Mold health issues - Knowledge (XXG)

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health. In the early 2000s, several small studies concluded that individuals with significant dampness and mold exposure displayed cognitive and neurological deficits on par with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury along with immunological changes. These studies were criticised for their methodologies, such as by not showing a possible mechanism of action for the harm, and not controlling for the possibility of malingering by mold-exposed individuals involved in litigation, although the associated critiques were also problematic. Researchers also contested whether the amount of spores that could be breathed in by humans would be sufficient to cause a toxic effect and that no association between spore counts and adverse health effects existed. However, when also considering spore fragments (that have more surface area to carry mycotoxins) as well as whole spores, the amount of exposure was estimated to be 1,000 to 1,000,000 times higher than previously thought. Moreover, inhalational exposure "provides a pathway to the central nervous system along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve axons in the nasal sensory epithelium that bypasses the blood–brain barrier."

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several reasons: 1) the types of health effects are not severe and are therefore not caught; 2) people whose homes have flooded find alternative housing to prevent exposure; 3) self-selection, the healthier people participated in mold clean-up and were less likely to get sick; 4) exposures were time-limited as result of remediation efforts and; 5) the lack of access to health care post-flooding may result in fewer illnesses being discovered and reported for their association with mold. There are also certain notable scientific limitations in studying the exposure effects of dampness and molds on individuals because there are currently no known biomarkers that can prove that a person was exclusively exposed to molds. Thus, it is currently impossible to prove correlation between mold exposure and symptoms.

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100 people exposed to a wide variety of chemicals. Rather than asking people how they felt, Kilburn measured physiological and mental function. He found highly significant abnormalities in the responses of mold-exposed individuals compared to controls on 12 of the 14 physiological functions quantified and 10 of the 13 psychological tests administered. These abnormalities included extreme problems with balance correlated with cerebellar abnormalities, decreased grip strength, impaired color vision, impaired visual fields, slowed reaction times, slowed performance on perceptual motor tasks, impaired memory, and decreased performance on problem-solving tasks as well as a variety of respiratory problems. Chemical-exposed individuals had similar abnormalities.

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When mold cannot be prevented, the CDC recommends clean-up protocol including first taking emergency action to stop water intrusion. Second, they recommend determining the extent of water damage and mold contamination. And third, they recommend planning remediation activities such as establishing containment and protection for workers and occupants; eliminating water or moisture sources if possible; decontaminating or removing damaged materials and drying any wet materials; evaluating whether space has been successfully remediated; and reassembling the space to control sources of moisture.

1039:. A number of these produce mycotoxins (soluble, non-volatile toxins produced by a range of microfungi that demonstrate specific and potent toxic properties on human and animal cells) that can render foods unfit for consumption. When ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin, mycotoxins may cause or contribute to a range of effects from reduced appetite and general malaise to acute illness or death in rare cases. Mycotoxins may also contribute to cancer. Dietary exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, commonly produced by growth of the fungus 706:, secondary metabolites produced by fungi under certain environmental conditions. These environmental conditions affect the production of mycotoxins at the transcription level. Temperature, water activity and pH, strongly influence mycotoxin biosynthesis by increasing the level of transcription within the fungal spore. It has also been found that low levels of fungicides can boost mycotoxin synthesis. Certain mycotoxins can be harmful or lethal to humans and animals when exposure is high enough. 1205: 1066:

of species found in a single pillow varied between four and sixteen. Compared to feather pillows, synthetic pillows typically display a slightly greater variety of fungal species and significantly higher levels of β‐(1,3)‐glucan, which can cause inflammatory responses. The authors concluded that these and related results suggest feather bedding might be a more appropriate choice for asthmatics than synthetics. Some newer bedding products incorporate silver

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substrate and source of food to amplify mold growth, relative humidity, and energy-efficient building designs, which can prevent proper circulation of outside air and create a unique ecology in the built environment. A common issue with mold hazards in the household can be the placement of furniture, resulting in a lack of ventilation of the nearby wall. The simplest method of avoiding mold in a home so affected is to move the furniture in question.

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homes, exposure included being inside without participating in clean up. Despite lower respiratory effects among all children, there was a significant difference in health outcomes between children with pre-existing conditions and children without. Children with pre-existing conditions were at greater risk that can likely be attributed to the greater disruption of care in the face of flooding and natural disaster.

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necessarily require toxin exposure; rather, exposure to non-toxic mold stimuli or fungal skeletal elements is sufficient to activate immune responses and trigger inflammation. Nineteen innate-immune pattern-recognition receptors have been identified that recognize common components of fungal cell walls or fungal RNA/DNA, activating inflammatory responses. Studies exposing mice to controlled doses of

944: 819:(AAAAI) maintained a similarly sceptical position as the ACOEM paper in denying that mold in indoor environments could cause severe effects. In 2008, the United States Government Accountability Office published a report on indoor mold, reviewing the literature to date and acknowledging the possibility of immune and toxic effects, while calling for further research. By 2009, the 119: 79: 38: 211: 881:. Furthermore, children living in water-damaged homes show systemic inflammation, immune activation, and probably poorer cognitive function, too. Tellingly, many of the affected biomarkers, hormones, and pathways in individuals affected by inhaled mycotoxins are consistent with studies of ingested mycotoxins, such as 1128:, the first English textbook on the malady. In it, he describes how dampness and mold could trigger an asthmatic attack, specifically, "damp houses and fenny countries". He also writes of an asthmatic "who fell into a violent fit by going into a Wine-Cellar", presumably due to the "fumes" in the air. 7958:

Brandt M, Brown C, Burkhart J, Burton N, Cox-Ganser J, Damon S, Falk H, Fridkin S, Garbe P, McGeehin M, Morgan J, Page E, Rao C, Redd S, Sinks T, Trout D, Wallingford K, Warnock D, Weissman D (June 2006). "Mold prevention strategies and possible health effects in the aftermath of hurricanes and major

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estimates the prevalence of significant dampness and mold in buildings to be at least 20%, while other estimates of US homes suggest a prevalence as high as 47%. Sleeping disorders are also associated with exposure to dampness and mold, consistent with the decrease in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone

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and their associated exotoxins. While it may be difficult to determine the relative contributions of the molds, bacteria, and dust particles to which people are exposed, studies clearly show that such combinations activate stronger, synergistic immune responses than predicted by adding the effects of

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noted a strong association between dampness and inflammatory responses, while also recognising that "synergistic interactions among microbial agents" might make it "difficult to detect and implicate specific exposures in the causation of damp building-associated adverse health effects." Gram-negative

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While there is a proven correlation between mold exposure and the development of upper and lower respiratory syndromes, there are still fewer incidences of negative health effects than one might expect. Barbeau and colleagues suggested that studies do not show a greater impact from mold exposure for

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Although mold is the primary focus post flooding for residents, the effects of dampness alone must also be considered. According to the Institute of Medicine, there is a significant association between dampness in the home and wheeze, cough, and upper respiratory symptoms. A later analysis determined

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Ruminants are considered to have increased resistance to some mycotoxins, presumably due to the superior mycotoxin-degrading capabilities of their gut microbiota. The passage of mycotoxins through the food chain may also have important consequences on human health. For example, in China in December

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Later in 2009, a carefully controlled, seminal study published by Kilburn demonstrated that mold exposure was associated with extensive adverse effects on multiple physiological systems. He compared the responses of 105 mold-exposed individuals to those of 202 unexposed controls, as well as those of

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Bacteria, fungi, allergens, and particle-bound semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can all be found in bedding and pillows with possible consequences for human health given the high amount of exposure each day. Over 47 species of fungi have been identified in pillows, although the typical range

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While mold and related microbial agents can be found both inside and outside, specific factors can lead to significantly higher levels of these microbes, creating a potential health hazard. Several notable factors are water damage in buildings, the use of building materials which provide a suitable

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Like many researchers, Kilburn attributed the adverse effects of mold exposure primarily to the toxins some molds produce. Currently available data suggest mold's effects are more the result of chronic activation of the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation. Such immune activation does not

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Extreme exposure to very high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death; fortunately, such exposures rarely to never occur in normal exposure scenarios, even in residences with serious mold problems. Prolonged exposure, such as daily workplace exposure, can be

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Mold exposures have a variety of health effects depending on the person. Some people are more sensitive to mold than others. Exposure to mold can cause several health issues such as; throat irritation, nasal stuffiness, eye irritation, cough, and wheezing, as well as skin irritation in some cases.

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Mold spores and associated toxins can cause harm primarily via inhalation, ingestion, and contact. In higher quantities such as those found in water-damaged buildings, they can present especially hazardous health risks to humans after sufficient exposure, with three generally accepted mechanisms of

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Molds may excrete liquids or low-volatility gases, but the concentrations are so low that frequently they cannot be detected even with sensitive analytical sampling techniques. Sometimes, these by-products are detectable by odor, in which case they are referred to as "ergonomic odors", meaning the

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Prevention of mold exposure and its ensuing health issues begins with the prevention of mold growth in the first place by avoiding a mold-supporting environment. Extensive flooding and water damage can support extensive mold growth. Following hurricanes, homes with greater flood damage, especially

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It is thought that all molds may produce mycotoxins, and thus all molds may be potentially toxic if large enough quantities are ingested, or the human becomes exposed to extreme quantities of mold. Mycotoxins are not produced all the time, but only under specific growing conditions. Mycotoxins are

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Recommended strategies to prevent mold include avoiding mold-contamination; utilization of environmental controls; the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), including skin and eye protection and respiratory protection; and environmental controls such as ventilation and suppression of dust.

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with indoor spore counts ranging from 6,142 – 735,123 spores m. Molds isolated following flooding were different from mold previously reported for non-water damaged homes in the area. Further research found that homes with greater than three feet of indoor flooding demonstrated significantly

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In 2012, a ten-year longitudinal study found that dampness and mold seemed to be an underlying cause of sick building syndrome. A 2018 review of 16 associated studies, including Kilburn's, concluded that people exposed to molds and mycotoxins had "symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the

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and associated mycotoxins showed that pulmonary hemorrhage could occur, suggesting the link is plausible. The American Academy of Pediatrics also found the link plausible, and subsequent analysis and case studies with humans have further noted the association. As well, a 1987 report by the United

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congestion, and other respiratory problems. Several studies and reviews have suggested that childhood exposure to dampness and mold might contribute to the development of asthma. For example, residents of homes with mold are at an elevated risk for both respiratory infections and bronchitis. When

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on improperly stored ground nuts in many areas of the developing world, is known to independently (and synergistically with Hepatitis B virus) induce liver cancer. Mycotoxin-contaminated grain and other food products have a significant impact on human and animal health globally. According to the

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Among children and adolescents, the most common health effect post-flooding was lower respiratory tract symptoms, though there was a lack of association with measurements of total fungi. Another study found that these respiratory symptoms were positively associated with exposure to water damaged

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paid $ 40,000 to Globaltox (later, Veritox), a company associated with two of the same authors of the ACOEM paper, to produce a "lay translation" of their study that would be "more assessable ... to judges". This lay paper claimed that the notion that human health could be adversely affected by

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It is useful to perform an assessment of the location and extent of the mold hazard in a structure. Various practices of remediation can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels. Removal of affected materials after the source of

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in a Chicago house affecting a family including their maid; symptoms included diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis, malaise, and severe leg pains, which resolved following remediation of the mold contamination. This study drew attention to how mycotoxins in indoor environments might impact

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and the agriculture industry closely monitor mold and mycotoxin levels in grains and foodstuffs to keep the contamination of animal feed and human food supplies below specific levels. In 2005, Diamond Pet Foods, a US pet food manufacturer, experienced a significant rise in the number of corn

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Exposure to mold may also cause heightened sensitivity depending on the time and nature of exposure. People at higher risk for mold allergies are people with chronic lung illnesses and weak immune systems, which can often result in more severe reactions when exposed to mold.

