:External links 6107: 6105: 6104: 6076:(4): 593–613. 6065: 6042: 6033: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5957: 5932: 5907: 5884: 5871:Marketing Week 5861: 5813: 5786: 5767:(2): 226–233. 5751: 5725: 5699: 5670: 5644: 5615: 5589: 5574: 5559: 5550:|journal= 5527: 5501: 5475: 5450: 5425: 5400: 5385: 5370: 5344: 5318: 5300: 5275: 5224: 5215:|journal= 5172: 5142: 5128: 5114: 5105:|journal= 5056: 5031: 5012: 4995: 4981: 4961: 4938: 4918: 4897: 4876: 4855: 4844:"Touch sensor" 4835: 4815: 4798: 4781: 4761: 4740: 4721: 4693: 4679: 4654: 4636: 4618: 4593: 4560: 4553: 4527: 4509: 4491: 4467: 4449: 4405: 4377: 4357: 4337: 4317: 4286: 4266: 4242: 4219: 4198: 4172: 4160:"Touch Sensor" 4148: 4131: 4117: 4103: 4100:. 21 May 2009. 4083: 4065: 4035: 4018: 3998: 3978: 3951: 3930: 3910: 3889: 3872: 3844: 3812: 3801: 3770: 3739: 3728: 3698: 3674: 3651: 3626: 3601: 3582: 3556: 3530: 3505: 3492: 3470: 3438: 3414: 3393: 3369: 3338: 3314: 3290: 3269: 3248: 3226: 3215:. 4 April 2013 3204: 3177: 3157: 3138: 3113: 3086: 3062: 3042: 3017: 2986: 2971: 2962:The Controller 2952: 2936:Südkurier GmbH 2911: 2882:(2018-02-18). 2866: 2855:(2): 271–277. 2839: 2810: 2791:(8): 219–220. 2775: 2753: 2744:|journal= 2704: 2695:|journal= 2655: 2646:|journal= 2609: 2582: 2558: 2530:(8): 413–440. 2506: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2496:Charlieplexing 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2379: 2376: 2343: 2340: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2291: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2172: 2169: 2153: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2112: 2040: 2022: 2014: 2011: 2001: 1998: 1984: 1981: 1964: 1961: 1947: 1944: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1867: 1864: 1808: 1805: 1756: 1753: 1736: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1628: 1625: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1469: 1466: 1394: 1391: 1369: 1366: 1349:mobile devices 1336:A low-quality 1284:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1176:Main article: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1086: 1080: 1075: 1071: 979:Displays, and 793:expo in 1986. 665:General Motors 611:local events. 513:plasma display 402:photodetectors 364:Philco Company 327: 326: 282: 280: 273: 266: 265: 228: 226: 219: 213: 210: 206:user interface 171:heavy industry 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6714: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606:Parallel port 6604: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6422:Computer case 6419: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6348:Graphics card 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246:Graphics card 6244: 6242: 6241:Image scanner 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:Input devices 6153: 6149: 6146: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6009:IEEE Software 6005: 6004: 5999: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5961: 5958: 5947:on 2015-02-13 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5921: 5917: 5916:"gorilla arm" 5911: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5752: 5740: 5737:. UXmatters. 5736: 5729: 5726: 5714: 5711:. UXmatters. 5710: 5703: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5671:9781450312097 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5616:9781605582467 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5542: 5531: 5528: 5516: 5513:. UXmatters. 5512: 5505: 5502: 5490: 5487:. UXmatters. 