36:
separated by irregular intervals, generating uneven protein expression between cells. Noise in gene expression can have tremendous consequences on cell behaviour, and must be mitigated or integrated. In certain contexts, such as establishment of viral latency, the survival of microbes in rapidly changing stressful environments, or several types of scattered differentiation, the variability may be essential. Variability also impacts upon the effectiveness of clinical treatment, with resistance of bacteria and yeast to
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although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents at mitosis are also likely to contribute considerably. Bursting transcription, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, reflects multiple states of gene activity, with fluctuations between states
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Sharma, S. V.; Lee, D. Y.; Li, B.; Quinlan, M. P.; Takahashi, F.; Maheswaran, S.; McDermott, U.; Azizian, N.; Zou, L.; Fischbach, M. A.; Wong, K. K.; Brandstetter, K.; Wittner, B.; Ramaswamy, S.; Classon, M.; Settleman, J. (2010).
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Weinberger, L. S.; Burnett, J. C.; Toettcher, J. E.; Arkin, A. P.; Schaffer, D. V. (2005). "Stochastic gene expression in a lentiviral positive-feedback loop: HIV-1 Tat fluctuations drive phenotypic diversity".
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demonstrably caused by non-genetic differences. Variability in gene expression may also contribute to resistance of sub-populations of cancer cells to chemotherapy and appears to be a barrier to curing HIV.
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Blake, William J; Balázsi, Gábor; Kohanski, Michael A; Isaacs, Farren J; Murphy, Kevin F; Kuang, Yina; Cantor, Charles R; Walt, David R; Collins, James J (2006).
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249:"Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division"
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444:"Phenotypic Consequences of Promoter-Mediated Transcriptional Noise"
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Raj, A; Peskin, CS; Tranchina, D; Vargas, DY; Tyagi, S (2006).
108:"Real-time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria"
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occurring between cells in isogenic populations (see also
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Golding, I; Paulsson, J; Zawilski, SM; Cox, EC (2005).
535:"Stochastic fate selection in HIV-infected patients"
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Chubb, JR; Trcek, T; Shenoy, SM; Singer, RH (2006).
31:) . A proposed source of transcriptional noise is
149:"Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene"
198:"Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells"
533:Weinberger, A. D.; Weinberger, L. S. (2013).
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19:is a primary cause of the variability (
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421:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134306
57:Raj, A; Van Oudenaarden, A (2008).
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350:Losick, R.; Desplan, C. (2008).
247:Huh, D.; Paulsson, J. (2010).
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409:Annual Review of Microbiology
352:"Stochasticity and cell fate"
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552:10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.039
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125:10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.031
75:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.050
165:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.092
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17:Transcriptional noise
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159:(10): 1018–25.
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415:: 357–372.
38:antibiotics
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