322:
425:) not working properly. The tools for adapting successfully to paradigmatic transformation have not been developed. An example of a paradigmatic transformation would be the shift from geocentric to heliocentric view of our world. Within both views there can be any number of crises, cyclical failures of old and searches for new theories and practices. But there was only one transformation, from geocentric to heliocentric, and there was nothing cyclical about it. It was resisted with all the might of the mighty: remember Galilei and Bruno. While crises are cyclical corrections and adjustments, transformations are evolutionary shifts or even revolutions (industrial, computer) towards new and different levels of existence.
615:
unabated. Due to massive automation, sector GDP can grow even under the conditions of declining employment. More than that: increasing the minimum wage, historically rather neutral with respect to employment, will now be readily replacing low-level jobs with ever cheaper and more abundant automation - along with millions of jobs being lost due to the still uninformed and aimless political process. Obscuring the difference between cyclical crisis and the ongoing transformation (metamorphosis) is not without consequences: when true diagnosis is not attempted, and people do not know what is happening with their economy and why, all forms of contagious social unrest follow worldwide.
555:
680:
647:
shrinking (In 2007, 66% were working or seeking job, in 2013 only 63.2%), as can be seen in Fig. 4. In other words, people leaving the workforce are not counted among the unemployed. For example, in summer 2013, on average only 148,000 new jobs per month were created, yet unemployment rate dropped steeply to 7.3%, at the cost of 312,000 people dropping out of the work force. The number of unemployed (i.e. actively seeking jobs) is different from the number of people without work – another sign of fundamental transformation and not just a “crisis”.
394:
373:
a paradigmatic change in the way of doing business: moving towards new standards and quality, in a unique and non-recursive way. Most developed and mature economies of the world (USA, Japan, Western Europe) are undergoing long-term transformation towards a “new normal” of doing business, state governance and ways of life. Cyclical crisis is a parallel, accompanying phenomenon, subject to different causes, special rules and separate dynamics.
563:
624:
282:). Such change is driven by slower or faster continuous improvement in sector productivity growth rate. Productivity growth itself is fueled by advances in technology, inflow of useful innovations, accumulated practical knowledge and experience, levels of education, viability of institutions, quality of decision making and organized human effort. Individual sector transformations are the outcomes of human
727:
loans and deposits, foreign investments, bonds and equities – all down in their cross-border segment. This means that the rate of globalization has reversed its momentum. Globalizers are still worried about 2014 being the year of irreversible decline. Improvement in the internal growth of U.S.A., EU, and Japan does not carry into external trade – these economies are starting to function as zero-sum.
688:
machines instead of bank tellers, self-service gas stations instead of full-service stations, self-driving instead of chauffeurs, do-it-yourself pregnancy kits rather than hospital testing services, self-handled optical scanners rather than cashiers, and cloud computing instead of central mainframes, mature economies are entering the era of self-service, disintermediation and mass customization.
88:
190:
47:
578:"You’d expect a better name to have emerged by now. It took remarkable ingenuity to unleash the forces that paralyzed markets, overturned governments, and ruined countless lives, not to mention causing an historic decline in global gross domestic product. For creativity to fail in the summing up is just one more insult. Of course, it’s hard to name what you can’t comprehend."
380:
the US economy from agricultural to industrial, or from industrial to services, were not crises, although there were cyclical crises along the way. Transformational “losses” cannot be recovered or regained by definition. Not understanding that is at the core of wasteful spending of rigidly hopeless governmental interventions. Barry
Bosworth of the
410:
economy of 2011. No such comparisons with the 1930s are useful: one can compare recessions but not transformations. Industrial economy of 1930s and the post-service economy of 2000s are two different “animals” in two different contexts. It is still not clear what kind of transformation is emerging and eventually replaces the service and
752:, are enhancing individual, community and regional autonomy through self-service, disintermediation and mass customization. Both requisite technologies and appropriate business models necessary for relocalization are already in place, forming a vital part of our daily business and life experience. New transformation is well on its way.
546:
expand. But the US economy is now the harbinger of the things to come, the role model for others to follow or reject, but hardly ignore. For the first time in history, this one economy has reached the end of the old model (or paradigm) and is groping to find the new ways of organizing its business, economy and society.
