1568:. The Legal Medicine Organization performs a number of tests, including at least six months of individual and group therapy sessions, interviews with family members, physical examinations, hormone tests, and chromosomal tests, in a process known as "filtering". Filtering is the separation of homosexuals, who are deemed "deviant", from transsexuals, who are deemed "curable" by undergoing surgery. If the Legal Medicine Organization formally concludes that the individual suffers from gender dysphoria, the Family Court then issues formal legal permission for the individual to undergo reassignment. Once a transgender individual has undergone sex reassignment, the Family Court orders a further set of examinations to confirm that reassignment has taken place, including the sterilisation of the individual. The Family Court then issues formal legal permission for the individual to legally become the new sex, with legal documents, such as birth certificates and passports, changed accordingly.
1454:, and institutionalized. She was later released with help from her connections and continued to lobby many other leaders. Later she went to see Khomeini, who had returned to Iran. During this visit, she was subjected to beatings from his guards because she was wearing a binder and they suspected she could be armed. Khomeini, however, did give her a letter to authorize her sex reassignment operation, which she later did in 1997. Due to this fatwa, issued in 1987, transgender women in Iran have been able to live as women until they can afford surgery, have surgical reassignment, have their birth certificates and all official documents issued to them in their new gender, and marry men.
1613:
that "not everyone who wants to change their gender suffers from gender identity disorder." The report also found that many psychologists would encourage parents to actively discourage young children from displaying gender non-conforming behaviour. As well, the report highlighted a culture of gatekeeping in the healthcare system, often imposing extremely long waiting periods on patients out of a belief that it would lower regret rates. A doctor at the Legal
Medicine Organization stated that less than half of those who had applied between 1987 and 2004 had been given authorisation for GRS.
1540:, the Iranian state fails to "ensure that SRS surgeons and other health care professionals dealing with meet appropriate standards of education, skill and ethical codes of conduct" and that trans people face difficulty accessing proper information on healthcare, which "results directly from the government and its associated medical entities withholding or intentionally misrepresenting modern, scientific information on matters of sexual orientation and gender identity." Regulations around transgender healthcare in Iran do not meet the
1577:
under the religious law and
Khomeini's fatwa during the interlude that surgery can be carried out. The government has officially provided transgender persons financial assistance in the form of grants and loans of up to 55 million rial (US$ 1,841). However, subsidies for healthcare rarely cover a significant portion of the healthcare costs, leaving healthcare inaccessible to most trans individuals. Furthermore, in several parts of the country, subsidies have been suspended on the pretext of insufficient government funds.
1461:, and is also supported by many other Iranian clerics. Hojatoleslam Kariminia, a mid-level cleric who is in favor of transgender rights, has stated that he wishes "to suggest that the right of transsexuals to change their gender is a human right" and that he is attempting to "introduce transsexuals to the people through my work and in fact remove the stigma or the insults that sometimes attach to these people." In 2010, the
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1912:
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30:
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extreme violence, risk of arrest, detention, and prosecution." The report noted that
Iranian police would often arrest anyone they suspected of being trans and would hold them in custody until they could complete an official investigation to determine that the arrested individual was legally recognised as trans. Police would also frequently target trans people for flogging under anti-cross-dressing rules.
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1289:
1898:
1824:
1373:. Harassment against transgender individuals is common within Iran, and trans people face increased risk of physical and sexual assault, exclusion from education and jobs, poverty, and homelessness. The Iranian government also monitors online transgender communities, often subjecting them to censorship, and police routinely arrest trans people.
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rejection by their families and communities, police abuse, and depression. Because they are typically rejected by their families and social networks, where
Iranians usually look to for financial support and employment opportunities, they are often forced into sex work and sometimes commit suicide. A 2021 study in
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motivated by a desire to enforce a heteronormative binary conception of gender, including 'forced' surgery for some gay people, and critiques that view as an oversimplification. Two studies, however, have contested the belief that cisgender homosexuals have actually undergone sex change due to social pressure.
