Genetically modified maize - Knowledge (XXG)

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crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).

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of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).

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GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.

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research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

55: 944:, had applied to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to market Starlink for use in animal feed and in human food. However, because the Cry9C protein lasts longer in the digestive system than other Bt proteins, the EPA had concerns about its allergenicity, and PGS did not provide sufficient data to prove that Cry9C was not allergenic. As a result, PGS split its application into separate permits for use in food and use in 350: 451: 959:-branded taco shells sold in supermarkets were found to contain the corn. Sales of StarLink seed were discontinued. The registration for Starlink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by Aventis in October 2000. Pioneer had been bought by AgrEvo which then became Aventis CropScience at the time of the incident, which was later bought by 2551:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. 661:(MSV), although it has not been released as a product. While breeding cultivars for resistance to MSV isn't done in the public, the private sector, international research centers, and national programmes have done all of the breeding. As of 2014, there have been a few MSV-tolerant cultivars released in Africa. A private company 2861:

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have

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Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far

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The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years

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Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views

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that concluded that any risk posed by the corn to butterfly populations under real-world conditions was negligible. A 2002 review of the scientific literature concluded that "the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt–maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population".

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that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

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must at least be adjacent to a Bt field. EPA regulations also require seed companies to train farmers how to maintain refuges, to collect data on the refuges and to report that data to the EPA. A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%,

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Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the

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In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of

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The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process

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The scientific rigor of the studies regarding human health has been disputed due to alleged lack of independence and due to conflicts of interest involving governing bodies and some of those who perform and evaluate the studies. However, no reports of ill effects from GM food have been documented in

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accumulation in the crop that can be carcinogenic and toxic to humans and other animals. This can prove to be especially devastating in developing countries with drastic climate patterns such as high temperatures, which favor the development of toxic fungi. In addition, higher mycotoxin levels leads

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Dorsch JA, Candas M, Griko NB, Maaty WS, Midboe EG, Vadlamudi RK, Bulla LA (September 2002). "Cry1A toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis bind specifically to a region adjacent to the membrane-proximal extracellular domain of BT-R(1) in Manduca sexta: involvement of a cadherin in the entomopathogenicity

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Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM

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Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the

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The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially

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The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent

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Seed bags containing both Bt and refuge seed have been approved by the EPA in the United States. These seed mixtures were marketed as "Refuge in a Bag" (RIB) to increase farmer compliance with refuge requirements and reduce additional work needed at planting from having separate Bt and refuge seed

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While EPA had no specific data to indicate that Cry9C was an allergen, the protein expressed in StarLink corn did exhibit certain characteristics (i.e. relative heat stability and extended time to digestion) that were common to known food allergens such as those found in peanuts, eggs, etc. EPA's

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There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered

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Beckmann, V., C. Soregaroli, J. Wesseler (2011): Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value? In "Genetically modified food and global welfare" edited by Colin Carter, GianCarlo

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A subsequent review of these tests by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Scientific Advisory Panel points out that while "the negative results decrease the probability that the Cry9C protein is the cause of allergic symptoms in the individuals examined ... in the absence of a

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Critics have objected to GM crops on ecological, economic and health grounds. The economic issues derive from those organisms that are subject to intellectual property law, mostly patents. The first generation of GM crops lose patent protection beginning in 2015. Monsanto has claimed it will not

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The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage

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When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the

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We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly

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A 2011 Canadian study looked at the presence of CryAb1 protein (BT toxin) in non-pregnant women, pregnant women and fetal blood. All groups had detectable levels of the protein, including 93% of pregnant women and 80% of fetuses at concentrations of 0.19 ± 0.30 and 0.04 ± 0.04 mean ± SD ng/ml,

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On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that

2696:"A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts. 700:

Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations. This reduction came because females laid eggs on modified and unmodified strains alike, but pest organisms that develop on the modified strain are

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Critics claim that Bt proteins could target predatory and other beneficial or harmless insects as well as the targeted pest. These proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since 1938 and the USA since 1958 with no ill effects on the environment reported. While

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Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.

717:. Increased concerns for resistance with seed mixtures include partially resistant larvae on a Bt plant being able to move to a susceptible plant to survive or cross pollination of refuge pollen on to Bt plants that can lower the amount of Bt expressed in kernels for ear feeding insects. 569:

A 2018 study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops. Data from 1976 to 1996 (before Bt corn was widespread) was compared to data after it was adopted (1996–2016). They examined levels of the

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In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently

578:. Their larvae eat a variety of crops, including peppers and green beans. Between 1992 and 2016, the amount of insecticide applied to New Jersey pepper fields decreased by 85 percent. Another factor was the introduction of more effective pesticides that were applied less often. 919:

respectively. The paper did not discuss safety implications or find any health problems. FSANZ agency published a comment pointing out a number of inconsistencies in the paper, most notably that it "does not provide any evidence that GM foods are the source of the protein".

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later stated, "the evidence available is not sufficient to justify the publication of the original paper". A 2005 large-scale study failed to find any evidence of contamination in Oaxaca. However, other authors also found evidence of cross-breeding between natural maize and

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available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.

