253:. Transfused RBCs have shorter lifespans that native ones, so they die and are consumed more frequently by the macrophages, which causes the latter to die from excess iron which is then released into the blood. Therefore, with frequent blood transfusions, iron builds up in the body over time. This can enter the
361:
Transfusion hemosiderosis can cause permanent damage to tissues that may lead to death. Tissue damage can remain even after chelation therapy. Outcomes are usually worse in patients who require blood transfusions compared to those who can have alternative therapies.
753:
738:
1322:
1039:
796:
1034:
1044:
917:
644:
Hider, Robert C.; Kong, Xiaole (2013). "Chapter 8. Iron: Effect of
Overload and Deficiency". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
1060:
1029:
661:
1055:
301:
may be used, which is the most accurate diagnostic technique. The level of siderosis seen in a liver biopsy can be graded by severity.
789:
1072:
684:
Lu JP, Hayashi K (1994). "Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet B cells of transfusional iron-overloaded autopsy cases".
1332:
249:, contains iron. The body has limited ways to store and remove iron. When red blood cells (RBCs) die, they are consumed by
1327:
857:
782:
1107:
961:
977:
1187:
1182:
1147:
1127:
1082:
994:
1004:
230:
151:
1152:
1301:
1252:
1232:
879:
550:. Transfusion Support in Patients with Hematologic Disease: Transfusions in Special Clinical Circumstances.
1276:
1222:
1197:
1117:
1095:
842:
70:
1262:
1217:
1122:
543:
1227:
1142:
1132:
1014:
956:
835:
809:
1212:
1202:
852:
757:
349:. If iron overload has caused damage to end-organs, this is generally irreversible and may require
322:
212:
167:
139:
90:
1242:
709:
579:
1296:
1291:
1177:
874:
805:
701:
667:
657:
623:
615:
571:
563:
524:
516:
456:
438:
382:
330:
199:
171:
119:
103:
53:
46:
30:
774:
602:"Methods for evaluating iron stores and efficacy of chelation in transfusional hemosiderosis"
999:
946:
912:
886:
693:
649:
555:
506:
446:
430:
350:
274:
266:
131:
1286:
1100:
867:
862:
334:
270:
224:
147:
297:
may be increased with a number of other conditions, so is less reliable for diagnosis. A
1172:
1067:
982:
942:
907:
697:
559:
451:
418:
363:
326:
246:
187:
762:
1316:
1157:
950:
817:
606:
583:
511:
497:
492:
394:
76:
713:
542:
Sharma, Deva; Ogbenna, Ann Abiola; Kassim, Adetola; Andrews, Jennifer (April 2020).
1206:
847:
338:
310:
298:
163:
159:
63:
419:"Quantification of liver iron with MRI: State of the art and remaining challenges"
1162:
989:
825:
653:
346:
342:
290:
206:
155:
135:
134:. Frequent blood transfusions may be given to many patients, such as those with
86:
59:
1090:
902:
747:
417:
Hernando, Diego; Levin, Yakir S.; Sirlin, Claude B.; Reeder, Scott B. (2014).
378:
367:
314:
250:
242:
183:
97:
35:
619:
567:
520:
442:
1167:
1049:
938:
601:
493:"Iron overload and toxicity: the hidden risk of multiple blood transfusions"
671:
575:
528:
460:
705:
627:
922:
830:
648:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 229–294.
294:
262:
218:
143:
730:
1281:
1247:
434:
1192:
742:
309:
Transfusional hemosiderosis is treated with a number of therapies.
198:
Transfusional hemosiderosis is a potential side effect of frequent
1271:
1257:
1237:
318:
258:
254:
127:
123:
1266:
1137:
1112:
115:
778:
646:
Interrelations between
Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
600:
Borgna-Pignatti, C; Castriota-Scanderbeg, A (September 1991).
278:
202:. These may be given for a number of conditions, including:
333:
removes iron from the blood. This involves delivering iron
544:"Transfusion support in patients with sickle cell disease"
491:
Shander, A.; Cappellini, M. D.; Goodnough, L. T. (2009).