1612:
The 2016 OutRight report noted that access to healthcare was severely limited for those who could not afford it and that the healthcare system would often refuse to approve individuals who suffered from additional health issues for medical transition (and hence legal rights), with one doctor claiming
1576:
Sex change surgery is not actually legal under
Iranian civil law, although the operations are carried out. Iranian law has both secular and religious components, and secular jurisprudence says nothing about transgender issues. In this case, Sharia and fatwas take up the slack until it does, and it is
1481:
There is a great deal of stigma attached to the idea of transgender identity and gender reassignment in ordinary
Iranian society, and most transgender people, after completing their transition, are advised to maintain discretion about their past. Trans people are subject to employment discrimination,
1368:
Iran considers transgender identity to be a mental disorder and has no laws protecting trans people against stigmatization or hate crimes. Transgender individuals also face extreme social pressures to hide the fact that they are transgender, often being forced to move to a new city, cut ties with any
1600:
matters. The Safra
Project report further states that currently, it is not possible for presumed transgender individuals to choose not to undergo surgery - if they are approved for sex reassignment, they are expected to undergo treatment immediately. Those who wish to remain "non-operative" (as well
1499:
found that "trans
Iranians continue to face serious discrimination and abuse in both law and practice, and they are rarely treated as equal members of society" and that "the Iranian trans community faces pressure from both state and non-state actors, ranging from hostile public attitudes to acts of
1660:
Media coverage has speculated that homosexual individuals are pressured to undergo medical reassignment as part of the
Iranian state's oppression of homosexuality. A 2016 study analyzes European and American literature about the topic as characterizing legalized transgender surgery at least partly
1669:
Transgender people have formed non-governmental organizations and support groups in Iran. These groups provide information and skills to support transgender people, and work to combat social stigma. They often rely on the medical model and "treat" transgender identity as a disease. Although this
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The process of undergoing sex reassignment surgery is extensive and arduous, and is restricted to those over the age of 18. There further exists a requirement for adult trans individuals to provide formal certification of parental approval to be issued a permit for surgery. People who so much as
1523:
In 2020, protests were held in
Iceland over the potential deportation of a trans teenager from Iran who was seeking asylum. The teen had originally intended to seek asylum in Portugal, but had been forced to leave the country and flee to Iceland after the Iranian Revolutionary Guard attempted to
1394:
found that around 20% of the tombs did not conform to a binary gender-divided distribution of artifacts or showed signs of the buried having performed masculine roles while wearing feminine dressing (or vice-versa). A bowl at the site was also discovered depicting a bearded man wearing female
1364:
However, substantial legal and societal barriers exist in Iran. Transgender individuals who do not undergo surgery have no legal recognition and those that do are first submitted to a long and invasive process, including virginity tests, formal parental approval, psychological counseling that
1519:
A high number of transgender individuals from Iran have fled the country and attempted to seek asylum elsewhere. Some refugees have reported facing discrimination and being shunned by Iranian expat communities in the countries that they end up gaining asylum in. Refugees can also face issues
1557:
question their sexuality are encouraged to see a psychologist, and they are usually recommended to undergo sex reassignment surgery in order to fit in with the strict gender binary that is present in Iran. There is no procedure that allows non-binary individuals access to healthcare.
1486:
found that 92% of trans women in Iran had faced verbal or emotional violence and over 70% had faced physical violence. The study further found that "most people do not report this violence to the authorities and believe that reporting is useless." Most participants in a 2018 study in
1536:: "SRS in Iran is extremely dangerous — while subsidized by the state, the pre-surgery process is abusive, the surgery is typically performed by ill-trained surgeons, and botched procedures and poor follow-up care often result in permanent medical complications." According to
1545:
1491:
had "experiences of being accused, arrested, and physically abused by the police" and faced discrimination in the workplace, including being fired for being trans. Division between trans men and trans women portrays trans men as more "real" or valid than trans women.
1402:
wrote a book in which he stated that there was no religious restriction on corrective surgery for intersex individuals, though this did not apply to those without physical ambiguity in sex organs. At the time Khomeini was a radical, anti-Shah revolutionary and his
1446:, a transgender woman. Before the revolution, she had longed to become physically female but could not afford surgery and wanted religious authorization. In 1975, she began to write letters to Khomeini, who was to become the leader of the revolution and was in
1365:
reinforces feelings of shame, and inspection by the Family Court. In addition, non-binary genders are not recognized in Iran and the quality of trans healthcare in the country, including hormone therapy and reconstruction surgeries, is often very low.
2965:
Moayedi-Nia, Saeedeh; Taheri, Leila; Hosseini Rouzbahani, Negin; Rasoolinejad, Mehrnaz; Nikzad, Rana; Eftekhar Ardebili, Mehrdad; Mohraz, Minoo (June 2019). "HIV Prevalence and Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Women in Tehran, Iran".
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are limited, with a narrow degree of official recognition of transgender identities by the government, but with trans individuals facing very high levels of discrimination, from the law, the state, and from the wider society.
443:
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The United Nations Human Rights Council has reported that "lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender children are subjected to electric shocks and the administration of hormones and strong psychoactive medications".
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between 2012 and 2017. Of those 839 individuals, around two-thirds were trans men and one third were trans women, with an average age of around 25 and around one third being located in Tehran, with 6 out of the
931:
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found that "depressive and trauma- and stressor-related disorders" were common among trans people in Iran, with "as many as 70% of the clients reported that they had experienced suicidal ideation."