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crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

382:, including resistance to pests and to herbicides. Maize strains with both traits are now in use in multiple countries. GM maize has also caused controversy with respect to possible health effects, impact on other insects and impact on other plants via 2242:

Wesseler, J. and N. Kalaitzandonakes (2011): Present and Future EU GMO policy. In Arie Oskam, Gerrit Meesters and Huib Silvis (eds.), EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas. Second Edition, pp. 23-323 – 23-332. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic

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Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM

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to market rejection or reduced market prices for the grain. GM corn crops encounter fewer insect attacks, and thus, have lower concentrations of mycotoxins. Fewer insect attacks also keep corn ears from being damaged, which increases overall yields.

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Doull J, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lovell DP, Lynch B, Munro IC (November 2007). "Report of an Expert Panel on the reanalysis by of a 90-day study conducted by Monsanto in support of the safety of a genetically modified corn variety (MON 863)".

2704:" "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts. 4427:"Opinion relating to the deposition of 15 December 2009 by the Member of Parliament, François Grosdidier, as to the conclusions of the study entitled 'A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health'" 769:

GM crops provide a number of ecological benefits, but there are also concerns for their overuse, stalled research outside of the Bt seed industry, proper management and issues with Bt resistance arising from their misuse.

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been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.

2699: 970:(CDC), which determined that 28 of them were possibly related to Starlink. However, the CDC studied the blood of these 28 individuals and concluded there was no evidence of hypersensitivity to the Starlink Bt protein. 4370: 2456:

I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another

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study and concluded that it "presents no admissible scientific element likely to ascribe any haematological, hepatic or renal toxicity to the three re-analysed GMOs." However, the French government applies the

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National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).

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Grochulski P, Masson L, Borisova S, Pusztai-Carey M, Schwartz JL, Brousseau R, Cygler M (December 1995). "Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(a) insecticidal toxin: crystal structure and channel formation".

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In 2005, aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn. The nations involved, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid.

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In 1996, the first GM maize producing a Bt Cry protein was approved, which killed the European corn borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae.

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were resistant to Bt maize produced by Dupont-Dow; armyworm resistance was first discovered in Puerto Rico in 2006, prompting Dow and DuPont to voluntarily stop selling the product on the island.

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Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.

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will infest the non-Bt corn and thus will not evolve a resistance to the Bt toxin. Typically, 20% of corn in a grower's fields must be refuge; refuge must be at least 0.5 miles from Bt corn for

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herbicides under the trademark "Clearfield" – though in these hybrids, the herbicide-tolerance trait was bred using tissue culture selection and the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, not

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Regulation of GM crops varies between countries, with some of the most-marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on intended uses.

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and MON88017), Cry34Ab1 (59122), Cry35Ab1 (59122), mCry3A (MIR604), and Vip3A (MIR162), in both corn and cotton. Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010.

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bags on hand. The EPA approved a lower percentage of refuge seed in these seed mixtures ranging from 5 to 10%. This strategy is likely to reduce the likelihood of Bt-resistance occurring for

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pursue farmers who retain seeds of off-patent varieties. These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, protests and to restrictive legislation in most countries.

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launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids called DroughtGard. The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe

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is the transfer of genes and/or alleles from one species to another. Concerns focus on the interaction between GM and other maize varieties in Mexico, and of gene flow into refuges.

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

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Shepherd DN, Mangwende T, Martin DP, Bezuidenhout M, Kloppers FJ, Carolissen CH, et al. (November 2007). "Maize streak virus-resistant transgenic maize: a first for Africa".

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Witkowski JF, Wedberg JL, Steffey KL, Sloderbeck PE, Siegfried BD, Rice ME, et al. (1997). "Why manage European corn borer?". In Ostlie KR, Hutchison KR, Hellmich RL (eds.).

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concern was that StarLink corn may be a human food allergen and in the absence of more definitive data, EPA has not made a decision whether or not to register the human food use.

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Witkowski JF, Wedberg JL, Steffey KL, Sloderbeck PE, Siegfried BD, Rice ME, et al. (1997). "How does resistance develop?". In Ostlie KR, Hutchison KR, Hellmich RL (eds.).

1624: 4401: 2172:"Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations" 3209: 951:

StarLink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans in the US, Japan, and South Korea. This corn became the subject of the widely publicized

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While Cuba's agriculture is largely focused on organic production, as of 2010, the country had developed a variety of genetically modified corn that is resistant to the

3012:"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?" 2980: 4716: 6031: 5209: 4369:

González-Ortega E, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Gómez-Hernández E, Monterrubio-Vázquez E, Arleo M, Dávila-Velderrain J, Martínez-Debat C, Álvarez-Buylla ER (November 2017).

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Resistant strains of the European corn borer have developed in areas with defective or absent refuge management. In 2012, a Florida field trial demonstrated that

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Kaplinsky N, Braun D, Lisch D, Hay A, Hake S, Freeling M (April 2002). "Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts".

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On 19 December 2013 six Chinese citizens were indicted in Iowa on charges of plotting to steal genetically modified seeds worth tens of millions of dollars from

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presented evidence that Bt maize was cross-breeding with unmodified maize in Mexico. The data in this paper was later described as originating from an artifact.