5486: 5479: 5476: 5465:on 2014-08-26 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5290:on 2011-07-07 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5207: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5110: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4771: 4770:"Mesh vs ITO" 4765: 4762: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4669:on 2015-12-13 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4651:. 2013-04-08. 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4633:. 2013-03-12. 4632: 4631:epanorama.net 4628: 4622: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4554:9781927500057 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4406: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4054: 4051:. p. 7. 4050: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3520:on 2013-06-17 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3452:New Scientist 3448: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3324: 3323:"StumpeMar77" 3318: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3237:. 6 June 2018 3236: 3230: 3227: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3006:on 2016-11-16 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2736: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2687: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2638: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2572: 2571:Computer Hope 2568: 2562: 2559: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2403:Pen computing 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358:) touchscreen 2357: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2316:"Gorilla arm" 2315: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2240:perspective. 2239: 2238:human factors 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:image sensors 1962: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1935:photodetector 1932: 1928: 1919: 1913:Infrared grid 1912: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Galaxy Note 3 1845: 1841: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1734: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1587: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1482: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Assumptions. 1419: 1415: 1407: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:electrostatic 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1278: 1270: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1201:Wii U GamePad 1198: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1157: 1149: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 987: 984: 982: 981:Visual Planet 978: 973: 971: 966: 962: 954: 950: 942: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 893: 890: 887: 882: 877: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 813: 811: 810:Casio PB-1000 806: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 783:point-of-sale 779: 777: 772: 770: 769:home computer 767: 763: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736:Buick Riviera 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 520: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 474: 471: 470: 463: 457: 453: 447: 442: 437: 435: 431: 426: 417: 410: 408: 403: 392: 388: 383: 374: 369: 365: 360: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 323: 320: 312: 302: 297: 293: 289: 288: 281: 272: 271: 262: 259: 251: 248:December 2023 241: 235: 234: 229:This section 227: 218: 217: 211: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 144:point-of-sale 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 117: 115: 110: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 67:output device 64: 60: 56: 52: 44: 40: 32: 19: 6697:Touchscreens 6512:Power MOSFET 6495:Power supply 6464:Data storage 6400:Flash memory 6378:Optical disc 6360:data storage 6214: 6073: 6069: 6046: 6037: 6012: 6008: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5949:. Retrieved 5945:the original 5935: 5924:. Retrieved 5918:. Catb.org. 5910: 5893: 5887: 5870: 5864: 5832:(1): 75–91. 