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contributes to the pathology of transgender experiences, it gives space for individuals to identify themselves without the judgement of moral deviancy and identify other internalized stigmas.
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is performed frequently and openly in Iran, and that homosexual and cross-dressing men, although unrelated to trans identity, would be safe as long as they keep a low profile. However, the
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Jalali Nadoushan, Amir Hossein; Bahramian, Alaleh; Taban, Mojgan; Taban, Mojgan; Alavi, Kaveh; Sharifi, Hamid; Shokoohi, Mostafa; Eftekhar Ardebili, Mehrdad (1 March 2021).
1138:
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2178:
518:
1361:, with some financial assistance being provided by the government for the costs of surgery, and with a change of sex marker on birth certificates available post-surgery.
4411:
706:
2349:"A fatwa for transsexuals,One woman's courage in appealing to the late Ayatollah Khomeini has made Tehran the unlikely sex change capital of the world. By Robert Tait"
4952:
4691:
3712:
3387:
2485:
Nematollahi, Azar; Farnam, Farnaz; Gharibzadeh, Safoora; Khoda-Khah, Parisa (22 June 2021). "Discrimination, violence, and suicide in transgender women in Iran".
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2084:
1511:
and issued specific exemption cards by the military. This practice of identifying transgender individuals put them at risk of physical abuse and discrimination.
1329:
3252:
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2014. Professing selves: transsexuality and same-sex desire in contemporary Iran. Durham ; London : Duke University Press, 2014.
4986:
3869:
3757:
2837:
1968:
748:
495:
1390:
There is evidence of third genders existing in civilisations in the region that is now Iran dating back thousands of years. A 2018 study of burial sites at
4369:
4311:
4163:
1596:'s 2004 report considers UNHCR's report over-optimistic. The Safra Project's report suggests that UNHCR underestimated legal pressure over transgender and
668:
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508:
1652:
A 2016 study of 104 trans women in Tehran found an HIV prevalence of 1.9%. A 2009 study found no cases of HIV/AIDS among the 58 trans individuals tested.
1605:) are considered their gender assigned at birth, and as such they are likely to face harassment as being homosexuals and subject to the same laws barring
4676:
2712:
1165:
2736:
2018:
1625: estimated that there were around 1.46 trans individuals per 100 000 Iranians, with 839 individuals being deemed eligible for reassignment by the
909:
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4156:
4151:
1170:
1082:
388:
381:
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985:
847:
581:
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Khorashad, Behzad S.; Talaei, Ali; Aghili, Zahra; Arabi, Anahita (1 October 2021). "Psychiatric morbidity among adult transgender people in Iran".
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4947:
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3547:
2902:
2348:
1508:
1089:
513:
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2336:,That Maryam Khatoon Molkara can live a normal life is due to a compassionate decision by one man: the leader of the Islamic revolution himself.
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Increased international attention to the Iranian transgender community and their legal status may have been a result of 2002 award-winning film
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in 1979, the issue of transgender identity in Iran had never been officially addressed by the government. Beginning in the mid-1980s, however,
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has found that "censorship laws prevent access to accurate information on matters relating to sexual orientation and gender identity."
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Talaei, Ali; Hedjazi, Arya; Badieyan Moosavi, Nazilla; Dadgarmoghaddam, Maliheh; Lotfinejad, Nasim; Khorashad, Behzad S. (May 2022).
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1027:
887:
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Surgeries to alter congenital intersex conditions were reported in the Iranian press as early as 1930. Ittila'at, October 27, 1930.
1407:
did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transgender individuals.
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2471:
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2010:, 7th European Country of Origin Information Seminar Berlin, 11–12 June 2001 - Final report. Transsexual part is on pp. 104.
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88:
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3697:
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3622:
3522:
2852:"The Violation of Transgenders' right to the highest attainable standard of health in the Islamic Republic of Iran (Art. 12)"
2639:"Torture in the name of treatment: Breaking the silence on medical abuse against transgender, lesbian and gay people in Iran"
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404:
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2006:
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1007:
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356:
78:
41:
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3762:
2528:
Mohammadi, Naima (March 2018). "Life experiences of sexual minorities in Iran: limitations, adaptations and challenges".
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216:
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clothing shown sitting on the floor, a position that was usually reserved for women in the local iconography.
2565:""Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran"
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5146:
4726:
4423:
4097:
3907:
1416:
1370:
953:
303:
113:
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Saeidzadeh, Zara (2019). "Understanding Socio-Legal Complexities of Sex Change in Postrevolutionary Iran".