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protein, and therefore Bt. Regulatory agencies assess the potential for the transgenic plant to impact nontarget organisms before approving commercial release.

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it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.

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As of 2011, herbicide-resistant GM corn was grown in 14 countries. By 2012, 26 varieties of herbicide-resistant GM maize were authorised for import into the

5118:"EFSA GMO Panel deliberations on the Austrian report "Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603 x MON 810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice"" 2302:

of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.

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Aris A, Leblanc S (May 2011). "Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada".

3341: 2726: 2315:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops" 974:

positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this."

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A 2007 review found that "nontarget invertebrates are generally more abundant in Bt cotton and Bt maize fields than in nontransgenic fields managed with

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Introduction of Bt maize led to significant reduction of mycotoxin-related poisoning and cancer rates, as they were significantly less prone to contain

329: 3250: 6243: 5865: 5093:"GMO Safety - Overview on biosafety research projects on genetically modified maize funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)" 4949:

CDC, National Center for Environmental Health. A Report to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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The Se´ralini et al. reanalysis does not advance any new scientific data to indicate that MON 863 caused adverse effects in the 90-day rat study.

1202:"The maximum incremental social tolerable irreversible costs (MISTICs) and other benefits and costs of introducing transgenic maize in the EU-15" 541:

that paralyzes the insect's digestive system and forms holes in the gut wall. The insect stops eating within a few hours and eventually starves.

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Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research".

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Moschini and Ian Sheldon, pp 201-224. Volume 10 in Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing

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The Bt protein is expressed throughout the plant. When a vulnerable insect eats the Bt-containing plant, the protein is activated in its

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Marvier M, McCreedy C, Regetz J, Kareiva P (June 2007). "A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates".

2218: 1903: 1760:"Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data" 1556: 5024: 1992: 5812: 926:

released all data submitted by Monsanto in relation to the 2003 authorisation of maize genetically modified for glyphosate tolerance.

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but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop.

442:, but such imports remain controversial. Cultivation of herbicide-resistant corn in the EU provides substantial farm-level benefits. 5822: 5140: 4812:"Executive Summary: EPA Preliminary Evaluation of Information Contained in the October 25, 2000 Submission from Aventis Cropscience" 3674:"Recommendations for the design of laboratory studies on non-target arthropods for risk assessment of genetically engineered plants" 2710: 2066: 157: 3086:

Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States".

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Tan S, Evans RR, Dahmer ML, Singh BK, Shaner DL (March 2005). "Imidazolinone-tolerant crops: history, current status and future".

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Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".

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These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.

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It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA

681: 167: 3959: 2844: 830:) cells, resulting in rupture of those cells. Any organism that lacks the appropriate gut receptors cannot be affected by the 5968: 5876: 5545: 4263:"Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations" 2938: 967: 923: 185: 150: 2984: 2639:. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. 2171: 4720: 4261:

Piñeyro-Nelson A, Van Heerwaarden J, Perales HR, Serratos-Hernández JA, Rangel A, Hufford MB, et al. (February 2009).

6639: 5851: 5846: 5592: 5508: 5494: 5164: 996:. Mo Hailong, director of international business at the Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group Co., part of the Beijing-based 548: 76: 67: 6236: 5348: 5255: 5133: 2715: 2397:

Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants".

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In 2009 the government of Mexico created a regulatory pathway for genetically modified maize, but because Mexico is the

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Quist D, Chapela IH (November 2001). "Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico".

1424: 854:. However, in comparison with insecticide-free control fields, certain nontarget taxa are less abundant in Bt fields." 684:(EPA) regulations require farmers who plant Bt corn to plant non-Bt corn nearby (called a refuge), with the logic that 6287: 6253: 6068: 5856: 5482: 5467: 5411: 5402: 5353: 5278: 5219: 4863: 2959:

environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

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Approved Bt genes include single and stacked (event names bracketed) configurations of: Cry1A.105 (MON89034), CryIAb (

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In 2017, a large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico"

5513: 5419: 5314: 5177: 5084: 4063: 3722: 3206:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics" 1581: 1018: 435:. Consequently, the regulatory framework governing the approval of transgenic crops does not apply for Clearfield. 252: 112: 81: 4811: 1342: 6205: 5708: 5650: 5554: 5489: 5472: 5383: 5237: 1519:

Castagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes, JL (2 March 2012). "Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15". In Sansinenea E (ed.).

1013: 371: 257: 207: 122: 98: 3348: 2733: 6370: 5092: 4082: 386:. One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US but was found in food, leading to a 3529:

Wesseler, J. (ed.) (2005): Environmental Costs and Benefits of Transgenic Crops. Dordrecht, NL: Springer Press

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Gatehouse AM, Ferry N, Raemaekers RJ (May 2002). "The case of the monarch butterfly: a verdict is returned".

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Sears MK, Hellmich RL, Stanley-Horn DE, Oberhauser KS, Pleasants JM, Mattila HR, et al. (October 2001).

6382: 6088: 6083: 4717:"FSANZ response to study linking Cry1Ab protein in blood to GM foods - Food Standards Australia New Zealand" 2924: 1175: 905: 290: 217: 162: 3672:

Romeis J, Hellmich RL, Candolfi MP, Carstens K, De Schrijver A, Gatehouse AM, et al. (February 2011).