516:, and government. The first two are subject to market forces and will undergo accelerating productivity growth rates and declining employment levels in the near future. The third one, GWU, is sheltered from competition, cannot expand its share substantially because it depends on taxation from other sectors; its
457:
they receive payments.) Creating employment in GWU sector is achievable at the expense of productive sectors, i.e. only at the risk of major debt accumulation, in a non-lasting way and with low added value. Sustaining employment growth in such a sector is severely limited by the growing debt financing.
646:
The notion of transformation explains this artificial mystery. First, unemployment shot up faster because there are no major sectors absorbing and replacing the loss of jobs. Second, unemployment also falls faster because, due to the long duration of the crisis, the workforce participation rate keeps
602:
All four sectors are subject to accelerated productivity growth rates in the near future. The only expanding space of the workforce is the grey region “?” in Fig. 3b, essentially reflecting the decline in workforce participation rate. This grey area is also the space of the new transformation: that's
452:
has more than tripled over the past 60 years. Because of the productivity growth rates, these goods were produced by ever decreasing number of people. While in 1980-2012 total economic output per hour worked increased 85 percent, in manufacturing output per hour skyrocketed by 189 percent. The number
409:
of the 1930s was not just a crisis, but a long-term transformation from the pre-war industrial economy to the post-war service economy in the U.S. However, in the early 1980s, the service sector had started slowing down its employment absorption and growth potential, ultimately leading to the jobless
372:
The triggers that induce the catharsis of a crisis often coincide with and are undistinguishable from the triggers launching qualitative transformations of the economy, business and society at large. While crises are cyclical recessions or slowdowns within the same paradigm, transformation represents
675:
As a consequence, the goods of high productivity growth sectors (food, manufactured goods) are getting cheaper and the products of low productivity growth sectors (health care, education, insurance) are getting more expensive. In many developing nations this may still be the other way around (due to
428:
The most important indicator is the arena of employment, especially in the US, providing clues to transformational qualities of the current global crisis phenomena. Persistent rates of unemployment, combined with falling workforce participation rate indicate that also this crisis is intertwined with
312:
Transformation is quite different from accompanying cyclical recessions and crises, despite the similarity of manifested phenomena (unemployment, technology shifts, socio-political discontent, bankruptcies, etc.). However, the tools and interventions used to combat crisis are clearly ineffective for
440:
evolve (in terms of employment levels), albeit through fluctuations, in one general direction (along so called S-curve): they emerge, expand, plateau, contract and exit—just like any self-organizing system or living organism. We are naturally interested in the percentage of total workforce employed
379:
cautions that confounding crisis and transformation as one phenomenon brings forth the confusion, inconsistency and guessing. While many changes in the market system are cyclical, there are also evolutionary changes which are unidirectional and qualitatively transformational. The transformations of
710:
is taking place, supply chains are turning into demand chains, large economies are focusing on their internal markets, outsourcing is followed by “backsourcing”, returning activities back to the countries and locations of their origin. The original slogan of “Think globally, act locally,” is being
667:
are increasing and becoming most effective on local and regional levels. Because there is no new productive sector to emerge, the economy seeks to reinstate its new balance through these new modes of doing business. Producers and providers are outsourcing their production and services to customers
456:
A public sector of employment has been emerging: government, welfare and unemployment, based on tax-financed consumption rather than added value production, sheltered from market forces, producing public services. (Observe that the unemployed are temporary “employees” of the government, as long as
384:
confirms: “The assumption has always been that the U.S. economy will gain back what was lost in a recession. Academics are coming to the realization that this time is different and that those losses appear permanent and cannot be regained.” In transformations there are no “losses”, only changes
308:
This evolution naturally proceeds from securing necessary food, through producing useful things, to providing helpful services, both private and public. Accelerating productivity growth rates speed up the transformations, from millennia, through centuries, to decades of the recent era. It is this
726:
is turning much more significant during these years. The growth of worldwide GDP is now exceeding the overall growth of trade for the first time; foreign investment (Cross Border
Capital Flows) is only 60% of their pre-crisis levels and has plunged to some 40 percent. World capital flows include
718:
refers to a restructuring of the initially distributed and localized world economy into spatially reorganized processes of production and consumption across national economies and political states on a global scale, in deglobalization, people move towards relocalization: the global experience and
687:
Rational economics agents tend towards substituting relatively cheaper and capital intensive manufactured goods for relatively more expensive and labor-intensive services. Consumers will use goods instead of services wherever economical and possible. By observing the emergence of automated teller
671:
Due to its productivity growth rates, each sector must emerge, grow, persist, stagnate, decline and dissipate in terms of its employment generating capacity. The high-productivity growth sectors are emerging and dissipating first, the low-productivity growth sectors (like services) are completing
344:. The man-made physical assets of infrastructures, technologies, buildings and means of transportation. This is the manufactured “hardware” of nations. This national hardware must be continually maintained, renewed and modernized to assure its continued productivity, efficiency and effectiveness.