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and occupy damp or moldy buildings are at an increased risk of health problems such as inflammatory responses to mold spores, metabolites such as mycotoxins, and other components. Other problems are respiratory and/or immune system responses including respiratory symptoms,

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mold) refers to molds that produce mycotoxins known to harm humans, not to all molds. Exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death. Prolonged exposure, e.g., daily workplace exposure, can be particularly harmful.

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came into common use. The newer building materials reduced the drying potential of the structures, making moisture problems more prevalent. This combination of increased moisture and suitable substrates contributed to increased mold growth inside buildings.

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moisture has been reduced and/or eliminated may be necessary, as some materials cannot be remediated. Thus, the concept of mold growth, assessment, and remediation is essential in preventing health issues arising due to the presence of dampness and mold.

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Flooding in houses causes a unique opportunity for mold growth, which may be attributed to adverse health effects in people exposed to the mold, especially children and adolescents. In a study on the health effects of mold exposure after hurricanes

1027:. Grain crops in particular incur considerable losses both in field and storage due to pathogens, post-harvest spoilage, and insect damage. A number of common microfungi are important agents of post-harvest spoilage, notably members of the genera 514:. Signs that an infant may have mold-related respiratory problems include (but are not limited to) a persistent cough and wheeze. Increased exposure increases the probability of developing respiratory symptoms during their first year of life. 1070:

due to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties; however, the long-term safety of this additional exposure to these nanoparticles is relatively unknown, and a conservative approach to the use of these products is recommended.

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States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases suggested that the effects of "trichothecene mycotoxins are more than 10 times greater via inhalation than via intravenous exposure." The presumed mechanism of action is that

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Tanuma H, Hiramatsu M, Mukai H, Abe M, Kume H, Nishiyama S, Katsuoka K (2000). "Case report. A case of chromoblastomycosis is effectively treated with terbinafine. Characteristics of chromoblastomycosis in the Kitasato region, Japan".

781:(SBS), but previously, controversy existed around whether studies had sufficiently demonstrated that indoor exposures to these common organisms posed a significant threat. In 1986, a study noted an airborne outbreak of toxicosis from 717:

Mycotoxins can be found on the mold spore and mold fragments, and therefore they can also be found on the substrate upon which the mold grows. Routes of entry for these insults can include ingestion, dermal exposure, and inhalation.

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Karunasena E, Larrañaga MD, Simoni JS, Douglas DR, Straus DC (December 2010). "Building-associated neurological damage modeled in human cells: a mechanism of neurotoxic effects by exposure to mycotoxins in the indoor environment".

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Angelidou A, Alysandratos KD, Asadi S, Zhang B, Francis K, Vasiadi M, Kalogeromitros D, Theoharides TC (November 2011). "Brief report: "allergic symptoms" in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. More than meets the eye?".

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De Santis B, Raggi ME, Moretti G, Facchiano F, Mezzelani A, Villa L, Bonfanti A, Campioni A, Rossi S, Camposeo S, Soricelli S, Moracci G, Debegnach F, Gregori E, Ciceri F, Milanesi L, Marabotti A, Brera C (June 2017).

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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M (May 2016). "The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability".

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was found growing on the wet grain used for animal feed. Illness and death also occurred in humans when starving peasants ate large quantities of rotten food grains and cereals heavily overgrown with the

2650:"Comparison of interferon-gamma, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for priming leukocyte-mediated hyphal damage of opportunistic fungal pathogens" 4529:

Garrett MH, Rayment PR, Hooper MA, Abramson MJ, Hooper BM (April 1998). "Indoor airborne fungal spores, house dampness and associations with environmental factors and respiratory health in children".

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Indian Health Service: Bemidji Area Office of Environmental Health and Engineering Environmental Health Services Section "Guideline on the Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments"

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Rath B, Donato J, Duggan A, Perrin K, Bronfin DR, Ratard R, VanDyke R, Magnus M (May 2007). "Adverse health outcomes after Hurricane Katrina among children and adolescents with chronic conditions".

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spores show activation of the innate immune system, along with neural, cognitive, and emotional dysfunction, even when mycotoxins were removed and mice were exposed only to spore skeletal elements.

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Gray MR, Thrasher JD, Crago R, Madison RA, Arnold L, Campbell AW, Vojdani A (July 2003). "Mixed mold mycotoxicosis: immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged buildings".