6248: 6172: 4882: 3315: 2131:"Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States" 1824: 499: 2024: 1685:"Monsanto Co.; Determination of Nonregulated Status of Corn Genetically Engineered for Drought Tolerance" 1047: 586:

GM sweet corn varieties include "Attribute", the brand name for insect-resistant sweet corn developed by

6053: 5263: 3366: 1641: 1538: 1284: 941: 387: 4945:"Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn" 2874:

Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".

2599:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" 4606: 2683: 1862:"Use of IPM in the control of multiple diseases in maize: strategies for selection of host resistance" 6310: 5802: 5577: 5343: 5204: 4323: 4215: 4160: 4109: 3998: 3852: 3781: 2522: 1946: 1771: 1722: 952: 935: 758: 537:. In the alkaline environment, the protein partially unfolds and is cut by other proteins, forming a 305: 5104: 5032: 4607:"EFSA Minutes of the 55th Plenary Meeting of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Mofified Organisms" 1829: 603: 6292: 5792: 5724: 5662: 5526: 5156: 5010: 2761: 1457: 869: 845:. Several groups later studied the phenomenon in both the field and the laboratory, resulting in a 714: 571: 512: 487: 455: 432: 412: 375: 45: 4970: 3825: 3721:

Romeis J, Bartsch D, Bigler F, Candolfi MP, Gielkens MM, Hartley SE, et al. (February 2008).

1129:. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) 872:

for maize, gene flow could affect a large fraction of the world's maize strains. A 2001 report in

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colonization by creating "wounds," or holes, in corn kernels. These wounds are favored by fungal

4453: 3942:"Monarch butterflies: A threat to individual caterpillars, but not to the population as a whole" 2567: 1661: 300: 4862:

King D, Gordon A, et al. (Genetically Engineered Food Alert Coalition) (3 November 2001).

4836: 3179: 2314: 1684: 1201: 997: 977:

The US corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the Starlink Bt proteins since 2001.

6843: 6355: 6142: 5907: 5797: 5787: 4690: 4652: 4588: 4529: 4351: 4292: 4243: 4176: 4125: 4014: 3923: 3888: 3799: 3742: 3703: 3654: 3570: 3448: 3398: 3388: 3294: 3103: 3041: 2891: 2812: 2802: 2727:"REPORT 2 OF THE COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" 2648: 2538: 2483: 2414: 2371: 2280: 2191: 2152: 2103: 1974: 1842: 1797: 1740: 1469: 1380: 1103: 1061: 960: 940:

StarLink contains Cry9C, which had not previously been used in a GM crop. Starlink's creator,

842: 620: 508: 507:. The protein is poisonous to certain insect pests. Spores of the bacillus are widely used in 416: 310: 190: 6482: 3590:"Effect of Bt Corn for Corn Rootworm Control on Nontarget Soil Microarthropods and Nematodes" 2762:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion" 1911: 657:

In 2007, South African researchers announced the production of transgenic maize resistant to

6722: 6656: 6223: 6157: 5680: 4682: 4644: 4578: 4560: 4519: 4511: 4465: 4385: 4341: 4331: 4282: 4274: 4233: 4223: 4204:"Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004)" 4168: 4117: 4006: 3915: 3878: 3860: 3789: 3734: 3693: 3685: 3646: 3601: 3560: 3552: 3438: 3430: 3380: 3284: 3095: 3031: 3023: 2883: 2829:

Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:

2794: 2640: 2530: 2475: 2439: 2406: 2361: 2353: 2272: 2183: 2142: 2095: 1964: 1954: 1883: 1873: 1834: 1787: 1779: 1730: 1461: 1372: 1216: 1095: 899:

The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois

882: 379: 353: 2513:

Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health".

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Freedman A (2013). "Rice security in Southeast Asia: beggar thy neighbor or cooperation?".

1399: 6894: 6803: 6492: 6152: 5729: 5613: 5572: 5531: 5441: 4926: 3512: 3232: 2832:

implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.

2059: 2044: 1683:

Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (27 December 2011).

1304: 846: 575: 519: 504: 424: 195: 54: 3376:

Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects

2720: 1149: 4944: 4327: 4219: 4164: 4113: 4002: 3856: 3785: 2526: 2501:

data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

1950: 1775: 1726: 6914: 6752: 6747: 6686: 6462: 6427: 6407: 5755: 5750: 5685: 5587: 5424: 5388: 4852:

bottom of middle column - 63170 right column; see especially p63169 top of right column

4524: 4499: 4287: 4262: 4238: 4203: 3698: 3673: 3565: 3540: 3443: 3418: 3342:"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" 3036: 3011: 2366: 2341: 1969: 1934: 1792: 1759: 1501: 439: 295: 224: 4346: 4312:"Contamination of refuges by Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes from transgenic maize" 4311: 3919: 3650: 3622: 6988: 6924: 6919: 6651: 6634: 6472: 6365: 6280: 6162: 6147: 6098: 5954: 5930: 5807: 5745: 5562: 5451: 5338: 5122:(Part of the minutes of the plenary meeting held on 3–4 December 2008, see on page 9) 5117: 4477: 4430: 4278: 4188: 3883: 3840: 3374: 1838: 1481: 1001: 945: 811: 726: 706: 693: 530: 269: 202: 4702: 4397: 4026: 3967: 3129: 2568:"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" 2495: 2451: 2203: 2115: 2086:

Tabashnik BE (October 2010). "Plant science. Communal benefits of transgenic corn".