289:
Transfusional hemosiderosis can be inferred with a blood
720:
1081:
1013:
970:
931:
895:
816:
724:
96:
82:
69:
52:
41:
29:
24:
381:died of transfusional iron overload from too many
277:) that cause damage to cells (particularly their
1040:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
790:
154:, among others. It is diagnosed with a blood
8:
1035:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
1323:Complications of surgical and medical care
1045:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
918:International Society of Blood Transfusion
797:
783:
775:
721:
21:
510:
450:
269:. Free iron increases the production of
406:
182:Transfusional hemosiderosis can cause
1030:Transfusion related acute lung injury
423:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7:
639:
637:
595:
593:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
412:
410:
245:, the oxygen-carrying molecule in a
698:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb02592.x
560:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.07.007
14:
1073:Transfusion transmitted infection
512:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01207.x
1:
962:Intraoperative blood salvage
370:are often a cause of death.
118:in the body due to frequent
978:Blood compatibility testing
654:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_8
112:Transfusional hemosiderosis
1349:
122:. Iron accumulates in the
1025:Transfusion hemosiderosis
25:Transfusion hemosiderosis
1005:Monocyte monolayer assay
231:myelodysplastic syndrome
152:myelodysplastic syndrome
880:Granulocyte transfusion
114:is the accumulation of
548:Seminars in Hematology
71:Differential diagnosis
1333:Transfusion reactions
1015:Transfusion reactions
162:. It is treated with
1328:Transfusion medicine
995:Kleihauer–Betke test
957:Exchange transfusion
836:Platelet transfusion
810:transfusion medicine
1083:Blood group systems
1018:and adverse effects
853:Fresh frozen plasma
323:Erythrocytapheresis
213:sickle cell disease
168:erythrocytapheresis
140:sickle cell disease
91:erythrocytapheresis
435:10.1002/jmri.24584
383:blood transfusions
368:cardiac arrhythmia
200:blood transfusions
184:cardiac arrhythmia
178:Signs and symptoms
120:blood transfusions
1310:
1309:
887:Blood substitutes
875:White blood cells
806:Blood transfusion
772:
771:
663:978-94-007-7499-5
331:Chelation therapy
275:hydroxyl radicals
172:chelation therapy
109:
108:
104:chelation therapy
54:Diagnostic method
47:blood transfusion
19:Medical condition
16:Medical condition
1340:
1000:Antibody elution
947:plateletpheresis
913:Blood management
896:General concepts
799:
792:
785:
776:
722:
717:
676:
675:
641:
632:
631:
597:
588:
587:
539:
533:
532:
514:
488:
465:
464:
454:
429:(5): 1003–1021.
414:
335:chelating agents
329:from the blood.
267:endocrine organs
132:endocrine organs
75:Other causes of
22:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1101:Secretor status
1077:
1017:
1009:
966:
927:
891:
868:Cryosupernatant
863:Cryoprecipitate
843:Red blood cells
812:
803:
773:
768:
767:
733:
683:
680:
679:
664:
643:
642:
635:
599:
598:
591:
541:
540:
536:
490:
489:
468:
416:
415:
408:
403:
391:
376:
359:
351:transplantation
327:red blood cells
307:
287:
271:oxygen radicals
240:
225:aplastic anemia
196:
180:
148:aplastic anemia
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:Serum sickness
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
983:Cross-matching
974:
972:
968:
967:
965:
964:
959:
954:
943:plasmapheresis
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
908:Blood donation
905:
899:
897:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
883:
882:
872:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
845:
840:
839:
838:
828:
822:
820:
818:Blood products
814:
813:
804:
802:
801:
794:
787:
779:
770:
769:
766:
765:
750:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:Classification
719:
718:
678:
677:
662:
633:
614:(5): 409–413.
589:
534:
505:(3): 185–197.