270:
Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the "normal" state, trend or development. Among them are
Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime
606:
This new “transformation” is different from all preceding sector transformations: it does not usher in a new sector but completes the secular cycle of localization→globalization→re-localization. A new economic paradigm is emerging, with a new structure, behavior, institutions and values. A more
650:
The correlation between growth and employment is very tenuous during ongoing transformation. Based on productivity growth rates, GDP could accelerate and yet jobs drop precipitously, due to automation, robotization, digitization and self-service of the transformation era. Also, correlations in
614:
Even when the recession ends, the metamorphosis of economic form shall continue, accelerate and expand. Less and less we shall be able to tell the difference. Pressures for increased productivity growth rates, declining employment and workforce participation, as well as budget cuts shall grow
545:
US economy has exploited (from employment share viewpoint) all three productive sectors. There is no new sector lurking in the offing: qualitative transformation is taking place. Less developed economies still have time left, some still have to industrialize and some still have the services to
444:
Sector's percentage share of employment evolves in dependency on sector's productivity growth rate. Agriculture has emerged and virtually disappeared as a source of net employment. Today, only ½ percent or so of total workforce is employed in US agriculture – the most productive sector of the
691:
Modern production is primarily based on the processing of information, not on the hauling of goods, humans and machinery over large distances. One can more effectively “haul the information,” to produce goods and provide services locally. Information and knowledge travel effortlessly through
401:
When comparing major US recessions since 1980, as in Fig. 2, it is clear that they have been getting deeper and longer in terms of the recovery of initial employment level. Only the first is classical V shape, there are several W, U and finally L shapes. There clearly is an underlying causal
747:
With this transformation, an entirely new vocabulary is emerging in economics: in addition to deglobalization and relocalization, we also encounter glocalization (adjustment of products to local culture) and local community restoration (regional self-government and direct democracy). With
360:. The enabling infrastructure of institutions, civic communities, cultural and national cohesion, collective and family values, trust, traditions, respect and the sense of belonging. This is the voluntary, spontaneous “social order” which cannot be engineered, but its self-production (
643:”. After holding for the past 40 years, it faltered during current “recovery”. Unemployment shot up faster than predicted, but then it fell more quickly than indicated by slow U.S. growth in 2009–2013. Output grew 2% but unemployment is 7.6% instead of 8.8% expected by this “law”.
429:
underlying transformation and so it displays atypical dynamics and unusual persistence, presenting new challenges to conventional economic thought, business practices and government interventional “toolbox”. Sector evolution and dynamics is the key to explaining these phenomena.
304:
Beyond industry there is no clear pattern now. Some may argue that service sectors (particularly finance) have eclipsed industry, but the evidence is inconclusive and industrial productivity growth remains the main driver of overall economic growth in most national economies.
329:
Fig. 1 refers to the four transformations through the parallel (and overlapping) evolution of four forms of capital: Natural→Built→Human→Social. These evolved forms of capital present a minimal complex of sustainability and self-sustainability of pre-human and human systems.
598:
As Fig. 3a documents, the US economy has exhausted (from employment viewpoint) all three productive sectors and has reached for the 17% in GWU. In Fig. 3b we separate the last workforce bar from Fig. 3a, in order to see the impact of productivity growth today.
496:
The US economy has become one of the most mature (with Japan and
Western Europe) in terms of its sector evolution. It has entered the stage – perhaps as the first economy ever – of declining employment share in both the service and government sectors.