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Ortiz-García S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acevedo F, Soberón J, Snow AA (August 2005).

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Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-term Success Through Resistance Management

1280:

Bt Corn & European Corn Borer: Long-term Success Through Resistance Management

915:

and others of the same study concluded that the results were due to chance alone.

672:

gene to maize to enable it to be grown with an essential amino acid (methionine).

5113:- research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM supply chains 4742: 4515: 4371:"Pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico" 3723:"Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods" 2410: 2276: 1465: 1320:"The impact of corn rootworm protected biotechnology traits in the United States" 1220: 462:, destroys corn crops by burrowing into the stem, causing the plant to fall over. 6969: 6904: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6808: 6798: 6762: 6696: 6681: 6629: 6619: 6543: 6417: 6412: 6350: 6335: 6274: 6269: 6126: 6121: 6048: 5582: 5245: 2357: 851: 641: 428: 420: 17: 4549:"The precautionary principle: making managerial decisions on GMOs is difficult" 4316:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4208:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3845:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3606: 3589: 3251:"European Food Safety Official Resigns Amidst Conflict of Interest Controversy" 1939:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1935:"Engineering sulfur storage in maize seed proteins without apparent yield loss" 1783: 837:

A 1999 study found that in a lab environment, pollen from Bt maize dusted onto

6813: 6691: 6646: 6477: 6360: 6298: 6063: 6021: 6016: 6011: 5991: 5623: 5286: 4648: 4469: 3841:"Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: a risk assessment" 3689: 2788: 2187: 1259: 827: 819: 786: 523: 404: 4592: 4574: 3434: 3099: 2555:

more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.

2443: 1878: 1473: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6873: 6828: 6757: 6727: 6624: 6573: 6442: 6437: 6218: 6190: 6075: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5935: 5902: 5777: 5436: 5429: 5368: 5363: 5322: 5304: 4547:

W. Jansen van Rijssen, Fredrika; N. Eloff, Jacobus; Jane Morris, E. (2015).

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Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory

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European Commission, Health and Consumers, EU register of authorised GMOs

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Annex 1, Vendemois et al. 2009, European Food Safety Authority report,

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See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.

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has promoted Bt corn, hoping for insect resistance and higher yields.

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Resources for the Future, Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology

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causes about a billion dollars in damage to corn crops each year.

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Department of Soil and Crop Sciences at Colorado State University

4745:(Press release). European Food Safety Authority. 14 January 2013. 4500:"The GMO case in France: politics, lawlessness and postmodernism" 826:

proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (

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Insect resistance management and refuge requirements for Bt corn

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A 2004 study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn.

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has developed and markets corn hybrids with tolerance to

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Fifty-one people reported adverse effects to the FDA;

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In recent years, traits have been added to ward off