5829: 5825: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5743:. Retrieved 5728: 5717:. Retrieved 5702: 5653: 5647: 5598: 5592: 5583: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5541:cite journal 5530: 5519:. Retrieved 5504: 5493:. Retrieved 5478: 5467:. Retrieved 5463:the original 5453: 5442:. Retrieved 5428: 5417:. Retrieved 5403: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5321: 5303: 5292:. Retrieved 5288:the original 5278: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5206:cite journal 5195:. Retrieved 5175: 5164:. Retrieved 5155: 5145: 5131: 5117: 5096:cite journal 5059: 5048:. Retrieved 5034: 4998: 4984: 4973:. Retrieved 4964: 4953:. Retrieved 4941: 4930:. Retrieved 4921: 4909:. Retrieved 4900: 4889:. Retrieved 4879: 4868:. Retrieved 4858: 4847:. Retrieved 4838: 4827:. Retrieved 4818: 4801: 4784: 4773:. Retrieved 4764: 4753:. Retrieved 4743: 4724: 4713:. Retrieved 4682: 4671:. Retrieved 4667:the original 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4610:. Retrieved 4606: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4573: 4563: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4483:. Retrieved 4470: 4461: 4452: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4397:. Retrieved 4369:. Retrieved 4360: 4349:. Retrieved 4340: 4329:. Retrieved 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4299: 4289: 4269: 4258:. Retrieved 4254: 4245: 4234:. Retrieved 4211:. Retrieved 4201: 4190:. Retrieved 4164:. Retrieved 4162:. 2017-04-26 4134: 4120: 4106: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4057:. Retrieved 4048: 4038: 4021: 4010:. Retrieved 4001: 3990:. Retrieved 3981: 3970:. Retrieved 3922:. Retrieved 3913: 3901:. Retrieved 3892: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3853: 3847: 3835:. Retrieved 3824: 3815: 3807:the original 3791: 3763:10 September 3761:. Retrieved 3752: 3742: 3711: 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3666:. Retrieved 3654: 3643:. Retrieved 3629: 3618:. Retrieved 3604: 3585: 3573:. Retrieved 3559: 3548:. Retrieved 3533: 3522:. Retrieved 3518:the original 3508: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3473: 3465:Google Books 3450: 3441: 3432: 3417: 3405:. Retrieved 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3361:. Retrieved 3329:. Retrieved 3317: 3305:. Retrieved 3293: 3281:. Retrieved 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3251: 3239:. Retrieved 3229: 3217:. Retrieved 3207: 3195:. Retrieved 3189: 3180: 3169:. Retrieved 3160: 3141: 3130:. Retrieved 3126: 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3065: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 3004:the original 2999: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2944:. Retrieved 2929: 2902:. Retrieved 2852: 2848: 2842: 2830:. Retrieved 2788: 2784: 2778: 2767:. Retrieved 2756: 2735:cite journal 2724:. Retrieved 2707: 2686:cite journal 2675:. Retrieved 2664:Stumpe, Bent 2658: 2637:cite journal 2626:. Retrieved 2612: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2574:. Retrieved 2570: 2561: 2550:the original 2527: 2523: 2510: 2453:Touch switch 2385: 2381: 2361: 2342:Fingerprints 2333: 2329: 2326:Tennis elbow 2310: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2263: 