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608:
312:
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2021:. 2004 report, and consider UNHCR report underestimate the pressure. Mentions gender diversity on pp, 15.
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120:
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1935:
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83:
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2594:
2545:
2510:
2438:
2274:
2266:
1917:
1350:
1281:
1255:
136:
1398:
Surgery for intersex conditions have been practiced in Iran since the 1930s. In 1963, Ayatollah
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3935:
3303:
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3253:
3054:
2983:
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2586:
2502:
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1987:
1930:
1631:
1399:
821:
815:
276:
141:
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3046:
3018:
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2939:
2576:
2537:
2494:
2422:
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2220:
2179:"Ancient civilization in Iran recognized transgender people 3,000 years ago, study suggests"
1537:
1501:
1466:
673:
319:
4580:
4548:
4538:
4119:
3940:
3889:
2085:"Iran's transgender community are being beaten and disowned in spite of legal protections"
1972:
1195:
869:
837:
827:
364:
146:
100:
3360:
2063:
2338:
By Angus McDowall in Tehran and Stephen Khan, The Independent Thursday, 25 November 2004
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individuals were officially recognized by the government, under condition of undergoing
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4504:
4499:
1949:
1941:
1683:
1420:
1225:
793:
788:
335:
1465:
formulated the first national standardised protocol of the diagnosis and treatment of
17:
5115:
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4568:
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4514:
4296:
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3925:
3826:
3097:
2943:
2598:
2549:
2514:
2442:
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2246:
1690:
1606:
1391:
874:
857:
842:
803:
596:
538:
175:
131:
2995:
2838:"Fact Sheet: LGBTQ Community in Iran Faces Deadly Violence and Severe Rights Abuses"
1457:
Khomeini's original fatwa has since been reconfirmed by the current leader of Iran,
4520:
4281:
4191:
3959:
1976:
1693:
directs plays about trans people in Iran, casting transgender actors in the roles.
1561:
1458:
1293:
809:
472:
414:
165:
5095:
4076:
4044:
2689:"Caught Up In Travel Ban, Iranian Transgender Asylum Seeker Sees 'No Way Forward'"
2581:
2564:
2498:
1911:
1823:
1560:
Following approval from the psychiatrist, people are then referred to the Iranian
1276:
282:
250:
29:
2814:"'He would die': Iceland activists try to stop deportation of Iranian trans teen"
2713:"Transgender Iranian Refugees Are Struggling to Outrun Prostitution and Violence"
1638:
carries out more sex change operations than any other nation in the world except
4374:
4246:
4084:
4065:
4039:
3995:
3976:
3878:
3836:
2040:"How Iran's anti-LGBT policies put transgender people at risk | DW | 28.04.2020"
1903:
1602:
1520:
regarding legal gender recognition and healthcare in their countries of asylum.
1354:
678:
576:
290:
271:
245:
201:
182:
49:
2979:
2426:
2111:"Iran: How transgender people survive ultraconservative rule | DW | 16.05.2021"
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1893:
1840:
1436:
798:
221:
206:
3989:
3440:
3263:
Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2016). "What Can We Learn from Transsexuality in Iran?".
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2318:
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1708:
195:
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2410:
1065:
783:
240:
160:
126:
107:
4341:
2987:
2951:
2506:
2434:
3175:
3151:"Iran's transgender community: Legally recognised yet socially ostracised"
3011:"High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals in Tehran, Iran"
2411:"The Epidemiology of Gender Dysphoria in Iran: The First Nationwide Study"
5033:
4050:
4027:
3318:
3125:
2374:
1639:
1230:
256:
233:
3244:
3227:
2917:"Iran performed over 1,000 gender reassignment operations in four years"
2270:
4057:
3983:
3948:
3365:
2262:
1451:
1428:
263:
189:
154:
2737:"LGBT People Fleeing Harassment in Iran Find Life No Easier in Turkey"
2209:"Transsexuality in Contemporary Iran: Legal and Social Misrecognition"
5023:
4021:
3847:
1642:. Between 2006 and 2010, the government issued 1366 permits for SRS.
1469:. In 2014, the Transgender Studies Center was founded as part of the
1220:
227:
3228:"Divergent Identities in Iran and the Appropriation of Trans Bodies"
3126:"Agonizing Odyssey of Iranian Transsexual: From Despair to Survival"
2154:
1450:. After the revolution, she was fired, forcibly injected with male
1415:
The new religious government that came to be established after the
3964:
3290:
Bluck, Sahar (2012). "Transsexual in Iran: A Fatwa for Freedom?".