1185:, England, died in 2020 of "acute airway oedema with severe granulomatous tracheobronchitis due to environmental mould exposure" in his home. The finding led to a 2023 change in UK law, known as 3263: 796: 3885:"Family of Six, Their Health and the Death of a 16 Month Old Male from Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Identification of Mycotoxins and Mold in the Home and Lungs, Liver and Brain of Deceased Infant" 1424: 1256: 740:

as a new disease in humans in close contact with moldy hay, including inhalation of the associated dust, which caused, among other symptoms, a "haemorrhagic exúdate". Following cases of

681:. Exposure can occur at home, at work or in other settings. It is predicted that about 5% of people have some airway symptoms due to allergic reactions to molds in their lifetimes. 7280: 6232:"Ex vivo cytokine release and pattern recognition receptor expression of subjects exposed to dampness: pilot study to assess the outcome of mould exposure to the innate immune system" 5841:"Dampness and moulds in workplace buildings: associations with incidence and remission of sick building syndrome (SBS) and biomarkers of inflammation in a 10 year follow-up study" 1049:

Prevention of mold exposure from food is generally to consume food that has no mold growths on it. Also, mold growth in the first place can be prevented by the same concept of

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Adverse respiratory health effects are associated with occupancy in buildings with moisture and mold damage. Infants in homes with mold have a much greater risk of developing

413:. A person's reaction to mold depends on their sensitivity and other health conditions, the amount of mold present, length of exposure, and the type of mold or mold products. 129: 816: 3813:

Dearborn DG, Smith PG, Dahms BB, Allan TM, Sorenson WG, Montana E, Etzel RA (September 2002). "Clinical profile of 30 infants with acute pulmonary hemorrhage in Cleveland".

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There has been sufficient evidence that damp indoor environments are correlated with upper respiratory tract symptoms such as coughing, and wheezing in people with asthma.

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Prasath S, Palaniappan K (October 2019). "Is using nanosilver mattresses/pillows safe? A review of potential health implications of silver nanoparticles on human health".

7549: 6389:"Early life exposures to home dampness, pet ownership and farm animal contact and neuropsychological development in 4 year old children: a prospective birth cohort study" 4314:

Vojdani A, Thrasher JD, Madison RA, Gray MR, Heuser G, Campbell AW (July 2003). "Antibodies to molds and satratoxin in individuals exposed in water-damaged buildings".

736:. In 1927, Ismailson, a Soviet scientist, noted a form of mycotoxicosis in employees in a binder twine factory. In the 1940s, "Stachybotryotoxicosis" was identified in 847:

lungs, musculoskeletal system, as well as the central and peripheral nervous systems" and also noted that such exposure has now been implicated in the pathogenesis of

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Crago BR, Gray MR, Nelson LA, Davis M, Arnold L, Thrasher JD (August 2003). "Psychological, neuropsychological, and electrocortical effects of mixed mold exposure".

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that prevents air exposure. Also, it is especially useful to clean the inside of the refrigerator and to ensure dishcloths, towels, sponges, and mops are clean.

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Gordon WA, Cantor JB, Spielman L, Ashman TA, Johanning E (2006). "Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure: a response to two critiques".

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2011, high levels of carcinogen aflatoxin M1 in Mengniu brand milk were found to be associated with the consumption of mold-contaminated feed by dairy cattle.

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Harding CF, Pytte CL, Page KG, Ryberg KJ, Normand E, Remigio GJ, DeStefano RA, Morris DB, Voronina J, Lopez A, Stalbow LA, Williams EP, Abreu N (July 2020).

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those with more than 3 feet (0.91 m) of indoor flooding, demonstrated far higher levels of mold growth compared with homes with little or no flooding.

1170:. This mold toxin eventually made it into the pet food supply, and dozens of dogs and cats died before the company was forced to recall affected products. 7166:

Wilson SC, Holder WH, Easterwood KV, et al. (2004). "Identification, remediation, and monitoring processes used in a mold-contaminated high school".

6745:"Dampness and mold in the home and depression: an examination of mold-related illness and perceived control of one's home as possible depression pathways" 3612: 755: 4486:

Nevalainen A, Pasanen AL, Niininen M, Reponen T, Kalliokoski P, Jantunen MJ (1991-01-01). "The indoor air quality in Finnish homes with mold problems".

3501:"Study of toxin production by isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum and Memnoniella echinata isolated during a study of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants" 6289:

Mustonen K, Karvonen AM, Kirjavainen P, Roponen M, Schaub B, Hyvärinen A, Frey U, Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Genuneit J, Vaarala O, Pekkanen J (June 2016).

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Kilburn KH (2009-10-01). "Neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairment in 105 adults with indoor exposure to molds compared to 100 exposed to chemicals".

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is an example of a mycotoxin. It is a cancer-causing poison produced by certain fungi in or on foods and feeds, especially in field corn and peanuts.

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Reddy K, Salleh B, Saad B, Abbas H, Abel C, Shier W (2010). "An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health".

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Harding CF, Liao D, Persaud R, Lin K, Page K, Pytte C (2015-10-01). "Environmental mold exposure, brain inflammation, and spatial memory deficits".

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The primary sources of mold exposure are from the indoor air in buildings with substantial mold growth and the ingestion of food with mold growths.

5205:"A review of the mechanism of injury and treatment approaches for illness resulting from exposure to water-damaged buildings, mold, and mycotoxins" 8434: 7239:

Kankolongo M, Hell K, Nawa I (June 2009). "Assessment for fungal, mycotoxin and insect spoilage in maize stored for human consumption in Zambia".

6340:"Cognitive function of 6-year old children exposed to mold-contaminated homes in early postnatal period. Prospective birth cohort study in Poland" 2948:

Reverberi M, Ricelli A, Zjalic S, Fabbri AA, Fanelli C (July 2010). "Natural functions of mycotoxins and control of their biosynthesis in fungi".

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Bhattacharya A, Derecki NC, Lovenberg TW, Drevets WC (May 2016). "Role of neuro-immunological factors in the pathophysiology of mood disorders".

799:(ACOEM) claimed the link between mold and building-related symptoms was "weak and unproven". Further to this, the Center for Legal Policy at the 8208: 6635:

Wang J, Janson C, Lindberg E, Holm M, Gislason T, Benediktsdóttir B, Johannessen A, Schlünssen V, Jogi R, Franklin KA, Norbäck D (June 2020).