309:
acceleration which makes transformation relevant economic category of today, more fundamental in its impact than any recession, crisis or depression. The evolution of four forms of capital (Indicated in Fig. 1) accompanies all economic transformations.
668:
and to technology. Outsourcing to customers is a natural and necessary self-organizing process, including disintermediation, customer integration and mass customization, all driven by the global productivity at the cusp of transformation.
639:), is an empirically observed relationship relating unemployment to losses in a country's production. This correlation "law" states that a 2% decline in output (GDP) will be accompanied by a 1% rise in unemployment. It has been dubbed as “
338:. The nature-produced, renewed and reproduced “resources” of land, water, air, raw materials, biomass and organisms. Natural capital is subject to both renewable and non-renewable depletion, degradation, cultivation, recycling and reuse.
352:. The continued investment in people's skills, knowledge, education, health & nutrition, abilities, motivation and effort. This is the “software” and “brainware” of a nation; most important form of capital for developing nations.
1101:
503:
growth rates are now accelerating in the US services and its employment creation and absorption potential are declining rapidly. Accelerating productivity growth rates are dictated by global competition and human striving for better
453:
of employees in manufacturing was about a third of total workforce in 1953, about a fifth in 1980, and about a tenth (12 million) in 2012. This decline is now accelerating because of the high-tech automation and robotization.
531:/monetarist stimuli can effectively address. Even desirable piercing of speculative, employment and debt bubbles has ceased to be politically correct. Even 100% taxation of all incomes would not alleviate US debt.
672:
their life cycles only now. Different productivity growth rates in different sectors are accompanied by virtually uniform growth rates in wages and salaries across all sectors, as required by free market forces.
271:
change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and
Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).
748:
relocalization, an entire new cycle of societal corso-ricorso is brought forth. Local services, local production and local agriculture, based on distributed energy generation, additive manufacturing and
402:
phenomenon which is getting stronger and more persistent over time. Such underlying causation is of interest, as it may signal the prelude and gathering of forces of another emerging transformation.
595:
In Fig. 3a, observe that the US economy has matured in terms of its sector evolution. It has entered the stage – as the first economy ever – of declining employment in the service and GWU sectors.
853:
611:
is the outcome of a series of transformations, not dissimilar to a caterpillar-to-butterfly change of form, through the construction→destruction→reconstruction autopoietic self-production cycle.
527:
Slowly, the US economy has shifted towards sectors with lower added value, leading to lower real incomes and increasing indebtness. This is a systemic condition which no amount of regulation and
321:
640:
719:
knowledge becoming embodied in local communities. So, the corso-ricorso of socio-economic transformation is properly captured by a triad
Localization → Globalization → Relocalization.
445:
economy. Manufacturing had emerged, peaked and contracted. Services have emerged and started contracting – all due to incessant, unavoidable and desirable productivity growth rates.
1076:
534:
So, the US is at the transforming cusp and hundreds of years of sector evolution comes to a halt. There are only four essential activities humans can do economically: 1.
740:) for all citizens. In Switzerland this guarantee would be $ 33,000 per year, regardless of working or not. Under the name Generation Basic Income it is now subject to
105:
60:
676:
the prevailing stage of sector evolution): food and manufactured goods more expensive, while services still relatively cheap, as captured in the Figure 5:
861:
562:
313:
coping with non-cyclical transformations. The problem is whether we face a mere crisis or a fundamental transformation (globalization→relocalization).
706:
Because there is no new productive sector to emerge, the market system seeks to reinstate its new balance through new modes of doing business.
679:
659:
The new transformational paradigm could be defined by the ongoing self-organization of the market economy itself: its rates of self-service,
406:
554:
152:
267:
refers to a long-term change in dominant economic activity in terms of prevailing relative engagement or employment of able individuals.
124:
441:
in a given sector. The dynamics of this percentage provides clues to where and when are the new jobs generated and old ones abandoned.
449:
1084:
1200:
952:
925:
892:
251:
233:
171:
74:
131:
66:
603:
where those who left unemployment registers are starting new ventures and enterprises, and participating in regional economies.