2251: 2242: 2227: 2223: 2207: 2193: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2045: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2013:Construction 2003: 1986: 1973:CMOS sensors 1966: 1949: 1924: 1907: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1860: 1856:Galaxy Alpha 1837: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1758: 1750: 1709: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1526: 1514: 1511: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1387: 1377:, and needs 1371: 1362: 1353:Super AMOLED 1346: 1335: 1328: 1289: 1251: 1239: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1193: 1181: 1167: 1152: 1146:January 2024 1143: 1136:Please help 1132: 1121: 1103:Technologies 1060: 1056: 1048: 1039: 1015: 1011: 998:mobile phone 995: 988: 985: 974: 970:Quiz machine 967: 963: 959: 947: 920: 913: 909: 894: 891: 878: 865: 826: 814: 807: 803: 780: 773: 752: 744:technophobia 740:Buick Reatta 677:transmission 662: 651: 644: 621: 613: 609: 601:BBC Computer 589: 577: 573: 569: 561:transmitters 551: 540: 532:World's Fair 521: 517: 490: 475: 438: 427: 411: 384: 361: 358: 315: 309:January 2024 306: 299:Please help 295: 284: 254: 245: 230: 191: 164: 150:(ATMs), and 129: 118: 102: 87: 63:input device 55:touch screen 54: 50: 48: 18:Touch Screen 6611:Serial port 6602:(IEEE 1394) 6579:DisplayPort 6569:Thunderbolt 6442:Motherboard 6405:Memory card 6373:Floppy disk 6215:Touchscreen 5586:. New York. 5571:. New York. 5337:October 19, 4007:"JPM Games" 3299:"CERN-73-6" 3071:"CERN-73-6" 3010:16 November 2981:Design News 2713:Bent Stumpe 2488:Nintendo DS 2463:Multi-touch 2443:Lock screen 2378:Glove touch 2234:smartphones 2171:Development 1977:visual hull 1379:calibration 1358:smartphones 1312:capacitance 1254:delay lines 1140:if you can. 1058:properly. 1019:Apple Watch 991:Nintendo DS 881:lock screen 787:Atari 520ST 689:solid state 667:tasked its 626:released a 543:Multi-touch 482:Bent Stumpe 462:Einrichtung 444: [ 432:located in 416:US 3089918A 391:US 3016421A 373:US 2487641A 339:in 1977 by 303:if you can. 202:motherboard 132:smartphones 105:multi-touch 75:smartphones 51:touchscreen 6681:Categories 6358:Removable 6343:Sound card 6273:Sound chip 6268:Sound card 6258:Microphone 6148:components 5951:2014-08-23 5926:2012-01-04 5902:A269135159 5879:A264377887 5826:Interfaces 5745:2014-08-24 5719:2014-08-24 5521:2014-08-24 5495:2014-08-24 5469:2014-08-24 5444:2014-08-24 5419:2014-08-24 5363:28 January 5294:2009-06-22 5244:(1): 293. 5197:2011-09-27 5166:2009-03-16 5071:1612.08227 5050:2012-03-14 4975:2023-04-26 4955:2023-04-26 4932:2023-04-26 4911:21 October 4891:2023-11-27 4870:2023-11-27 4849:2023-12-31 4829:2023-07-06 4775:2023-04-27 4755:2023-04-27 4715:2018-01-30 4673:2009-09-02 4612:2020-10-24 4586:9 November 4485:2019-12-09 4399:2018-02-22 4371:2023-07-08 4351:2010-11-01 4331:2023-04-16 4260:2020-09-07 4255:WhatIs.com 4236:2023-03-09 4213:2023-11-27 4192:2023-11-27 4166:2018-02-22 4059:2011-04-27 4012:2023-06-09 3992:2023-07-23 3972:2023-03-23 3924:2023-07-23 3881:Star7 Demo 3865:3 December 3837:3 December 3729:0201142376 3668:2023-03-30 3645:2013-01-07 3620:2013-01-07 3550:2013-01-07 3524:2013-01-07 3363:2018-01-30 3171:2023-01-29 3132:2010-12-13 3052:US 3775560 2946:2021-08-22 2909:(18 pages) 2904:2021-08-23 2849:Ergonomics 2769:2017-09-14 2726:2010-05-25 2677:2010-05-25 2628:2010-05-25 2576:2020-09-07 2502:References 2483:SixthSense 2368:oleophobic 2320:See also: 2211:ergonomics 2049:capacitors 1957:PixelSense 1951:the user, 1302:, such as 1294:, such as 1246:controller 1242:ultrasonic 1199:, and the 1197:3DS family 720:monochrome 701:peripheral 642:graphics. 