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De Santis B, Brera C, Mezzelani A, Soricelli S, Ciceri F, Moretti G, Debegnach F, Bonaglia MC, Villa L, Molteni M, Raggi ME (February 2019).

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Kilburn KH, Thrasher JD, Immers NB (2009-10-01). "Do terbutaline- and mold-associated impairments of the brain and lung relate to autism?".

1190: 1186: 619:. Most dermatophyte fungi take the form of mold, as opposed to a yeast, with an appearance (when cultured) that is similar to other molds. 575:

and not the primary pathology. Also, mold may produce mycotoxins, either before or after exposure to humans, potentially causing toxicity.

51: 8182: 593:). Immunocompromised individuals exposed to high levels of mold, or individuals with chronic exposure may become infected. Sinuses and 8404: 5070: 325:. While the most molds in the outdoor environment are not hazardous to humans, many found inside buildings are known to be and affect 4400:

McCaffrey RJ, Yantz CL (2005). ""Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure": a critique and critical analysis".

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Etzel RA (September 2006). "What the primary care pediatrician should know about syndromes associated with exposures to mycotoxins".

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Etzel RA (September 2006). "What the primary care pediatrician should know about syndromes associated with exposures to mycotoxins".

893:(α-MSH) associated with this syndrome. Patients may also present with psychological symptoms given the neuroinflammatory markers and 4930: 868: 809: 225: 65: 5455:"Clinical Diagnosis of the Dampness and Mold Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Suggested Diagnostic Criteria" 1678: 2562:

Simčič S, Matos T, "Microbiological diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis." Zdravniški vestnik. 2010, Vol. 79, Issue 10, pp. 716–25.

2207: 3419:"Environmental risk factors associated with pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage and hemosiderosis in a Cleveland community" 857:

study of human neurological system cells showed damage caused by inflammatory and immune processes (along with disruption of the

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Thrasher JD, Crawley S (2009-09-30). "The biocontaminants and complexity of damp indoor spaces: more than what meets the eyes".

4986:"Bruce J. Kelman, Globaltox, Inc., Plaintiff vs Sharon Kramer, and Does 1 through 20, inclusive, Defendants (Case No. GIN044539" 2365:"Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence" 2076:"Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence" 3676:"Stachybotrys chartarum, trichothecene mycotoxins, and damp building-related illness: new insights into a public health enigma" 162: 6696:"Inflammatory markers in depression: A meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls" 8358: 1233: 6171:

Rosenblum Lichtenstein JH, Hsu YH, Gavin IM, Donaghey TC, Molina RM, Thompson KJ, Chi CL, Gillis BS, Brain JD (2015-05-26).

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Jedrychowski W, Maugeri U, Perera F, Stigter L, Jankowski J, Butscher M, Mroz E, Flak E, Skarupa A, Sowa A (October 2011).

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Krieger J, Jacobs DE, Ashley PJ, Baeder A, Chew GL, Dearborn D, Hynes HP, Miller JD, Morley R, Rabito F, Zeldin DC (2010).

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Krieger J, Jacobs DE, Ashley PJ, Baeder A, Chew GL, Dearborn D, Hynes HP, Miller JD, Morley R, Rabito F, Zeldin DC (2010).

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In the 1930s, mold was identified as the cause behind the mysterious deaths of farm animals in Russia and other countries.

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Thrasher JD, Crawley S (2009). "The biocontaminants and complexity of damp indoor spaces: more than what meets the eyes".

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Hardin BD, Kelman BJ, Saxon A (May 2003). "Adverse human health effects associated with molds in the indoor environment".

3717:"Pulmonary responses to Stachybotrys chartarum and its toxins: mouse strain affects clearance and macrophage cytotoxicity" 2275:

Iossifova YY, Reponen T, Ryan PH, Levin L, Bernstein DI, Lockey JE, Hershey GK, Villareal M, LeMasters G (February 2009).

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Indoor Mold: Better Coordination of Research on Health Effects and More Consistent Guidance Would Improve Federal Efforts

3635:"Acute inflammatory responses to Stachybotrys chartarum in the lungs of infant rats: time course and possible mechanisms" 3499:

Jarvis BB, Sorenson WG, Hintikka EL, Nikulin M, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Wang S, Hinkley S, Etzel RA, Dearborn D (October 1998).

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Wright JB, Lam K, Hansen D, Burrell RE (August 1999). "Efficacy of topical silver against fungal burn wound pathogens".

1868:"Levels of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma" 678: 398: 4873: 137: 8414: 8348: 7640:"Indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma: an update to the 2000 review by the Institute of Medicine" 5651:"Dectin-1 and inflammation-associated gene transcription and expression in mouse lungs by a toxic (1,3)-beta-D glucan" 4967: 2801:"The emerging life-threatening opportunistic fungal pathogen Kodamaea ohmeri: optimal treatment and literature review" 824:

bacteria, which create endotoxins known to produce inflammatory responses, might also be partly responsible, as might

303: 262:. However, recent research has shown these adverse health effects are caused not exclusively by molds, but also other 8353: 4992: 4842: 4811: 4357:

Fox DD, Greiffenstein MF, Lees-Haley PR (2005). "Commentary on cognitive impairment with toxigenic fungal exposure".

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Müller FM, Seidler M (August 2010). "Characteristics of pathogenic fungi and antifungal therapy in cystic fibrosis".

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that 30% to 50% of asthma-related health outcomes are associated with not only mold, but also dampness in buildings.

758:(CDC) revisited the cases and argued that the link was not proven. Subsequent studies with mice and rats exposed to 589:

A serious health threat from mold exposure for immunocompromised individuals is systemic fungal infection (systemic

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Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson WG, Kullman GJ, Allan TM, Dearborn DG, Olson DR, Jarvis BB, Miller JD (August 1998).