1225:
1112:
417:
The unrecognized confluence of crisis and transformation, and the inability to separate them, lies at the core of old tools (
200:
138:
109:
289:
Human economic activity has so far undergone at least two fundamental transformations, as the leading sector has changed:
781:
120:
1205:
1028:
508:– they cannot be stopped at will. In the US there are only three subsectors where net jobs are still being created:
711:
re-interpreted as exploiting global information and knowledge in local action, under local conditions and contexts.
801:
1013:
1220:
766:
732:
393:
215:
538:, 2. Manufacture goods, 3. Provide services (private and public), and 4. Do nothing. This is why the idea of “
761:
211:
98:
35:
741:
571:
275:
325:
Fig. 1. Nested hypercycles of the transformations through the parallel evolution of four forms of capital
145:
513:
381:
298:
31:
517:
293:
1215:
1210:
701:
509:
505:
418:
969:
786:
664:
636:
478:
1159:, Thomson, London, 1997, pp. 333–339. Also: "Bata-System of Management," pp. 359–362.
917:
884:
948:
921:
888:
771:
660:
623:
474:
466:
909:
876:
834:
749:
692:
electronic superhighways, through telecommunications and social networks over the internet.
651:
economics are always dangerous because they do not prove or establish causal relationships.
437:
279:
1131:, Vol. 3, edited by G. E. Lasker, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y., 1981, pp. 1405–1411.
17:
1230:
822:
796:
791:
776:
723:
707:
535:
334:
730:
The income inequality and long-term unemployment lead to re-localized experiments with
356:
283:
1194:
910:
877:
715:
632:
608:
521:
411:
348:
737:
584:
539:
500:
490:
376:
1169:"Machine/Organism Dichotomy of Free-Market Economics: Crisis or Transformation?",
1162:"Industrial Districts of Italy: Local-Network Economies in a Global-Market Web",
942:
823:"Machine/organism dichotomy and free-market economics: Crisis or transformation?"
470:
361:
87:
482:
422:
1134:"Self-Service Aspects of Health Maintenance: Assessment of Current Trends",
528:
1124:, vol. 10, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, D.C., 1982, pp. 127–132.
1042:
838:
983:
912:
Human
Systems Management: Integrating Knowledge, Management & Systems
879:
Human
Systems Management: Integrating Knowledge, Management & Systems
566:
Fig. 3b. Decline in employment in all four sectors opens up a new space.
1183:"Crisis or Transformation: On the corso and ricorso of human systems",
744:. Unemployment then frees people to pursue their own creative talents.
542:”, independent of employment, is being considered e.g. in Switzerland.
486:
1141:"The Grand Reversal: On the Corso and Ricorso of Human Way of Life",
469:
evolution, in the sequence of four undergone transformations, namely
218:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1057:
683:
Fig. 5. Uniform wage growth vs. differential productivity rates
558:
Fig. 3a. Sector dynamics in the US and unsustainability of GWU.
183:
81:
40:
278:
and irreversible change in dominant human economic activity (
1120:"Socio-Economic Foundations of a Self-Service Society", in:
397:
Fig. 2. Comparison of major US recessions over past 30 years
984:"Minimum Wage, Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor"
294:
From nomadic hunting and gathering (H/G) to agriculture (A)
944:
The
Mystery of Metamorphosis: A Scientific Detective Story
592:
1102:"The Self-Service Society: A New Scenario of the Future"
1012:
Susan Lund; Toos Daruvala; Richard Dobbs (March 2013).
207:
465:
The Four Basic Sectors refers to the current stage of
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
655:Self-service, disintermediation and customization
1138:, 2(1981) 4, pp. 259–267. (With M. Kochen)
1029:"Rapid fall in capital flows poses growth risk"
607:precise label would be Economic Metamorphosis.
576:
27:Long-term change in dominant economic activity
1077:"The Swiss Join the Fight Against Inequality"
970:"Shale: the 'IT bubble' of the 21st century?"
364:) can be nurtured, supported and cultivated.
8:
1122:Progress in Cybernetics and Systems Research
1014:"Financial globalization: Retreat or reset?"
1157:IEBM Handbook on Human Resources Management
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1127:"Self-Service Trends in the Society", in:
1027:Ralph Atkins; Keith Fray (January 2014).
385:and transitions to a new economic order.