466:
405:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
390:
387:
375:
372:
364:Cardiomyopathy
358:
355:
306:
303:
286:
283:
247:red blood cell
239:
236:
235:
234:
228:
222:
216:
210:
195:
192:
188:cardiomyopathy
179:
176:
107:
106:
100:
94:
93:
84:
80:
79:
73:
67:
66:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1345:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Chido-Rodgers
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
963:
960:
958:
955:
952:
951:leukapheresis
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
795:
793:
788:
786:
781:
780:
777:
764:
760:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:
736:
735:
732:
727:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
681:
673:
669:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
607:Haematologica
603:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
499:
498:Vox Sanguinis
494:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
458:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
411:
407:
400:
396:
395:Hemosiderosis
393:
392:
388:
386:
384:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
237:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
203:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:hemosiderosis
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
32:
28:
23:
1024:
752:
737:
692:(3): 194–9.
689:
685:
645:
611:
605:
554:(2): 39–50.
551:
547:
537:
502:
496:
426:
422:
377:
360:
339:deferoxamine
311:Venipuncture
308:
299:liver biopsy
293:test. Blood
288:
241:
197:
181:
164:venipuncture
160:liver biopsy
111:
110:
64:liver biopsy
1091:Blood types
990:Coombs test
826:Whole blood
686:Pathol. Int
347:deferasirox
343:deferiprone
291:transferrin
251:macrophages
207:thalassemia
170:, and iron
158:test and a
156:transferrin
136:thalassemia
130:, but also
60:transferrin
1317:Categories
903:Blood bank
401:References
379:Ted DeVita
317:) removes
315:phlebotomy
243:Hemoglobin
98:Medication
87:Phlebotomy
36:Hematology
1108:Augustine
1052:reaction
1050:Hemolytic
939:Apheresis
831:Platelets
620:1592-8721
584:221523056
568:0037-1963
521:1423-0410
443:1522-2586
357:Prognosis
305:Treatment
285:Diagnosis
238:Mechanism
83:Treatment
45:Frequent
31:Specialty
1233:Lutheran
1138:Dombrock
923:ISBT 128
714:25357672
672:24470094
576:32892842
529:19663936
461:24585403
389:See also
337:such as
325:filters
295:ferritin
273:(mostly
263:pancreas
219:leukemia
144:leukemia
1272:Scianna
1158:Gerbich
1061:delayed
932:Methods
706:8025661
628:1806447
452:4308740
374:Society
1183:Indian
1128:Cromer
1123:Colton
848:Plasma
712:
704:
670:
660:
626:
618:
582:
574:
566:
527:
519:
459:
449:
441:
265:, and
194:Causes
62:test,
58:Blood
42:Causes
1302:Other
1228:Lewis
1218:Knops
1198:KANNO
1143:Duffy
1133:Diego
1056:acute
971:Tests
763:999.8
748:T80.8
710:S2CID
580:S2CID
319:blood
259:heart
255:liver
150:, or
128:heart
124:liver
102:Iron
1282:T-Tn
1267:RHAG
1265:and
1258:Raph
1253:P1PK
1213:Kidd
1203:Kell
1168:GLOB
1153:FORS
1113:CD59
858:PF24
808:and
758:9-CM
702:PMID
668:PMID
658:ISBN
624:PMID
616:ISSN
572:PMID
564:ISSN
525:PMID
517:ISSN
457:PMID
439:ISSN
366:and
186:and
126:and
116:iron
1287:Vel
1277:Sid
1243:MNS
1223:Lan
1193:JMH
1163:GIL
1096:ABO
754:ICD
739:ICD
694:doi
650:doi
556:doi
507:doi
447:PMC
431:doi
345:or
281:).
279:DNA
1319::
1297:Yt
1292:Xg
1263:Rh
1248:OK
1238:LW
1207:Xk
1188:JR
1178:Ii
1173:Hh
1148:Er
949:,
945:,
761::
746::
743:10
708:.
700:.
690:44
688:.
666:.
656:.
636:^
622:.
612:76
610:.
604:.
592:^
578:.
570:.
562:.
552:57
546:.
523:.
515:.
503:97
501:.
495:.
469:^
455:.
445:.
437:.
427:40
425:.
421:.
409:^
385:.
353:.
341:,
321:.
261:,
257:,
190:.
174:.
166:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
89:,
1209:)
1205:(
953:)
941:(
798:e
791:t
784:v
756:-
741:-
731:D
716:.
696::
674:.
652::
630:.
586:.
558::
531:.
509::
463:.
433::
313:(
233:.
227:.
221:.
215:.
209:.
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