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APHIS–2011–0023. 1343:"Western corn rootworm" 1088:Pest Management Science 906:precautionary principle 653:Products in development 610:Drought-resistant maize 490:to express one or more 291:GMO conspiracy theories 163:Substantial equivalence 6249:List of popcorn brands 3866:10.1073/pnas.211329998 3621:Hall H (30 May 2006). 3010:Marris C (July 2001). 1658:OECD BioTrack Database 1522:Bacillus Thuringiensis 1377:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0630 1044:"Roundup Ready System" 908:with respect to GMOs. 766:the human population. 692:pests, and refuge for 500:Bacillus thuringiensis 463: 376:genetically engineered 360: 358:Bacillus thuringiensis 143:History and regulation 6054:Quality Protein Maize 5264:Roundup ready soybean 4887:The Los Angeles Times 4498:Kuntz M (July 2014). 3367:Institute of Medicine 2340:Ronald P (May 2011). 2027:on 28 September 2013. 1287:on 28 September 2013. 955:, which started when 942:Plant Genetic Systems 930:Starlink corn recalls 922:In January 2013, the 549:Philippine Government 453: 446:Insect-resistant corn 352: 6027:Genetically modified 5803:Reverse transfection 5578:Genetic transduction 5111:on 28 February 2007. 4788:Taylor MR, Tick JS. 4770:on 7 September 2006. 3727:Nature Biotechnology 3354:on 7 September 2012. 3212:on 29 September 2016 2876:Nature Biotechnology 1458:Taylor & Francis 1064:. Bayer Crop Science 953:Starlink corn recall 936:Starlink corn recall 759:scientific consensus 306:StarLink corn recall 6293:Sweet Corn Festival 5793:Genetics in fiction 5725:Genetic enhancement 5527:Hepatitis B vaccine 5157:Genetic engineering 5120:. 26 February 2018. 5035:on 5 September 2008 5013:on 15 January 2013. 4870:on 9 December 2000. 4504:GM Crops & Food 4328:2004PNAS..101.7526C 4220:2005PNAS..10212338O 4165:2002Natur.416..601K 4114:2001Natur.414..541Q 4003:2007Sci...316.1475M 3857:2001PNAS...9811937S 3786:1999Natur.399..214L 3678:Transgenic Research 2888:10.1038/nbt0703-739 2739:on 7 September 2012 2527:2016JSFA...96.1851Y 2176:Transgenic Research 2135:GM Crops & Food 1951:2017PNAS..11411386P 1945:(43): 11386–11391. 1776:2018NatSR...8.3113P 1727:2013Natur.501S...7E 984:Corporate espionage 870:center of diversity 818:selectively target 715:European corn borer 572:European corn borer 513:European corn borer 488:genetically altered 456:European corn borer 433:genetic engineering 46:Genetic engineering 6488:Mămăligă în pături 6196:Maize streak virus 5903:Stem cell research 5522:Ice-minus bacteria 4433:on 5 November 2013 4407:on 7 November 2017 4051:on 5 October 2013. 3908:Trends in Genetics 3472:The New York Times 2148:10.4161/gmcr.20715 1764:Scientific Reports 1623:. Monsanto. 2013. 1449:The Pacific Review 1398:Peairs FB (2013). 1260:"Bt Crop Spraying" 1180:Reuters Edition US 659:maize streak virus 592:Performance Series 464: 460:Ostrinia nubilalis 361: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6143:Corn construction 5944: 5943: 5908:Synthetic biology 5798:Human enhancement 5788:Genetic pollution 5764: 5763: 5632: 5631: 5540: 5539: 5503: 5502: 5397: 5396: 4723:on 3 January 2012 4384:(9–10): 1146–61. 4267:Molecular Ecology 4173:10.1038/nature739 3557:10.1111/pbi.13261 3394:978-0-309-09209-8 2987:on 9 January 2019 2808:978-0-309-43738-7 2654:978-92-79-16344-9 2535:10.1002/jsfa.7523 1999:. 9 October 2017. 843:monarch butterfly 806:(flies), certain 621:Bacillus subtilis 509:organic gardening 417:Bayer CropScience 394:Marketed products 347: 346: 311:He Jiankui affair 191:Molecular cloning 16:(Redirected from 7007: 6723:Battered sausage 6657:Pastel de choclo 6593:Breads and cakes 6376:Public relations 6316: 6284:(1994 sculpture) 6224:Cornstalk fiddle 5971: 5964: 5957: 5948: 5681:Dow AgroSciences 5641: 5551: 5408: 5183: 5174: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5127: 5121: 5112: 5107:. Archived from 5100: 5099:on 21 July 2011. 5095:. Archived from 5088: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4844:Federal Register 4841: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4568: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4400:. Archived from 4375: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4339: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4231: 4214:(35): 12338–43. 4199: 4193: 4192: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4122:10.1038/35107068 4097: 4091: 4090: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 3997:(5830): 1475–7. 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3970:on 18 March 2005 3966:. Archived from 3956: 3950: 3949: 3948:on 21 July 2011. 3938: 3932: 3931: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3868: 3851:(21): 11937–42. 3836: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3797: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3273:"Fields of gold" 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3039: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2723:on 10 June 2001. 2719:. Archived from 2706: 2693: 2691: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2638: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2593: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2507: 2459: 2426: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2369: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2094:(6001): 189–90. 2083: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2064: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1997:news.rutgers.edu 1989: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1962: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1910:. Archived from 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1881: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1832: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1692:Federal Register 1689: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1660:. Archived from 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1586: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1404: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1288: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1121:James C (2011). 1118: 1112: 1111: 1083: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1050:on 2 April 2013. 1040: 883:transgenic maize 505:Delta endotoxins 482:is a variant of 481: 480: 475: 474: 354:Transgenic maize 339: 332: 325: 57: 32: 21: 18:Transgenic maize 7015: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7004: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6974: 6895:Bourbon whiskey 6878: 6804:Corn on the cob 6772: 6711: 6588: 6532: 6395: 6389: 6305: 6258: 6200: 6167: 6153:Nixtamalization 6131: 6105: 5980: 5975: 5945: 5940: 5912: 5881: 5835: 5817: 5770: 5760: 5734: 5730:Genetic testing 5712: 5702: 5628: 5614:Recombinant DNA 5602: 5573:Electroporation 5536: 5532:Oncolytic virus 5511: 5499: 5456: 5442:Herman the Bull 5393: 5327: 5309: 5291: 5273: 5250: 5232: 5214: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5116: 5103: 5091: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4927:"LLP Incidents" 4924: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4775: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4643:(11): 2073–85. 