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Etzel RA, Montaña E, Sorenson WG, Kullman GJ, Allan TM, Dearborn DG, Olson DR, Jarvis BB, Miller JD (August 1998).

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More than half of adult workers in moldy/humid buildings suffer from nasal or sinus symptoms due to mold exposure.

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cases may result from exposure to mold. Substantial and statistically significant increases in the risks of both

6637:"Dampness and mold at home and at work and onset of insomnia symptoms, snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness" 2463:"Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis" 1366:"Association of residential dampness and mold with respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: a meta-analysis" 5553:

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showed inflammatory and innate immune responses upon exposure to specific molds and mycotoxins, such as

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that were in a refrigerator. The nectarine with black mold is also affecting the nectarine underneath.

7911: 7782: 7700: 7512: 7248: 7052: 6950: 6648: 6593: 6501: 6462: 6388: 6302: 6243: 6184: 5895: 5852: 5840: 5358: 5263: 5100: 4691: 4634: 4495: 4159: 3884: 3512: 3460:"Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi" 2474: 1458: 1377: 1322: 1223: 1178: 741: 510:. Infants may develop respiratory symptoms due to exposure to a specific type of fungal mold, called 295: 294:. Approximately 47% of houses in the United States have substantial levels of mold, with over 85% of 6426:

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from mold were thought to be the result of exposure to the mycotoxins of some mold species, such as

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produces a compound, stachylysin, which is a hemolysin that disintegrates (lyses) red blood cells.

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2202: 8296: 8110: 8085: 8025: 7976: 7927: 7884: 7833: 7798: 7755: 7716: 7669: 7612: 7569: 7530: 7455: 7419: 7370: 7219: 7193: 7183: 7148: 7137:"Fungi diversity, their effects on building materials, occupants and control – a brief review" 7117: 7068: 7025: 6968: 6919: 6868: 6809: 6774: 6725: 6676: 6609: 6562: 6552: 6521: 6482: 6443: 6408: 6369: 6320: 6271: 6212: 6145: 6109: 6064: 6004: 5955: 5911: 5868: 5786: 5757:"Mold inhalation causes innate immune activation, neural, cognitive and emotional dysfunction" 5737: 5727: 5670: 5631: 5578: 5535: 5486: 5435: 5374: 5323: 5279: 5236: 5185: 5120: 4777: 4740: 4709: 4660: 4603: 4546: 4511: 4460: 4417: 4374: 4331: 4288: 4245: 4202: 4132: 4083: 4073: 4048: 3999: 3931: 3896: 3865: 3830: 3787: 3746: 3697: 3656: 3561: 3538: 3481: 3440: 3367: 3298: 3234: 3186: 3143: 3094: 3047: 3016: 2973: 2908: 2822: 2773: 2716: 2671: 2630: 2581: 2537: 2502: 2443: 2394: 2345: 2296: 2232: 2224: 2181: 2155: 2105: 2031: 1996: 1897: 1848: 1802: 1761: 1650: 1588: 1521: 1474: 1405: 1338: 1081: 1046:

World Health Organization, roughly 25% of the world's food may be contaminated by mycotoxins.

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individual, some mold spores may begin to grow on living tissue, attaching to cells along the

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1310: 1153:. As a result, homes, and buildings became more airtight. Also, cheaper materials such as 808:" and was referenced in legal cases in the United States to deny related legal claims. The 6461:

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1281: 825: 666: 605:

infections are also possible. Mycotoxins may or may not be produced by the invading mold.

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through to severe multi-system inflammatory effects, neurological problems, and death.

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Overview of investigations into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio

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is caused by the direct exposure to inhaled mold spores that can be dead or alive or

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Hypersensitivity may also be a reaction toward an established fungal infection in

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odors are noticeable but do not indicate toxicologically significant exposures.

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Respiratory problems, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, chest tightness

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Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi

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in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1993–94, several related studies suggested a

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and causing further problems. Generally, when this occurs, the illness is an

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techniques changed in response to changing economic realities, including the

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Molds that are often found on meat and poultry include members of the genera

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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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found to have water damage predictive of mold. As many as 21% of

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The health hazards produced by mold have been associated with

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Molds and many related microbial agents are ubiquitous in the

