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laminations for electric motors difficult. Since amorphous ribbon can be cast to any specific width under roughly 13 inches and can be sheared with relative ease, it is a suitable material for wound electrical transformer cores. In 2019 the price of amorphous steel outside the US is approximately $ .95/pound compared to HiB grain-oriented steel which costs approximately $ .86/pound.
494:, and the coating used depends on the application of the steel. The type of coating selected depends on the heat treatment of the laminations, whether the finished lamination will be immersed in oil, and the working temperature of the finished apparatus. Very early practice was to insulate each lamination with a layer of paper or a varnish coating, but this reduced the
36:
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coating, full heat treatment, and defined magnetic properties, for applications where punching does not significantly degrade the electrical steel properties. Excessive bending, incorrect heat treatment, or even rough handling can adversely affect electrical steel's magnetic properties and may also
410:
CRNGO is less expensive than CRGO. It is used when cost is more important than efficiency and for applications where the direction of magnetic flux is not constant, as in electric motors and generators with moving parts. It can be used when there is insufficient space to orient components to take
406:
CRGO is usually supplied by the producing mills in coil form and has to be cut into "laminations", which are then used to form a transformer core, which is an integral part of any transformer. Grain-oriented steel is used in large power and distribution transformers and in certain audio output
461:
prepared by pouring molten alloy onto a rotating cooled wheel, which cools the metal at a rate of about one megakelvin per second, so fast that crystals do not form. Amorphous steel is limited to foils of about 50 μm thickness. The mechanical properties of amorphous steel make stamping
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Non-grain-oriented electrical steel (NGOES) is mainly used in rotating equipment, for example, electric motors, generators and over frequency and high-frequency converters. Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES), on the other hand, is used in static equipment such as transformers.
710:
Electrical steel can be delivered in a semi-processed state so that, after punching the final shape, a final heat treatment can be applied to form the normally required 150-micrometer grain size. Fully processed electrical steel is usually delivered with an
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by about three times compared to conventional steel. However, the grain structure hardens and embrittles the metal; this change adversely affects the workability of the material, especially when rolling. When alloying, contamination must be kept low, as
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aging when it slowly leaves the solid solution and precipitates as carbides, thus resulting in an increase in power loss over time. For these reasons, the carbon level is kept to 0.005% or lower. The carbon level can be reduced by
191:
Electrical steel is an iron alloy which may have from zero to 6.5% silicon (Si:5Fe). Commercial alloys usually have silicon content up to 3.2% (higher concentrations result in brittleness during cold rolling).
730:
The size of magnetic domains in sheet electrical steel can be reduced by scribing the surface of the sheet with a laser, or mechanically. This greatly reduces the hysteresis losses in the assembled core.
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electrical steel usually has a silicon level of 3% (Si:11Fe). It is processed in such a way that the optimal properties are developed in the rolling direction, due to a tight control (proposed by
1100:
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124:) is speciality steel used in the cores of electromagnetic devices such as motors, generators, and transformers because it reduces power loss. It is an
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57:
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and, for common grades of electrical steel, may range from about 2 to 10 watts per kilogram (1 to 5 watts per pound) at 60 Hz and 1.5
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Electrical steel is usually coated to increase electrical resistance between laminations, reducing eddy currents, to provide resistance to
1221:
1029:
810:
75:
1058:"ASTM A976 – 03(2008) Standard Classification of Insulating Coatings by Composition, Relative Insulating Ability and Application"
685:
145:
180:
179:. Laminations may be cut to their finished shape by a punch and die or, in smaller quantities, may be cut by a laser, or by
1075:
953:
Niazi, A.; Pieri, J. B.; Berger, E.; Jouty, R. (1975). "Note on electromigration of grain boundaries in silicon iron".
463:
699:, as increasing the average crystal size decreases the hysteresis loss. Hysteresis loss is determined by a standard
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steel, usually has a silicon level of 2 to 3.5% and has similar magnetic properties in all directions, i.e., it is
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Silicon increases the electrical resistivity of iron by a factor of about 5; this change decreases the induced
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692:) of electrical steel is 4,000-38,000 times that of vacuum, compared to 1.003-1800 for stainless steel.