4633: 4632: 4628: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4108:(6863): 541–3. 4099: 4098: 4094: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4039: 4038: 4034: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3739:10.1038/nbt1381 3720: 3719: 3715: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3395: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3322:. 17 March 2014 3314: 3313: 3306: 3290:10.1038/497005b 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3159:on 21 June 2018 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2990: 2988: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2914: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2636: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2552: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2465: 2429: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2299: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2062: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2039: 2029: 2016: 2015: 2004: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1914:on 30 June 2022 1902: 1901: 1897: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1830:10.1.1.584.7352 1814: 1813: 1809: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1589:syngenta-us.com 1584: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1299: 1289: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1238:"History of Bt" 1236: 1235: 1228: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1010: 986: 938: 932: 897: 860: 847:risk assessment 841:could harm the 795: 755: 749: 741: 735: 723: 713:pests, such as 678: 655: 630: 612: 600: 584: 478: 477: 472: 471: 469: 448: 425:Pioneer Hi-Bred 401: 396: 343: 301:Séralini affair 196:Recombinant DNA 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7013: 7011: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6915:Chicha de jora 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:Maíz con hielo 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6753:Corn schnitzel 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6687:Sopa paraguaya 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6463:Ginataang mais 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6428:Corn crab soup 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6408:Binte biluhuta 6405: 6399: 6397: 6394:Soups, stews, 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5978:Maize and corn 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5886:Similar fields 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5756:Gene targeting 5753: 5751:Gene knockdown 5748: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5686:DuPont Pioneer 5683: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5647: 5645: 5644:In agriculture 5638: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Microinjection 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5425:Knockout mouse 5416: 5414: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5114: 5101: 5089: 5079: 5078:External links 5076: 5073: 5072: 5060:Bloomberg News 5046: 5016: 4998: 4962: 4936: 4917: 4899: 4873: 4854: 4828: 4802: 4773: 4748: 4734: 4708: 4665: 4626: 4598: 4539: 4490: 4464:(3): 247–254. 4444: 4418: 4361: 4322:(20): 7526–9. 4302: 4253: 4194: 4143: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4032: 3981: 3951: 3933: 3898: 3831: 3817: 3760: 3713: 3664: 3645:(9): 1025–36. 3628: 3613: 3600:(4): 859–865. 3580: 3551:(4): 887–888. 3531: 3522: 3517:New York Times 3503: 3477: 3458: 3409: 3393: 3385:10.17226/10977 3365:United States 3357: 3333: 3304: 3264: 3242: 3237:New York Times 3223: 3196: 3170: 3143: 3121: 3078: 3067:on 25 May 2017 3051: 3002: 2971: 2912: 2866: 2836: 2807: 2799:10.17226/23395 2779: 2753: 2675: 2653: 2622: 2559: 2474:(2): 213–217. 2438:(6): 883–914. 2385: 2332: 2306: 2255: 2245: 2235: 2223:Bloomberg News 2209: 2162: 2121: 2075: 2050: 2002: 1984: 1925: 1895: 1852: 1807: 1750: 1736:10.1038/501S7a 1721:(7468): S7–9. 1701: 1675: 1664:on 1 July 2017 1645: 1633: 1609: 1573: 1547: 1529: 1511: 1492: 1438: 1415: 1390: 1355: 1333: 1310: 1269: 1251: 1226: 1192: 1166: 1140: 1113: 1100:10.1002/ps.993 1075: 1053: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1009: 1006: 985: 982: 934:Main article: 931: 928: 896: 893: 859: 856: 794: 791: 751:Main article: 748: 745: 737:Main article: 734: 731: 722: 719: 677: 674: 654: 651: 629: 626: 611: 608: 604:palomilla moth 599: 596: 583: 580: 520:corn ear worms 486:that has been 468: 465: 447: 444: 440:European Union 400: 397: 395: 392: 345: 344: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 296:Pusztai affair 293: 288: 280: 279: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 261: 260: 247: 246: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 225:Genome editing 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 208:Transformation 200: 199: 198: 188: 180: 179: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 165: 154: 153: 145: 144: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 85: 84: 79: 71: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7012: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6925:Colada morada 6923: 6921: 6920:Chicha morada 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6652:Makki di roti 6650: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6635:Corn tortilla 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:Hasty pudding 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6371:High-fructose 6369: 6367: 6366:Glucose syrup 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281:Field of Corn 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:United States 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6163:Popcorn maker 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6148:Maize milling 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Biotechnology 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872:South America 5870: 5867: 5863: 5862:North America 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808:Transhumanism 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Gene knockout 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656:Controversies 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5555:Inserting DNA 5552: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461:Other animals 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4918: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681:(4): 528–33. 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273:(4): 750–61. 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914:(5): 249–51. 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3795:10.1038/20338 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780:(6733): 214. 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094:(3): 315–24. 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2882:(7): 739–41. 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2645:10.2777/97784 2642: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521:(6): 1851–5. 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2462:And contrast: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405:(4): 734–42. 