368:Parallelism of crises and transformations
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
1083:. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from
860:. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from
678:
622:
561:
553:
392:
320:
1176:"Genesis of the Worldwide Crisis", in:
813:
1148:"Structural Recession in the U.S.A.",
1001:: P24. 30 September – 6 October 2013.
854:"The GDP in 2017 Is Not Looking Good"
7:
299:From agriculture (A) to industry (I)
110:adding citations to reliable sources
1111:"Towards a Self-Service Society",
570:In search of the better name, the
450:U.S. absolute manufacturing output
25:
1108:, 7(1979) 3, pp. 3–7, 37–38.
1045:. Social Security Administration.
56:This article has multiple issues.
1058:"Two arguments for Basic Income"
389:Underlying pattern of recessions
188:
86:
45:
1129:Applied Systems and Cybernetics
1056:Marangos, John (January 2006).
833:(4/2010). IOS Press: P191–204.
821:Zeleny, Milan (November 2010).
97:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
1173:, 29(2010)4, pp. 191–204.
1075:Stephan Faris (January 2014).
852:Brendan Greeley (March 2014).
1:
1145:, 27(1989), pp. 131–151.
968:Phil Mullan (February 2013).
916:. World Scientific. pp.
883:. World Scientific. pp.
121:"Transformation in economics"
1187:, 31(2012)1, pp. 49–63.
1180:, JRP Ringier, Zurich, 2010.
1166:, 18(1999)2, pp. 65–68.
1016:. McKinsey Global Institute.
947:. Chelsea Green Publishing.
782:Fourth Industrial Revolution
627:Fig. 4. Labor participation
265:Transformation in economics
214:the claims made and adding
18:Transformation in Economics
1247:
1152:, 11(1992)1, pp. 1–4.
1117:, 1(1980) 1, pp. 1–3.
941:Ryan, Frank (April 2011).
802:Technological unemployment
699:
574:Editor argued as follows:
29:
1062:History of Economic Ideas
997:"Macroeconomic Mystery".
767:Transformation of culture
733:Guaranteed Minimum Income
317:Four key forms of capital
1201:Economic history studies
1185:Human Systems Management
1171:Human Systems Management
1164:Human Systems Management
1155:"Work and Leisure", in:
1150:Human Systems Management
1136:Human Systems Management
1114:Human Systems Management
827:Human Systems Management
1178:Atlas of Transformation
762:Economic transformation
36:economic transformation
1226:Economic globalization
1031:. The Financial Times.
908:Zeleny, Milan (2005).
875:Zeleny, Milan (2005).
684:
628:
590:
572:Bloomberg Businessweek
567:
559:
461:The Four Basic Sectors
398:
326:
30:For transformation in
839:10.3233/HSM-2010-0725
682:
641:Macroeconomic Mystery
626:
565:
557:
396:
382:Brookings Institution
324:
32:development economics
1087:on January 17, 2014.
587:, September 12, 2013
407:the Great Depression
274:Transformation is a
106:improve this article
702:Localism (politics)
618:
506:standards of living
405:Looking back, even
335:Natural capital (N)
1206:Economic sociology
972:. Spiked Magazine.
787:Digital Revolution
685:
665:mass customization
637:Arthur Melvin Okun
629:
568:
560:
550:New transformation
399:
357:Social capital (S)
327:
199:possibly contains
864:on March 8, 2014.