478:Frank Beck 452:Telefunken 341:Frank Beck 6621:PS/2 port 6616:Game port 6529:Fax modem 6368:Disk pack 6220:Trackball 6183:Light pen 6055:cite book 5975:(1): 25. 5834:CiteSeerX 5802:: 51–58. 5781:145501566 5688:cite book 5633:cite book 5411:. Apple. 5088:220453196 3903:24 August 3691:27 August 3431:(12:21), 3407:27 August 3386:28 August 3283:23 August 3262:23 August 3241:23 August 3219:25 August 3197:25 August 2931:Südkurier 2604:1538-6619 2598:(4): 62. 2478:Sensacell 2468:Omnitouch 2433:Light pen 2187:hybrids. 1971:(such as 1852:Galaxy S5 1762:capacitor 1522:electrode 1329:Unlike a 1300:conductor 1292:insulator 1184:resistive 1172:Resistive 993:in 2004. 935:Game Gear 916:IBM Simon 857:Vancouver 833:Australia 732:real time 712:solenoids 628:touch pad 538:in 1982. 536:Knoxville 469:Rollkugel 160:e-readers 100:display. 6600:FireWire 6593:Obsolete 6559:Ethernet 6338:Speakers 6236:Keyboard 6210:Touchpad 6145:computer 6091:1903/360 6029:14561929 5989:23342443 5920:Archived 5856:18514383 5739:Archived 5713:Archived 5680:15765730 5515:Archived 5489:Archived 5438:Archived 5413:Archived 5357:Archived 5331:Archived 5313:Archived 5270:29351218 5188:Archived 5160:Archived 5044:Archived 4733:Archived 4709:Archived 4580:Archived 4444:24281861 4436:24245328 4304:Archived 4300:Engadget 4278:Archived 4097:CBS News 4078:Engadget 4053:Archived 3859:Archived 3831:Archived 3757:Archived 3734:Archived 3639:Archived 3614:Archived 3593:Archived 3569:Archived 3544:Archived 3481:Archived 3461:Archived 3425:Archived 3357:Archived 3149:Archived 3100:Archived 2983:: 54–55. 2940:Archived 2895:Archived 2826:Archived 2622:Archived 2545:40545665 2391:See also 2254:parallax 2154:Infrared 1927:infrared 1878:fingers. 1735:⌋ 1720:⌈ 1651: − 1588:⌋ 1573:⌈ 1551:⌋ 1536:⌈ 1122:require 1085:⌋ 1070:⌈ 1002:LG Prada 977:Zytronic 927:controls 848:Videotex 829:Brisbane 697:software 685:steering 673:throttle 632:Micro 16 630:for the 558:infrared 501:infrared 497:Magnavox 456:Konstanz 285:require 194:firmware 183:keyboard 181:, where 125:touchpad 6649:Related 6552:Current 6393:Blu-ray 6331:Plotter 6326:Printer 6309:Monitor 6285:Softcam 6193:Optical 6100:2430120 6000:Sources 5625:2468830 5261:5796292 5238:Sensors 4649:EDN.com 4310:29 July 4302:. AOL. 3886:YouTube 3826:YouTube 3575:29 July 3106:6 April 3094:USPTO. 3035:29 July 2832:24 July 2793:Bibcode 1518:etching 1342:voltage 1318:(CMOS) 1124:cleanup 853:Expo 86 841:Telstra 837:Expo 88 835:hosted 766:SC-3000 759:SG-1000 716:antenna 704:sensors 681:braking 624:Fujitsu 434:Malvern 287:cleanup 212:History 114:zooming 83:laptops 79:tablets 59:display 6507:MOSFET 6447:Memory 6314:Screen 6280:Webcam 6143:Basic 6098: 6027: 5987: 5900: 5877: 5854: 5836: 5779: 5678: 5668: 5623: 5613: 5268: 5258: 5086: 4551: 4442: 4434: 3799: 3726: 3331:20 Aug 3307:23 Aug 3191:Forbes 3079:23 Aug 3057: 2968:: 7–9. 2722:. CERN 2673:. CERN 2602: 2542: 2296:haptic 2097:used. 2047:micro- 1854:, and 1842:, the 1383:kiosks 1006:iPhone 861:Canada 791:COMDEX 724:stereo 718:and a 683:, and 593:keypad 554:HP-150 422: 397: 379: 353:Stumpe 138:, and 109:stylus 94:AMOLED 6626:eSATA 6544:Ports 6229:Other 6188:Mouse 6096:S2CID 6025:S2CID 5873:: 4. 