51:
20:
36:
275:). If two or more antenna systems have to be used, higher frequency antennas are mounted higher on the antenna mast. (The sequence of antenna systems on a typical TV-FM station may be from bottom to top; VHF-2, VHF-3 and UHF.) Microwave stations are also high altitude stations. Although high altitude is desirable also in
102:) Computer programmes for the terrain profile and abacs are used in addition to on site observations. Avoidance of industrial noise is also taken into consideration. Another parameter may be the government regulations concerning public health requiring a minimum distance to human habitation. The distance depends on the
254:
stations are almost always built on top of hills. A single station may have many transmitters both for TV and FM. In rare cases, each transmitter has an antenna system. But in stations where many transmitters are used, this is not always possible, so the outputs of transmitters transmitting in the
110:
of the transmitting signal. Low power stations may be in cities; higher power stations are always in rural areas. Most of the stations (especially high frequency stations) are located at high altitudes. So, both the minimum distance regulations and the line of sight criteria are met.
201:
equipment. Where operating personnel are required, personnel work on shifts and transportation may also be a parameter of station design. In such cases, accommodation, catering and health problems also play a part in station management. Especially in high altitude stations,
184:
should be used. For transmitter stations working on frequencies below 30 MHz a good grounding is required for good function and sometimes excessive grounding systems are used. In most cases, it is desirable to connect the rods to each other to form a simple
240:(short wave). Since SW stations are assigned for very long distance communication (via reflections from atmospheric layers) they are usually employed for multi-language international services and there may be many SW transmitters in the same station.
141:). If the mast itself is an active antenna element, the ground can be covered by a mesh of wires or metal elements to create a reflecting ground. Most of the stations also have facility to receive microwave signals from a microwave link or a
189:. But in high altitude stations, the ground is usually rocky and finding an appropriate point for the grounding bus may be impossible. In such cases, very long grounding connectors may be used to find a good ground at lower altitudes.
98:
considerations. For lower frequencies a location with good ground conductivity is required. In case of microwave link chains, stations should be in observable ranges of each other. (see
330:
228:
radio transmitters are high-power equipment. Because of the relatively low frequency they use, they don't need to be located in high places. They may broadcast in
323:
757:
316:
303:
European
Broadcasting Union:Technical Monogram No.3108-1967 High Altitude VHF and UHF Broadcast Stations (Edited by R.Busi),Chapter III, Brussels
787:
342:
176:
Like all industrial sites, the buildings, the antenna masts, the generators, and the transmitting equipment of the stations should be
197:
Transmitters may be operated by government (civil or military) or private industry. Many stations are unattended and controlled by
1007:
672:
119:
Stations may be housed in several buildings or a single building. In some cases the station is nothing but a small container.
1002:
836:
294:
European
Broadcasting Union:Technical Monogram No.3104-1965 Site selection (Edited by RK.H.Kaltbeitzer),Chapter I, Brussels
807:
636:
879:
580:
350:
142:
130:
systems. In most cases, the mast is a passive structure to support the antennas. But in low frequency stations (such as
777:
677:
615:
403:
393:
388:
383:
373:
368:
363:
358:
997:
590:
95:
103:
909:
782:
24:
134:), the mast itself may be the active antenna element. In such cases, the mast is isolated from the ground.(
831:
797:
792:
752:
605:
545:
215:
123:
71:
966:
703:
219:
945:
930:
841:
667:
575:
177:
884:
846:
747:
772:
722:
157:
899:
856:
717:
525:
521:
339:
165:
35:
826:
767:
610:
560:
138:
83:
279:, the operators may use low power intracity stations for areas of high population density.
925:
817:
742:
698:
565:
247:
225:
131:
127:
67:
19:
308:
904:
732:
646:
535:
198:
79:
50:
991:
620:
570:
453:
449:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
377:
181:
971:
762:
651:
585:
555:
480:
186:
161:
94:
The location may be chosen to fit the coverage area and for VHF-UHF-applications
75:
164:
panels in case of failure. If the voltage of the mains fluctuates, a high power
940:
935:
874:
600:
540:
530:
233:
99:
869:
802:
737:
550:
251:
203:
976:
961:
894:
889:
864:
712:
693:
237:
229:
107:
28:
727:
595:
445:
268:
256:
500:
264:
180:
for personal safety against electrical shocks. On the masts and roofs,
40:
475:
260:
44:
641:
505:
495:
490:
66:
or transmission facility is an installation used for transmitting
55:
18:
470:
156:
Most stations use mains electricity, but they also have standby
146:
312:
485:
276:
272:
150:
250:(frequency modulated ) radio transmitter stations as well as
243:
16:
Installation used for transmitting radio frequency signals
954:
918:
855:
816:
686:
660:
629:
514:
463:
349:
259:and applied to a single antenna system. (i.e.
324:
8:
331:
317:
309:
758:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
49:
34:
287:
255:same frequency band are combined by a
788:Direct-broadcast satellite television
7:
678:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
54:A transmitter station building in
23:A TV transmitter station tower in
14:
673:Quadrature amplitude modulation
837:Television channel frequencies
1:
808:Digital television transition
637:Multichannel television sound
880:Field strength in free space
581:Horizontal blanking interval
206:must be used during winter.