2903:"How Iran Persecutes Some LGBTQ+ Members While Subsidizing Others"
2001:
1585:
1447:
1404:
170:
3345:
2765:"From Iran to Turkey to Canada, a transgender woman seeks refuge"
2751:"Iranian transgender refugee struggles for acceptance | CBC News"
2638:
5043:
4005:
1742:
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
1635:
1597:
1432:
1240:
211:
3851:
3444:
3369:
1634:
having no recorded individuals. In 2008, the BBC reported that
1431:, who were condemned in Shah's era and faced the punishment of
5048:
2790:"Iranian Refugee Wins Transgender Rights Case Against Hungary"
1991:
1424:
1245:
3041:
Ardebili, Mehrdad Eftekhar (2018). "Transgenderism in Iran".
3043:
Current Critical Debates in the Field of Transsexual Studies
3112:"Transgender Iranians take to the stage to raise awareness"
2653:"The United States and Iran: Two Transgender Military Bans"
2472:"Despite Fatwa, Transgender People in Iran Face Harassment"
2247:"Transing and Transpassing across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran"
2458:
Transing and Transpassing Across Sex-Gender Walls in Iran
4270:
Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism
2135:"Transitions: Transgender Rights in Pakistan and Iran"
1945:, a documentary film about transgender people in Iran
1542:
World Professional Association for Transgender Health
3265:
Transsexualität in Theologie und Neurowissenschaften
3200:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017"
2889:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015"
2404:
2402:
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4596:
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3888:
3776:
3736:
3478:
3351:
As Repression Lifts, More Iranians Change Their Sex
1712:(In accordance with Shiite version of Islamic law)
1564:, which reviews the case with a committee from the
1953:, a 2011 film with a transgender character in Iran
1369:previous relationships, and conform to the strict
2202:
2200:
2198:
3974:
2240:
2238:
2236:
1442:One early campaigner for transgender rights was
180:
3176:"Iran Age of Consent & Statutory Rape Laws"
2616:"Human Rights Report Being Transgender in Iran"
5137:LGBT studies articles needing expert attention
3863:
3456:
3381:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1757:(incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
1323:
8:
2460:. Women's Studies Quarterly. pp. 23–42.
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
1755:Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas
1601:as those who cross-dress and/or identify as
1524:arrest him and forcibly return him to Iran.
2610:
2608:
2375:"BBC News: Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
5142:Discrimination against LGBT people in Asia
4600:
3870:
3856:
3848:
3463:
3449:
3441:
3388:
3374:
3366:
1861:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
1330:
1316:
36:
3292:LGBT Transnational Identity and the Media
3243:
3022:
2580:
2317:
2224:
2155:"A/hrc/46/50 - E - A/hrc/46/50 -Desktop"
1700:
28:
2030:
1783:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
1729:Anti-discrimination laws in employment
48:
4197:Legal recognition of non-binary gender
2373:Barford, Vanessa (February 25, 2008).
1807:LGBT allowed to serve in the military
1471:Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
3361:Transgender In Tehran: Arsham's Story
3317:Barford, Vanessa (25 February 2008).
3036:
3034:
2065:Transgender In Tehran: Arsham's Story
7:
3226:Hashemi C., Kate (1 December 2018).
1656:Forced surgery for homosexual people
2487:Health Care for Women International
1795:Joint adoption by same-sex couples
1627:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
1566:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
1484:Health Care for Women International
1463:Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
365:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy
2377:. British Broadcasting Corporation
2207:Saeidzadeh, Zara (November 2016).
1979:. Gives details on Molkara's plea.
1926:List of transgender-related topics
25:
3319:"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'"
2657:Fordham International Law Journal
2334:The Ayatollah and the transsexual
5094:
3831:
3822:
3821:
2944:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.035
1910:
1896:
1879:
1864:
1852:
1839:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1771:Recognition of same-sex couples
1761:
1745:
1732:
1720:
1707:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1275:
426:Assisted reproductive technology
2932:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2687:Kenyon, Peter (15 March 2017).
2563:Saeidzadeh, Zara (2020-04-02).
2019:Country Information Report Iran
1704:Same-sex sexual activity legal
1647:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1534:Center for Human Rights in Iran
1509:serving in the Iranian military
1419:classed transgender people and
5127:Transgender in the Middle East
4495:Cisgender / cissexual
4490:Childhood gender nonconformity
3789:British Indian Ocean Territory
2676:IRAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT
2302:"Trans[ition] in Iran"
784:Cisgender / cissexual
779:Childhood gender nonconformity
405:Facial masculinization surgery
1:
5132:Transgender rights by country
5064:Social construction of gender
3077:Transgender Studies Quarterly
2582:10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439
2499:10.1080/07399332.2021.1920944
1819:Right to change legal gender
1507:Trans people are banned from
1497:OutRight Action International
1261:Social construction of gender
4544:Gender-sexuality questioning
3342:Changing Sex, Changing Islam
2875:"Trans Legal Mapping Report"
1988:Iran's sex-change operations
833:Gender-sexuality questioning
3472:Transgender rights in Asia
2788:Quell, Molly (2020-07-16).