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Healthy Buildings. 3733:10.1093/toxsci/kfq104 3693:10.1093/toxsci/kfm284 3652:10.1093/toxsci/kfi080 2750:Aspergillus fumigatus 2742:Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, 2699:Cellular Microbiology 2693:Aspergillus fumigatus 2574:Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 2028:10.1353/hpu.2007.0043 1884:10.1289/ehp.021100781 1571:Clinical Therapeutics 1189:, which will require 946: 634:Aspergillus fumigatus 628:Talaromyces marneffei 583:Further information: 424:(or more accurately, 290:and their associated 245:Aspergillus fumigatus 241: 8440:Indoor air pollution 8012:10.1136/thx.39.4.248 7488:. December 26, 2011. 7168:Adv. Appl. Microbiol 6092:Integrative Medicine 4590:10.1136/thx.45.5.382 4119:10.1289/ehp.115-a300 4069:Mold: The War Within 3605:"Death of Innocents" 3436:10.1542/peds.99.1.e5 3324:Drobotko VG (1945). 3215:Province of Manitoba 2617:10.1128/CMR.00014-07 2467:Environmental Health 1370:Environmental Health 1224:Environmental health 748:between exposure to 742:pulmonary hemorrhage 409:and allergic fungal 159:"Mold health issues" 8283:10.1289/ehp.108-a20 7916:2019EnvGH..41.2295P 7787:2010EnST...44.5649S 7705:2010WatRe..44.6095C 7656:10.1289/ehp.1307922 7517:2017BuEnv.125..528B 7406:10.1289/ehp.0901388 7253:2009JSFA...89.1366K 7057:2009ToxIH..25..583T 6955:2017InAir..27....6A 6653:2020EnInt.13905691W 6598:2007InAir..17..226M 6307:2016InAir..26..439M 6248:2013PLoSO...882734P 6189:2015PLoSO..1026926R 5900:2009ToxIH..25..703K 5857:2012ScTEn.430...75Z 5453:Valtonen V (2017). 5363:2009ToxIH..25..681K 5268:2009ToxIH..25..583T 5222:10.1155/2013/767482 4696:2015InAir..25..125N 4639:2007AtmEn..41.8140R 4500:1991EnInt..17..299N 4164:1986AtmEn..20..549C 3517:1998ApEnM..64.3620J 2479:2010EnvHe...9...72F 2424:(5 Suppl): S11-20. 2381:10.1289/ehp.1002410 2092:10.1289/ehp.1002410 1742:(5 Suppl): S11–20. 1463:2009ToxIH..25..577E 1429:The Washington Post 1382:2010EnvHe...9...72F 1327:2007InAir..17..226M 1229:Occupational asthma 859:blood–brain barrier 801:Manhattan Institute 746:causal relationship 403:allergic alveolitis 278:buildings, such as 94:clarify the content 8415:Industrial hygiene 7241:J. 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Food Agric 7006:(Suppl 3): 505–8. 6794:Psychopharmacology 3396:(15): 1951. 1997. 1263:. 2009. p. 91 1042:Aspergillus flavus 953: 915:Indoor air quality 692:Mycotoxin toxicity 552:allergic reactions 342:Allergic reactions 331:allergic reactions 327:indoor air quality 252:Mold health issues 249: 8430:Product liability 8425:Environmental law 8354:cropwatch.unl.edu 8116:978-0-19-933665-4 8043:Floyer J (1698). 7795:10.1021/es101072s 7752:10.1021/pr0504079 7261:10.1002/jsfa.3596 7225:978-90-70351-42-7 7189:978-0-12-002657-9 7051:(9–10): 583–615. 6964:10.1111/ina.12298 6672:20.500.11815/2347 6558:978-92-890-4168-3 6316:10.1111/ina.12216 5733:978-1-55581-957-6 5262:(9–10): 583–615. 4746:978-3-319-29137-6 4705:10.1111/ina.12182 4633:(37): 8140–8149. 4079:978-0-9721016-0-8 3511:(10): 3620–3625. 3304:978-0-12-046508-8 3270:. 22 August 2013. 3071:Stachybotrys atra 3053:978-0-8385-8529-0 2534:10.1586/eri.10.72 2332:10.1111/all.13102 2187:978-1-58703-133-5 1685:on April 15, 2014 1656:978-92-890-4168-3 867:studies of human 788:Stachybotrys atra 671:allergic rhinitis 639:immunocompromised 625:by molds such as 569:respiratory tract 565:immunocompromised 508:allergic rhinitis 490:Throat irritation 388:, or compromised 236: 235: 228: 218: 217: 194: 111: 110: 70: 16:(Redirected from 8447: 8420:Building defects 8400:Fungi and humans 8395:Building biology 8381: 8304: 8294: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8083: 8068:Medical Mycology 8055: 8049: 8048: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8023: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7955: 7944: 7943: 7910:(5): 2295–2313. 7899: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7699:(20): 6095–103. 7689:Escherichia coli 7684: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7528: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7417: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7301:. Archived from 7300: 7276: 7265: 7264: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7115: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7023: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6966: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6907: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6866: 6856: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6674: 6664: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6434:(6): 1663–1667. 6423: 6417: 6416: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6318: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6269: 6259: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6200: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6107: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6062: 6052: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6002: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5894:(9–10): 703–10. 5883: 5877: 5876: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5725: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5474: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5357:(9–10): 681–92. 5346: 5340: 5339: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5224: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4965: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4937:. Archived from 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4046: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3980:(4): 2065–2069. 3965: 3959: 3958: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3785: 3776:(6): 2582–2586. 3761: 3755: 3754: 3744: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3438: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3260: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3092: 3073:and other fungi" 3064: 3058: 3057: 3039: 3033: 3032: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2923:. Archived from 2898: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2820: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2771: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2714: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2628: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2500: 2490: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2441: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2343: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2176:Davis P (2001). 2173: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2129: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2060:. December 2013. 2054: 2048: 2047: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1895: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1846: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1648: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1586: 1562: 1551: 1550: 1549:. 1 August 2008. 1539: 1530: 1529: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1457:(9–10): 577–81. 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1403: 1393: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1261:www.euro.who.int 1253: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1206: 785:associated with 659:hypersensitivity 579:Fungal infection 270:associated with 264:microbial agents 231: 224: 213: 212: 204: 201: 195: 193: 152: 121: 120: 113: 106: 103: 97: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8385: 8384: 8366: 8349:indianacrop.org 8312: 8307: 8264: 8260: 8258:Further reading 8255: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8189: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8042: 8041: 8037: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7957: 7956: 7947: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7781:(14): 5649–54. 