772:Structural change
736:(to be traced to
661:disintermediation
583:Editor's Letter,
518:employment growth
349:Human capital (H)
342:Built capital (B)
262:
261:
254:
244:
243:
236:
201:original research
182:
181:
174:
156:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1238:
1221:Labour economics
1089:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1003:
1002:
994:
988:
987:
980:
974:
973:
965:
959:
958:
938:
932:
931:
915:
905:
899:
898:
882:
872:
866:
865:
849:
843:
842:
818:
750:vertical farming
742:Swiss referendum
588:
438:Economic sectors
257:
250:
239:
232:
228:
225:
219:
216:inline citations
192:
191:
184:
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
155:
114:
90:
82:
71:
49:
48:
41:
21:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1191:
1190:
1106:Planning Review
1098:
1096:Further reading
1093:
1092:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
995:
991:
982:
981:
977:
967:
966:
962:
955:
940:
939:
935:
928:
907:
906:
902:
895:
874:
873:
869:
851:
850:
846:
820:
819:
815:
810:
797:Peer production
792:Sharing economy
777:Overconsumption
758:
724:deglobalization
708:Deglobalization
704:
698:
657:
621:
589:
582:
552:
463:
435:
433:Sector dynamics
391:
370:
319:
280:economic sector
258:
247:
246:
245:
240:
229:
223:
220:
205:
193:
189:
178:
167:
161:
158:
115:
113:
103:
91:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1067:
1048:
1043:"Thomas Paine"
1034:
1019:
1004:
989:
975:
960:
953:
933:
926:
900:
893:
867:
844:
812:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
757:
754:
697:
696:Relocalization
694:
656:
653:
631:In economics,
620:
617:
580:
551:
548:
462:
459:
434:
431:
390:
387:
369:
366:
318:
315:
302:
301:
296:
284:socio-economic
276:unidirectional
260:
259:
242:
241:
196:
194:
187:
180:
179:
94:
92:
85:
80:
54:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1243:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:World Futures
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1081:Bloomberg.com
1078:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
999:Business Week
993:
990:
985:
979:
976:
971:
964:
961:
956:
954:9781603583213
950:
946:
945:
937:
934:
929:
927:9789810249137
923:
919:
914:
913:
904:
901:
896:
894:9789810249137
890:
886:
881:
880:
871:
868:
863:
859:
858:Bloomberg.com
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
814:
807:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
734:
728:
725:
722:The trend of
720:
717:
716:globalization
712:
709:
703:
695:
693:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
654:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
635:(named after
634:
625:
616:
612:
610:
609:Metamorphosis
604:
600:
596:
593:
586:
579:
575:
573:
564:
556:
549:
547:
543:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
522:unsustainable
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
454:
451:
446:
442:
439:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
412:public sector
408:
403:
395:
388:
386:
383:
378:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
358:
353:
351:
350:
345:
343:
339:
337:
336:
331:
323:
316:
314:
310:
306:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
256:
253:
238:
235:
227:
217:
213:
209:
203:
202:
197:This article
195:
186:
185:
176:
173:
165:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123: –
122:
118:
117:Find sources:
111:
107:
101:
100:
95:This article
93:
89:
84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1085:the original
1080:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1037:
1022:
1007:
998:
992:
978:
963:
943:
936:
911:
903:
878:
870:
862:the original
857:
847:
830:
826:
816:
746:
738:Thomas Paine
731:
729:
721:
713:
705:
690:
686:
674:
670:
658:
649:
645:
630:
613:
605:
601:
597:
594:
591:
585:Businessweek
577:
569:
544:
540:basic income
536:Produce food
533:
526:
501:Productivity
499:
495:
491:unemployment
464:
455:
447:
443:
436:
427:
419:keynesianism
416:
404:
400:
377:Milan Zeleny
375:
371:
355:
354:
347:
346:
341:
340:
333:
332:
328:
311:
307:
303:
288:
273:
269:
264:
263:
248:
230:
221:
198:
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
514:health care
471:agriculture
362:autopoiesis
286:evolution.
1216:Recessions
1211:Capitalism
1195:Categories
808:References
700:See also:
633:Okun's law
619:Okun's law
483:government
423:monetarism
208:improve it
132:newspapers
61:improve it
529:Keynesian
510:education
481:and GWU (
414:economy.
224:June 2019
212:verifying
162:June 2019
67:talk page
756:See also
581:—
479:services
475:industry
487:welfare
206:Please
146:scholar
1231:Change
951:
924:
891:
714:While
467:sector
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
34:, see
153:JSTOR
139:books
949:ISBN
922:ISBN
889:ISBN
663:and
489:and
448:The
125:news
885:136
835:doi
520:is
210:by
108:by
1197::
1104:,
1079:.
1060:.
920:.
918:79
887:.
856:.
831:29
829:.
825:.
524:.
512:,
493:)
485:,
477:,
473:,
421:,
70:.
1064:.
986:.
957:.
930:.
897:.
841:.
837::
255:)
249:(
237:)
231:(
226:)
222:(
204:.
175:)
169:(
164:)
160:(
150:·
143:·
136:·
129:·
102:.
77:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