2456:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2008).
2415:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2245:Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2008).
1849:Access to IVF for lesbians
1766:(None for all LGBT people)
1750:(None for all LGBT people)
1737:(None for all LGBT people)
1623:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1435:or even death under Iran's
398:Facial feminization surgery
5183:
4479:Androphilia and gynephilia
4187:Gender self-identification
3337:Iran Transgender Directory
2980:10.1007/s10461-018-02380-w
2427:10.1007/s10508-021-02250-y
1343:Transgender rights in Iran
768:Androphilia and gynephilia
468:Gender self-identification
5074:
4255:Against non-binary people
3936:Non-binary or genderqueer
3817:
3403:
3273:10.1515/9783110434392-010
2569:Journal of Gender Studies
2542:10.1007/s11135-017-0484-9
2300:Terman, Rochelle (2014).
2251:Women's Studies Quarterly
2226:10.1007/s10691-016-9332-x
1588:'s 2001 report says that
142:Non-binary or genderqueer
3538:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3090:10.1215/23289252-7253510
3051:10.4324/9781351058995-11
3024:10.18502/acta.v59i2.5578
2319:10.1177/0740277514529714
1969:A fatwa for transsexuals
1876:allowed to donate blood
1836:Third gender recognised
1590:sex reassignment surgery
1359:sex reassignment surgery
587:Parental rights movement
496:Political office-holders
375:Gender-affirming surgery
4380:Non-binary People's Day
4260:Against transgender men
3975:
3908:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
3799:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3300:10.1057/9780230373310_4
2794:Courthouse News Service
1417:1979 Iranian Revolution
1371:sex segregation in Iran
181:
114:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
5167:Discrimination in Iran
5101:Transgender portal
5054:Sex–gender distinction
4521:Gender detransitioning
4337:Anatomical terminology
2530:Quality & Quantity
2213:Feminist Legal Studies
1489:Quality & Quantity
1282:Transgender portal
1251:Sex–gender distinction
810:Gender detransitioning
697:Anatomical terminology
34:
18:Transsexuality in Iran
5039:Queer heterosexuality
4559:Rapid-onset dysphoria
4237:Yogyakarta Principles
1717:Equal age of consent
1689:Transgender director
1665:Transgender community
1581:International reports
1444:Maryam Hatoon Molkara
1236:Queer heterosexuality
848:Rapid-onset dysphoria
631:Yogyakarta Principles
32:
5152:Human rights in Iran
4533:Gender transitioning
4485:Blanchard's typology
4407:fictional characters
4265:Anti-gender movement
4217:Rights organizations
3713:United Arab Emirates
3397:Human rights in Iran
3267:. pp. 175–194.
3180:www.ageofconsent.net
3114:. 19 September 2016.
3045:. pp. 158–165.
2877:. 28 September 2017.
2306:World Policy Journal
1645:A 2021 study in the
1632:31 Iranian provinces
1621:A 2022 study in the
1572:Funding and legality
1411:After the Revolution
822:Gender transitioning
774:Blanchard's typology
702:Fictional characters
648:Events and awareness
554:Anti-gender movement
5019:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4352:LGBTQ-related films
4329:Society and culture
3740:limited recognition
3413:Freedom of religion
3245:10.36583/2018040203
3015:Acta Medica Iranica
2007:Iran Country Report
1936:LGBT rights in Iran
1617:Health demographics
1216:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
761:Theory and concepts
643:Society and culture
624:Trans panic defense
5059:Sexual orientation
4365:Day of Remembrance
3423:Transgender rights
3294:. pp. 59–66.
2919:. 4 December 2012.
2769:The World from PRX
2263:10.1353/wsq.0.0117
1986:Frances Harrison,
1918:Transgender portal
1844:(No; binary only)
1682:(Just a Woman) by
1351:Islamic Revolution
1256:Sexual orientation
1095:Disenfranchisement
664:Day of Remembrance
565:trans-exclusionary
50:Transgender topics
35:
5109:
5108:
5005:
5004:
4527:Gender expression
4370:Day of Visibility
3891:Gender identities
3845:
3844:
3782:other territories
3438:
3437:
3408:Children's rights
3346:Critical Montages
3309:978-1-349-33674-6
3282:978-3-11-043439-2
3060:978-1-351-05899-5
2968:AIDS and Behavior
2840:. 24 August 2021.