5852:S2CID 5777:S2CID 5676:S2CID 5621:S2CID 5191:(PDF) 5184:(PDF) 5084:S2CID 5066:arXiv 5007:(PDF) 4950:(PDF) 4810:(PDF) 4793:(PDF) 4575:Wired 4479:(PDF) 4440:S2CID 4143:(PDF) 4030:(PDF) 3663:(PDF) 3326:(PDF) 3302:(PDF) 3074:(PDF) 2898:(PDF) 2887:(PDF) 2720:(PDF) 2671:(PDF) 2553:(PDF) 2540:S2CID 2520:(PDF) 2102:vinyl 1764:(see 1296:glass 748:Buick 640:tiled 636:kanji 448:] 187:mouse 121:mouse 6584:HDMI 6500:SMPS 6488:SSHD 6482:NVMe 6478:SATA 6457:BIOS 6061:link 5985:PMID 5898:Gale 5875:Gale 5694:link 5666:ISBN 5639:link 5611:ISBN 5554:help 5365:2012 5339:2011 5266:PMID 5219:help 5109:help 4913:2023 4588:2019 4549:ISBN 4432:PMID 4312:2015 3905:2023 3867:2015 3839:2015 3797:ISBN 3765:2024 3724:ISBN 3693:2023 3577:2015 3409:2023 3388:2023 3333:2023 3309:2023 3285:2023 3264:2023 3243:2023 3221:2023 3199:2023 3108:2013 3081:2023 3037:2015 3012:2016 2834:2017 2748:help 2699:help 2650:help 2600:ISSN 2352:iPad 2336:ATMs 2324:and 2232:for 2217:and 1933:and 931:Sega 929:was 845:Sony 764:and 755:Sega 695:and 565:Sony 486:CERN 480:and 337:CERN 185:and 98:OLED 53:(or 6636:VGA 6631:DVI 6564:USB 6517:VRM 6474:SSD 6469:HDD 6452:RAM 6388:DVD 6251:GPU 6086:hdl 6078:doi 6017:doi 5977:doi 5973:308 5844:doi 5804:doi 5769:doi 5658:doi 5603:doi 5256:PMC 5246:doi 5076:doi 4424:doi 4049:IGN 3884:on 3716:doi 2857:doi 2801:doi 2532:doi 2246:R95 2106:ABS 2104:or 1931:LED 1925:An 1768:). 1687:I/O 1577:1.5 1520:an 1051:I/O 1043:I/O 901:PDA 897:Sun 889:). 873:wpm 855:in 778:). 534:at 524:No. 505:LED 450:at 96:or 90:LCD 6683:: 6480:/ 6383:CD 6094:. 6084:. 6074:34 6072:. 6057:}} 6053:{{ 6023:. 6011:. 5983:. 5971:. 5850:. 5842:. 5830:28 5828:. 5816:^ 5800:38 5798:. 5775:. 5765:24 5763:. 5690:}} 5686:{{ 5674:. 5664:. 5635:}} 5631:{{ 5619:. 5609:. 5545:: 5543:}} 5539:{{ 5436:. 5355:. 5264:. 5254:. 5242:18 5240:. 5236:. 5210:: 5208:}} 5204:{{ 5158:. 5154:. 5100:: 5098:}} 5094:{{ 5082:. 5074:. 5042:. 5015:^ 4707:. 4696:^ 4647:. 4629:. 4605:. 4578:. 4572:. 4543:. 4539:. 4520:. 4502:. 4460:. 4438:. 4430:. 4420:13 4418:. 4380:^ 4298:. 4253:. 4222:^ 4175:^ 4151:^ 4094:. 4076:. 4047:. 3954:^ 3933:^ 3829:. 3823:. 3785:; 3773:^ 3755:. 3751:. 3732:. 3722:. 3710:. 3677:^ 3567:. 3487:, 3455:. 3449:. 3372:^ 3355:. 3341:^ 3188:. 3125:. 3098:. 3028:. 2998:. 2964:. 2938:. 2914:^ 2869:^ 2853:10 2851:. 2813:^ 2799:. 2787:. 2739:: 2737:}} 2733:{{ 2690:: 2688:}} 2684:{{ 2641:: 2639:}} 2635:{{ 2596:69 2594:. 2569:. 2538:. 2528:20 2526:. 2522:. 2221:. 2213:, 1989:3M 1858:. 1850:, 1846:, 1696:. 1605:. 1385:. 1360:. 1260:. 1203:. 1182:A 907:. 863:. 859:, 831:, 714:, 710:, 706:, 679:, 675:, 649:. 607:. 446:de 425:. 382:. 173:, 134:, 123:, 92:, 81:, 77:, 49:A 6484:) 6476:( 6136:e 6129:t 6122:v 6102:. 6088:: 6080:: 6063:) 6031:. 6019:: 6013:8 5991:. 5979:: 5954:. 5929:. 5904:. 5881:. 5858:. 5846:: 5810:. 5806:: 5783:. 5771:: 5748:. 5722:. 5696:) 5682:. 5660:: 5641:) 5627:. 5605:: 5556:) 5552:( 5524:. 5498:. 5472:. 5447:. 5422:. 5367:. 5341:. 5297:. 5272:. 5248:: 5221:) 5217:( 5200:. 5169:. 5139:. 5125:. 5111:) 5107:( 5090:. 5078:: 5068:: 5053:. 5028:. 5009:. 4992:. 4978:. 4958:. 4935:. 4915:. 4894:. 4873:. 4852:. 4832:. 4812:. 4795:. 4778:. 4758:. 4718:. 4676:. 4615:. 4590:. 4557:. 4545:6 4524:. 4506:. 4488:. 4464:. 4446:. 4426:: 4402:. 4374:. 4354:. 4334:. 4314:. 4263:. 4239:. 4216:. 4195:. 4169:. 4145:. 4128:. 4114:. 4062:. 4032:. 4015:. 3995:. 3975:. 3948:. 3927:. 3907:. 3869:. 3841:. 3767:. 3718:: 3695:. 3671:. 3648:. 3623:. 3579:. 3553:. 3527:. 3467:. 3411:. 3390:. 3366:. 3335:. 3311:. 3287:. 3266:. 3245:. 3223:. 3201:. 3174:. 3135:. 3110:. 3083:. 3039:. 3014:. 2966:7 2949:. 2907:. 2863:. 2859:: 2836:. 2807:. 2803:: 2795:: 2789:1 2772:. 2750:) 2746:( 2729:. 2701:) 2697:( 2680:. 2652:) 2648:( 2631:. 2606:. 2579:. 2534:: 2354:( 1876:n 1729:2 1724:H 1653:n 1649:n 1645:n 1582:n 1545:n 1540:2 1159:) 1153:( 1148:) 1144:( 1079:2 1074:H 322:) 316:( 311:) 307:( 261:) 255:( 250:) 246:( 236:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.