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as the main additive element (instead of carbon). The exact formulation is tailored to produce specific
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Non-oriented electrical silicon steel (image made with magneto-optical sensor and polarizer microscope)
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240:. The presence of carbon has a more detrimental effect than sulfur or oxygen. Carbon also causes
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Magnetic domains and domain walls in non-oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)
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The magnetic properties of electrical steel are tested using the internationally standard
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Magnetic domains and domain walls in oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)
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Magnetic domains and domain walls in oriented silicon steel (image made with CMOS-MagView)
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356:(3% silicon content): 4.72×10 Ω·m (for comparison, pure iron resistivity: 9.61×10 Ω·m)
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Electrical steel made without special processing to control crystal orientation,
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advantage of the directional properties of grain-oriented electrical steel.
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141:
998:"Single Ended vs. Push Pull: The Deep, Dark Secrets of Output Transformers"
824:"Contribution to modeling of decarburization process in electrical steels"
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can have core losses of one-third that of conventional electrical steels.
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strips less than 2 mm thick. These strips are cut to shape to make
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density is increased by 30% in the coil rolling direction, although its
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is decreased by 5%. It is used for the cores of power and distribution
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381:. Cold-rolled non-grain-oriented steel is often abbreviated to CRNGO.
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232:, even in particles as small as one micrometer in diameter, increase
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A976-03 classifies different types of coating for electrical steel.
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of grain oriented electrical steel after coating has been removed.
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403:, cold-rolled grain-oriented steel is often abbreviated to CRGO.
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125:
29:
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The magnetic properties of electrical steel are dependent on
498:
of the core and limited the maximum temperature of the core.
1142:
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000066142/4047647
1076:"Classification of Insulating Coating for Electrical Steel"
667:
Inorganic filled organic coating for insulation properties
391:) of the crystal orientation relative to the sheet. The
53:
778:
Introduction to
Materials for Advanced Energy Systems
583:
Coating generated by chemical and thermal processing
344:: ~1,500 °C (example for ~3.1% silicon content)
625:
High-resistance similar to C4 plus inorganic filler
912:
910:
350:: 7,650 kg/m (example for 3% silicon content)
1099:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
803:Encyclopedia of Materials:Science and Technology
140:area resulting in low power loss per cycle, low
831:Вісник Львівського університету. Серія фізична
1115:"10.2: Permeability of Some Common Materials"
8:
1081:. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016
1020:Fink, Donald G. and Beatty, H. Wayne (1978)
151:Electrical steel is usually manufactured in
27:Iron alloy optimized for magnetic properties
527:Natural oxide formed during mill processing
1022:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
770:
768:
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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264:
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464:Transformers with amorphous steel cores
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159:which are stacked together to form the
1092:
1164:de Lhorbe, Richard (June/July 1981),
7:
752:, starter material for silicon steel
918:"CarTech® Silicon Core Iron "B-FM""
801:Buschowl, K.H.J. et al. ed. (2001)
597:As C4 but thinner and more weldable
482:, and to act as a lubricant during
211:of the material, thus lowering the
181:wire electrical discharge machining
25:
1024:11th ed. McGraw-Hill. pp. 4–111.
555:Organic enamel or varnish coating
932:"CarTech® Silicon Core Iron "C""
440:
428:
416:
34:
1178:Electrical Steel Market Outlook
486:. There are various coatings,
1:
1198:Dynamic domain movement video
822:Sidor, Y.; Kovac, F. (2005).
955:Journal of Materials Science
336:Physical properties examples
1045:Transformer Steel and Cores
805:. Elsevier. pp. 4807–4808.
781:. Springer. pp. 400–.
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1222:Electromagnetic components
893:"Silicon Core Iron "A-FM""
1207:Summary of Silicon Steels
707:magnetic field strength.
318:Silicon Core Iron "B-FM"
315:2.3% Si-Fe free machining
296:Silicon Core Iron "A-FM"
293:1.1% Si-Fe free machining
200:can be added up to 0.5%.