143:telecommunications satellite
39:A TV transmitter station in
778:Superheterodyne transmitter
115:Buildings and antenna masts
1024:
616:Vertical blanking interval
213:
591:Nominal analogue blanking
910:Television interference
783:Television receive-only
1008:Broadcast transmitters
832:Microwave transmission
798:Terrestrial television
793:Television transmitter
753:Intermediate frequency
546:Chrominance subcarrier
216:Television transmitter
210:Transmitting equipment
72:wireless communication
59:
47:
32:
1003:Broadcast engineering
704:Broadcast transmitter
220:Broadcast transmitter
53:
38:
22:
946:Zero reference pulse
931:Field strength meter
668:Frequency modulation
576:Horizontal scan rate
283:References and notes
885:Noise (electronics)
748:Intercarrier method
708:Transmitter station
343:broadcasting topics
86:or other purposes.
64:transmitter station
773:Split sound system
723:Differential phase
90:Choice of location
60:
48:
33:
985:
984:
900:Radiation pattern
718:Differential gain
340:Analog television
236:(medium wave) or
166:voltage regulator
1015:
998:Radio technology
827:Frequency offset
768:Residual carrier
713:Cavity amplifier
611:Television lines
333:
326:
319:
310:
304:
301:
295:
292:
139:Monopole antenna
84:mobile telephone
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
988:
987:
986:
981:
950:
926:Distortionmeter
914:
851:
812:
743:Frequency mixer
699:Antenna (radio)
682:
656:
625:
566:Composite video
510:
459:
345:
337:
307:
302:
298:
293:
289:
285:
222:
214:Main articles:
212:
195:
174:
124:masts or towers
117:
92:
68:radio frequency
17:
12:
11:
5:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
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989:
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805:
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795:
790:
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755:
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745:
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735:
733:Dipole antenna
730:
725:
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715:
710:
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696:
690:
688:
684:
683:
681:
680:
675:
670:
664:
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647:Sound-in-Syncs
644:
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633:
631:
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623:
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613:
608:
603:
598:
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588:
583:
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568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
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536:Blanking level
533:
528:
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478:
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401:
391:
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328:
321:
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306:
305:
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211:
208:
199:remote control
194:
191:
182:lightning rods
173:
170:
122:They all have
116:
113:
91:
88:
80:microwave link
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1020:
1009:
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1004:
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996:
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978:
975:
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968:
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953:
947:
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741:
739:
736:
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731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
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714:
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659:
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648:
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643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
628:
622:
621:White clipper
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Frame (video)
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
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519:
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507:
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502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
466:
464:Color systems
462:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
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395:
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387:
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379:
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288:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
232:(long wave),
231:
227:
221:
217:
209:
207:
205:
200:
192:
190:
188:
183:
179:
171:
169:
168:may be used.
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
114:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:line of sight
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
52:
46:
42:
37:
30:
26:
21:
972:Hanover bars
763:Pre-emphasis
707:
687:Transmission
652:Zweikanalton
556:Color killer
481:Clear-Vision
299:
290:
242:
223:
196:
187:Faraday cage
175:
162:solar energy
155:
135:
121:
118:
93:
76:broadcasting
70:signals for
63:
61:
941:VIT signals
936:Vectorscope
875:Earth bulge
857:Propagation
820:& bands
818:Frequencies
601:Raster scan
541:Chrominance
531:Black level
526:front porch
204:snowmobiles
126:to install
100:Earth bulge
25:Temple Hill
992:Categories
870:Distortion
803:Transposer
738:Dummy load
694:Amplifiers
661:Modulation
551:Colorburst
522:Back porch
252:transposer
158:generators
977:Sparklies
962:Dot crawl
955:Artifacts
895:Path loss
890:Null fill
865:Beam tilt
606:Safe area
193:Operation
172:Grounding
108:frequency
58:, Britain
29:Hong Kong
967:Ghosting
728:Diplexer
596:Overscan
561:Color TV
454:System F
450:System E
446:819-line
440:System N
436:System L
432:System K
428:System I
424:System H
420:System G
416:System D
412:System C
408:System B
404:625-line
398:System M
394:525-line
389:455-line
384:441-line
378:System A
374:405-line
369:375-line
364:343-line
359:180-line
257:diplexer
178:grounded
132:AM radio
106:and the
919:Testing
501:PALplus
351:Systems
128:antenna
41:Karaman
476:NTSC-J
45:Turkey
642:NICAM
630:Sound
515:Video
506:SECAM
496:PAL-S
491:PAL-M
269:VHF 3
265:VHF 2
261:VHF 1
224:Most
104:power
56:Devon
905:Skew
586:Luma
524:and
471:NTSC
246:and
218:and
147:TVRO
847:VHF
842:UHF
486:PAL
277:GSM
273:UHF
267:,
160:or
153:).
151:RRO
149:or
145:, (
136:See
994::
452:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
271:,
263:,
248:FM
244:TV
238:SW
234:MW
230:LW
226:AM
82:,
78:,
74:,
62:A
43:,
27:,
706:/
456:)
448:(
442:)
406:(
400:)
396:(
380:)
376:(
332:e
325:t
318:v
31:.
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