7772: 7771: 7767: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7352: 7351: 7347: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7278: 7277: 7268: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7190: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7042: 7041: 7037: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6559: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6467:Neurotoxicology 6460: 6459: 6455: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6183:(5): e0126926. 6170: 6169: 6165: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6029: 6028: 6024: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5946:(11): 1579–85. 5936: 5935: 5931: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5734: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5569:(11): 1603–10. 5552: 5551: 5547: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4942: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3609:Cleveland Scene 3602: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3036: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2896:10.1.1.161.3936 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2746:(August 2010). 2744:Kontoyiannis DP 2741: 2740: 2736: 2705:(11): 1535–43. 2688: 2687: 2683: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2131: 2130: 2117: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1972: 1971: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1878:(12): A781–86. 1865: 1864: 1860: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1620:medicinenet.com 1616:"Mold Exposure" 1613: 1612: 1608: 1564: 1563: 1554: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1122: 1113: 1077: 1063: 941: 917: 911: 903: 775: 700: 694: 667:allergic asthma 655: 595:digestive tract 587: 581: 544: 527: 500: 475: 376:People who are 374: 232: 221: 220: 219: 214: 210: 205: 199: 196: 153: 142: 138:primary sources 122: 118: 107: 101: 98: 91: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8453: 8451: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8356: 8351: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8311: 8310:External links 8308: 8306: 8305: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8226: 8199: 8187:Inside Housing 8174: 8148: 8122: 8115: 8095: 8050: 8035: 8006:(4): 248–254. 7986: 7967:(RR-8): 1–27. 7945: 7894: 7843: 7808: 7765: 7726: 7693:Water Research 7679: 7630: 7587: 7540: 7491: 7473: 7446:(1–2): 79–83. 7429: 7380: 7345: 7308: 7305:on 2013-12-03. 7291:(9): 1250–59. 7266: 7247:(8): 1366–75. 7231: 7224: 7203: 7188: 7158: 7127: 7086: 7035: 6986: 6929: 6878: 6827: 6800:(9): 1623–36. 6784: 6755:(10): 1893–9. 6735: 6686: 6627: 6572: 6557: 6539: 6492: 6453: 6418: 6379: 6330: 6281: 6242:(12): e82734. 6222: 6163: 6130:Mycopathologia 6119: 6074: 6022: 5993:(2): 132–144. 5973: 5929: 5878: 5831: 5796: 5747: 5732: 5708:(4): 887–902. 5688: 5641: 5596: 5545: 5496: 5445: 5392: 5341: 5314:(4): 2550–71. 5297: 5246: 5195: 5144: 5130: 5091: 5062: 5034: 5008: 4976: 4951: 4921: 4889: 4872:. 2003-03-28. 4858: 4827: 4795: 4752: 4745: 4719: 4670: 4613: 4564: 4521: 4494:(4): 299–302. 4478: 4435: 4392: 4349: 4322:(7): 421–432. 4306: 4263: 4220: 4193:(4): 193–202. 4177: 4142: 4113:(6): A300–05. 4093: 4078: 4058: 4029:(2): 912–916. 4009: 3960: 3941: 3922:(8): 282–305. 3906: 3875: 3856:(8): 282–305. 3840: 3821:(3): 627–637. 3805: 3756: 3727:(1): 113–121. 3707: 3666: 3645:(2): 408–417. 3625: 3595: 3571: 3548: 3491: 3470:(8): 757–762. 3450: 3409: 3377: 3342: 3316: 3303: 3273: 3250: 3226: 3202: 3178: 3153: 3124:(3): 497–516. 3104: 3059: 3052: 3034: 2991: 2956:(3): 899–911. 2940: 2866: 2844: 2832: 2791: 2734: 2681: 2667:10.1086/314679 2660:(4): 1038–41. 2640: 2611:(4): 695–704. 2591: 2576:(in Turkish). 2564: 2555: 2512: 2453: 2404: 2355: 2326:(6): 967–974. 2306: 2267: 2242: 2215:(3): 449–455. 2193: 2186: 2165: 2115: 2063: 2049: 2006: 1958: 1932: 1907: 1858: 1837:(2): 757–771. 1812: 1771: 1722: 1696: 1669: 1655: 1632: 1606: 1577:(6): 903–917. 1552: 1531: 1492: 1441: 1415: 1356: 1321:(3): 226–235. 1298: 1273: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1198: 1195: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1076: 1073: 1062: 1059: 940: 937: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 902: 899: 895:growth factors 783:trichothecenes 774: 771: 696:Main article: 693: 690: 654: 651: 613:athlete's foot 580: 577: 543: 540: 526: 523: 499: 496: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 474: 471: 407:rhinosinusitis 390:immune systems 373: 372:Health effects 370: 369: 368: 362: 355: 348: 234: 233: 216: 215: 208: 206: 125: 123: 116: 109: 108: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8452: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8277:(1): A20–03. 8276: 8272: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8200: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8175: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8149: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8108: 8107: 8099: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8074:(4): 271–91. 8073: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8054: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7824:(4): 344–50. 7823: 7819: 7812: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7746:(4): 916–24. 7745: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7680: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7400:(6): 818–24. 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7361:(2): 96–104. 7360: 7356: 7349: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7319:Toxin Reviews 7312: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7147:(9): 657–61. 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7082: 7078: 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4236:(8): 452–63. 4235: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158:(3): 549–52. 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 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747: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 728:Toxic effects 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 705: 699: 691: 689: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 652: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635: 630: 629: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 609:Dermatophytes 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 586: 578: 576: 574: 573:epiphenomenon 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 539: 535: 531: 524: 522: 519: 515: 513: 509: 505: 497: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 479: 478: 472: 470: 468: 463: 461: 460: 455: 454: 449: 448: 443: 442: 437: 436: 430: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 371: 366: 363: 360: 356: 353: 349: 347: 343: 340: 339: 338: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288:actinomycetes 286:, as well as 285: 282:that produce 281: 277: 276:water-damaged 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 247: 246: 240: 230: 227: 207: 203: 200:November 2022 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 171: 168: 164: 161: – 160: 156: 155:Find sources: 150: 146: 140: 139: 135: 131: 126:This article 124: 115: 114: 105: 102:November 2022 95: 89: 86:This article 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 8375: 8274: 8270: 8243:. 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