2109:Welle, Deutsche.
2038:Welle, Deutsche.
1973:a similar article
1931:Heteronormativity
1887:
1886:
1546:Standards of Care
1532:According to the
1495:A 2016 report by
1400:Ruhollah Khomeini
1340:
1339:
1186:elected officials
816:Gender expression
669:Day of Visibility
478:Non-binary gender
444:Standards of Care
101:Gender identities
16:(Redirected from
5174:
5099:
5098:
4976:
4843:
4809:
4780:
4730:
4648:
4621:
4601:
4535:
4523:
4481:
4402:Media portrayals
4330:
4108:Gender dysphoria
4101:
3980:
3892:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3849:
3835:
3825:
3824:
3794:Christmas Island
3480:Sovereign states
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3326:
3313:
3286:
3249:
3247:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2974:(6): 1590–1593.
2962:
2956:
2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2905:. 12 April 2021.
2899:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2493:(7–8): 861–872.
2482:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2421:(4): 1881–1889.
2406:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2351:. Archived from
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2016:
2000:
1985:
1966:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1883:
1868:
1856:
1843:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1765:
1749:
1736:
1724:
1711:
1701:
1674:In popular media
1538:Justice for Iran
1502:Justice for Iran
1467:gender dysphoria
1332:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1302:
1294:LGBTQ portal
1292:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1130:
957:
824:
812:
770:
717:Media portrayals
570:
569:
568:radical feminism
566:
562:
514:Military service
446:
434:
417:
407:
400:
391:
384:
377:
367:
348:
338:
329:
322:
320:Gender dysphoria
315:
186:
70:
67:
64:
61:
58:
37:
33:Iran locator map
21:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5093:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5001:
4988:
4981:
4970:
4837:
4803:
4774:
4748:
4724:
4698:
4642:
4615:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4581:Transmedicalism
4549:Gender variance
4539:Gender identity
4531:
4519:
4477:
4468:
4462:
4328:
4323:
4241:
4212:Rights movement
4173:
4125:Hormone therapy
4120:Puberty blocker
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
3941:Gender fluidity
3890:
3884:
3876:
3846:
3841:
3813:
3781:
3772:
3753:Northern Cyprus
3739:
3732:
3474:
3469:
3439:
3434:
3399:
3394:
3333:
3316:
3310:
3289:
3283:
3262:
3225:
3222:
3220:Further reading
3217:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2641:. 24 June 2014.
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2527:
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2479:
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2408:
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2390:
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2360:
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2342:
2331:
2327:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2013:
1997:
1982:
1963:
1960:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1699:
1680:Juste une femme
1676:
1667:
1658:
1619:
1607:homosexual acts
1583:
1574:
1554:
1530:
1517:
1479:
1413:
1388:
1383:
1336:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1124:
1118:
1111:
951:
896:
890:
880:
879:
870:Transmedicalism
838:Gender variance
828:Gender identity
820:
808:
766:
762:
754:
753:
693:
688:
659:Beauty pageants
650:
644:
636:
635:
592:Transgender men
567:
564:
561:Gender-critical
560:
559:
550:
500:
486:Rights movement
482:
463:
452:
451:
442:
430:
413:
410:
403:
396:
387:
380:
373:
370:
363:
346:Hormone therapy
344:
341:
334:
325:
318:
311:
307:
296:
295:
147:Gender fluidity
103:
93:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:Health in Iran
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:Gender in Iran
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Gender studies
5026:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4989:office-holders
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4936:United Kingdom
4933:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:2016 bill C-16
4817:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4769:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4684:
4682:United Kingdom
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
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4576:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:Cross-dressing
4502:
4500:Cisnormativity
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:Awareness Week
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Asylum seekers
4274:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4247:Discrimination
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4225:bathroom bills
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4104:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4073:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3967:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3430:Women's rights
3427:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:New York Times
3348:
3339:
3332:
3331:External links
3329:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3308:
3287:
3281:
3260:
3250:
3238:(2): 139–150.
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3191:
3167:
3142:
3117:
3103:
3066:
3059:
3030:
3001:
2957:
2922:
2908:
2894:
2880:
2866:
2843:
2829:
2805:
2780:
2756:
2742:
2728:
2704:
2679:
2668:
2644:
2630:
2604:
2575:(3): 295–309.
2555:
2536:(2): 719–737.
2520:
2477:
2463:
2448:
2388:
2358:
2355:on 2011-06-07.
2340:
2325:
2287:
2257:(3/4): 23–42.
2232:
2219:(3): 249–272.