106:E-steel, lamination steel
95:Polycrystalline structure
653:Anti-stick variant of C5
639:As C5, but more weldable
611:Anti-stick variant of C4
261:Iron-silicon relay steel
110:silicon electrical steel
48:may need to be rewritten
1144:table 5.2 for the 38000
1043:Jump, Les (March 1981)
871:"Silicon Core Iron "A""
716:increase noise due to
370:
329:Silicon Core Iron "C"
307:Silicon Core Iron "B"
285:Silicon Core Iron "A"
274:Alternate description
236:while also decreasing
98:
1168:, Federal Pioneer BAT
1047:, Federal Pioneer BAT
686:relative permeability
519:Anti-stick treatment
368:
238:magnetic permeability
93:
1166:Steel No Lasers Here
1062:ASTM A976 – 03(2008)
775:Tong, Colin (2018).
271:Nominal composition
253:atmosphere, such as
967:1975JMatS..10..361N
680:Magnetic properties
470:Lamination coatings
457:This material is a
397:magnetic saturation
1010:on 13 August 2006.
975:10.1007/BF00540359
516:For Rotors/Stators
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136:properties: small
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788:978-3-319-98002-7
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569:As C3 but thinner
361:Grain orientation
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234:hysteresis losses
122:transformer steel
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58:lead layout guide
18:Transformer steel
16:(Redirected from
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453:Amorphous steel
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1129:"Permeability"
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1083:. Retrieved
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1005:the original
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936:. Retrieved
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875:. Retrieved
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853:. Retrieved
843:
834:
830:
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750:Ferrosilicon
738:
735:Applications
729:
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709:
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684:The typical
683:
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456:
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401:transformers
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375:non-oriented
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165:transformers
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146:permeability
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66:January 2022
63:
52:Please help
47:
45:lead section
1154:IEC 60404-2
1085:28 February
938:21 November
849:"ASTM A867"
513:Description
484:die cutting
354:Resistivity
268:Steel type
157:laminations
153:cold-rolled
144:, and high
128:alloy with
118:relay steel
1216:Categories
920:. CarTech.
899:1 December
877:1 December
855:1 December
757:References
713:insulating
326:4.0% Si-Fe
304:2.3% Si-Fe
282:1.1% Si-Fe
187:Metallurgy
167:, and the
138:hysteresis
983:135740047
934:. CarTech
895:. CarTech
873:. CarTech
492:inorganic
476:corrosion
379:isotropic
247:annealing
213:core loss
194:Manganese
142:core loss
1095:cite web
744:See also
727:method.
255:hydrogen
242:magnetic
230:nitrides
222:sulfides
218:carbides
198:aluminum
134:magnetic
1202:YouTube
1064:. ASTM.
963:Bibcode
837:: 8–17.
488:organic
348:Density
130:silicon
1237:Steels
1028:
981:
851:. ASTM
809:
785:
226:oxides
169:stator
1079:(PDF)
1008:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
979:S2CID
827:(PDF)
705:tesla
173:rotor
1101:link
1087:2024
1026:ISBN
940:2019
901:2011
879:2011
857:2011
807:ISBN
783:ISBN
673:Yes
659:Yes
650:C5AS
617:Yes
608:C4AS
502:ASTM
490:and
480:rust
228:and
196:and
171:and
126:iron
971:doi
670:Yes
656:Yes
645:No
642:Yes
636:C5A
631:No
628:Yes
614:Yes
603:No
600:Yes
594:C4A
589:No
575:No
572:Yes
566:C3A
561:No
547:No
533:No
478:or
175:of
163:of
1218::
1180:.
1097:}}
1093:{{
1060:.
1036:^
977:.
969:.
959:10
957:.
909:^
835:38
833:.
829:.
765:^
720:.
688:(μ
664:C6
622:C5
586:No
580:C4
558:No
552:C3
544:No
538:C2
530:No
524:C0
312:2F
290:1F
257:.
224:,
220:,
183:.
148:.
120:,
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108:,
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