2404: 2400: 2394: 2393:But see also: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2182:(2): 269–99. 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2141:(3): 184–93. 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1872:(3): 189–98. 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1823:(6): 759–67. 1822: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1524:Biotechnology 1521: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1416: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371:(3): 447–64. 1370: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1330:(2): 217–230. 1329: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1141: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094:(3): 246–57. 1093: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1002:trade secrets 999: 995: 991: 983: 981: 978: 975: 971: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 937: 929: 927: 925: 920: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 894: 892: 889: 886: 884: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 857: 855: 853: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:lepidopterans 809: 805: 801: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760: 754: 746: 744: 740: 732: 730: 728: 720: 718: 716: 712: 708: 707:corn rootworm 702: 698: 695: 694:corn rootworm 691: 687: 683: 675: 673: 671: 666: 664: 660: 652: 650: 647: 643: 639: 635: 628:Health Safety 627: 625: 623: 622: 617: 609: 607: 605: 597: 595: 593: 589: 581: 579: 577: 573: 567: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 545: 542: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 467:Bt maize/corn 466: 461: 457: 452: 445: 443: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 398: 393: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 359: 355: 351: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 318: 317: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 278:Controversies 276: 271: 270:Designer baby 268: 266: 263: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 204: 203:Gene delivery 201: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 176: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 65: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 47: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6940:Corn whiskey 6738:Corn fritter 6716:Fried dishes 6518:Suam na mais 6453:Creamed corn 6433:Corn pudding 6423:Corn chowder 6396:and porridge 6383:High-maltose 6356:Steep liquor 6311:Maize dishes 6297: 6279: 6186:Corn allergy 6026: 5720:Gene therapy 5619:Transgenesis 5598:Transfection 5563:Agrobacteria 5447:Knockout rat 5269:Vistive Gold 5186: 5165:Genetically 5109:the original 5097:the original 5063:. Retrieved 5059: 5049: 5037:. Retrieved 5033:the original 5028: 5019: 5011:the original 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4977: 4965: 4953:. Retrieved 4948: 4939: 4930: 4920: 4902: 4890:. Retrieved 4886: 4876: 4868:the original 4857: 4847: 4843: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4796: 4768:the original 4763: 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4721:the original 4711: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614:. Retrieved 4601: 4559:(3/4): 1–9. 4556: 4552: 4542: 4510:(3): 163–9. 4507: 4503: 4493: 4481:. Retrieved 4461: 4457: 4447: 4435:. Retrieved 4431:the original 4421: 4409:. Retrieved 4402:the original 4381: 4377: 4364: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4076: 4067: 4057: 4049:the original 4044: 4035: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3968:the original 3963: 3954: 3946:the original 3936: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3820: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3733:(2): 203–8. 3730: 3726: 3716: 3681: 3677: 3667: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3616: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3490: 3480: 3471: 3461: 3429:(6): 290–8. 3426: 3422: 3412: 3375: 3360: 3349:the original 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3319: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3255:. Retrieved 3245: 3236: 3226: 3214:. Retrieved 3210:the original 3199: 3187:. Retrieved 3183: 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3157:the original 3146: 3134:. Retrieved 3124: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3069:. Retrieved 3065:the original 3054: 3022:(7): 545–8. 3019: 3016:EMBO Reports 3015: 3005: 2996: 2989:. Retrieved 2985:the original 2974: 2953: 2946:. Retrieved 2915: 2907: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2856: 2849:. Retrieved 2839: 2828: 2827: 2820:. Retrieved 2789: 2782: 2773: 2766:. Retrieved 2756: 2748: 2741:. Retrieved 2734:the original 2721:the original 2714: 2697: 2695: 2688:. Retrieved 2678: 2666:. Retrieved 2632: 2625: 2613:. Retrieved 2589: 2582:. Retrieved 2562: 2548: 2546: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2499: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2352:(1): 11–20. 2349: 2345: 2335: 2326: 2319:. Retrieved 2309: 2296: 2271:(1): 77–88. 2268: 2264: 2258: 2248: 2238: 2222: 2212: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2091: 2087: 2053: 2025:the original 2019: 1996: 1987: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1916:. Retrieved 1912:the original 1907: 1898: 1869: 1865: 1855: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1666:. Retrieved 1662:the original 1657: 1648: 1636: 1612: 1600:. Retrieved 1588: 1576: 1564:. Retrieved 1561:Ars Technica 1560: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1505: 1495: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1393: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1349: 1341:Hodgson EW. 1336: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1285:the original 1279: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1242:. Retrieved 1215:(3): 261–9. 1212: 1209:Pedobiologia 1208: 1195: 1183:. Retrieved 1179: 1169: 1157:. Retrieved 1153: 1143: 1131:. Retrieved 1127:ISAAA Briefs 1126: 1116: 1091: 1087: 1066:. 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Springer. 1460:: 433–454. 1301:|work= 946:animal feed 757:There is a 747:Controversy 642:germination 533:, which is 429:imidazoline 421:glufosinate 6989:Categories 6814:Corn sauce 6692:Spoonbread 6647:Johnnycake 6206:Production 6181:BBCH-scale 6136:Processing 6080:By origin 5992:Amylomaize 5823:Regulation 5667:Companies 5624:Cisgenesis 5568:Biolistics 5374:Sugar beet 5287:Flavr Savr 5187:Maize/corn 5105:"Co-Extra" 4955:28 October 4727:7 February 4584:2263/45681 4483:23 October 4411:5 November 3496:28 October 3326:28 October 3257:28 October 2955:available. 2243:Publishers 2065:(Report). 1889:1807/47314 1654:"MON87460" 1324:AgBioForum 1244:8 February 1068:28 October 1030:References 828:epithelial 820:Coleoptera 783:fumonisins 779:mycotoxins 733:Regulation 727:army worms 721:Resistance 582:Sweet Corn 524:root worms 503:including 405:glyphosate 186:Techniques 158:Regulation 118:Maize/corn 6950:Pinolillo 6945:Mazamorra 6930:Corn beer 6883:Beverages 6874:Succotash 6849:Maja maíz 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