2194:
2170:
2146:
2126:
2101:
2076:
2055:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:Safra Project
2011:
1995:
1980:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:Facing Mirrors
1946:
1942:Be Like Others
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:(Since 1980s,
1820:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1684:Mitra Farahani
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1618:
1615:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1553:
1550:
1529:
1526:
1516:
1515:Asylum seekers
1513:
1478:
1477:Discrimination
1475:
1412:
1409:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Gender studies
1223:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1191:Cafeteria riot
1188:
1183:
1173:
1171:United Kingdom
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:United Kingdom
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
993:
988:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
958:
946:
941:
936:
935:
934:
924:
919:
914:
913:
912:
907:
892:
891:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
796:
794:Cross-dressing
791:
789:Cisnormativity
786:
781:
776:
771:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
730:
729:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
689:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
654:Awareness Week
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
627:
626:
621:
611:
606:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
577:Discrimination
574:
573:
572:
549:
548:
547:
546:
541:
539:Bathroom bills
533:
528:
527:
526:
521:
511:
506:
499:
498:
493:
488:
481:
480:
475:
470:
464:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
435:
428:
423:
418:
409:
408:
401:
394:
393:
392:
389:male-to-female
385:
382:female-to-male
369:
368:
361:
360:
359:
354:
340:
339:
336:Sex assignment
332:
331:
330:
316:
308:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
287:
286:
279:
269:
268:
267:
260:
253:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
192:
187:
178:
173:
163:
158:
151:
150:
149:
139:
134:
129:
124:
117:
110:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
75:
72:
71:
53:
52:
46:
45:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5179:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4997:United States
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:legal history
4951:
4950:
4949:
4948:United States
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:South Africa
4909:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:ancient Egypt
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:United States
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4586:Transmisogyny
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:Transfeminism
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Postgenderism
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:Gender binary
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Transmisogyny
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:masculinizing
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Gender bender
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:South Ossetia
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3258:9780822355434
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3205:
3204:www.state.gov
3201:
3195:
3192:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3084:(1): 80–102.
3083:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:Robert Tait,
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:Summary table
1696:
1694:
1692:
1691:Saman Arastoo
1687:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:Safra Project
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4455:
4429:Publications
4347:Christianity
4282:Cisgenderism
4202:Legal status
4192:Legal gender
4164:Legal status
4100:and medicine
4075:
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3778:Dependencies
3708:Turkmenistan
3673:Saudi Arabia
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3207:. Retrieved
3203:
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3183:. Retrieved
3179:
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3159:. Retrieved
3157:. 2018-01-12
3154:
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3134:. Retrieved
3132:. 2017-06-14
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2793:
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2772:. Retrieved
2768:
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2720:. Retrieved
2717:www.vice.com
2716:
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2696:. Retrieved
2692:
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2660:. Retrieved
2656:
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2622:. Retrieved
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2379:. Retrieved
2353:the original
2343:
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2309:
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2186:. Retrieved
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2129:
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2114:
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2093:. Retrieved
2091:. 2018-05-21
2088:
2079:
2069:, retrieved
2064:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1983:
1977:The Guardian
1964:
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1161:Nazi Germany
1113:
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893:
734:Publications
690:
647:
473:Legal gender
461:legal status
415:Hair removal
281:
262:
255:
226:
194:
166:Third gender
153:
119:
112:
26:
5157:Law of Iran
4971: [
4921:South Korea
4891:New Zealand
4838: [
4804: [
4775: [
4739:South Korea
4725: [
4643: [
4616: [
4424:Pornography
4317:trans panic
4113:in children
4098:Health care
4085:Transsexual
4066:Transgender
4040:Trans woman
3996:Mudoko dako
3977:Femminiello
3879:Transgender
3837:Asia portal
3738:States with
3658:Philippines
3598:South Korea
3593:North Korea
3488:Afghanistan
3418:LGBT rights
1904:Iran portal
1603:genderqueer
1355:transgender
1349:Before the
1125: [
1105:Transphobia
1058:South Korea
1028:New Zealand
952: [
519:South Korea
459:Rights and
327:in children
304:Health care
291:Transsexual
272:Transgender
246:Trans woman
202:Mudoko dako
183:Femminiello
5116:Categories
4874:Tamil Nadu
4597:By country
4510:Deadnaming
4467:Theory and
4444:ice hockey
4287:Inequality
4130:feminizing
4016:Two-spirit
4001:Mukhannath
3970:Faʻafafine
3718:Uzbekistan
3693:Tajikistan
3608:Kyrgyzstan
3588:Kazakhstan
3508:Bangladesh
3498:Azerbaijan
3209:2018-06-30
3185:2018-06-30
3161:2018-03-08
3136:2018-03-09
2860:2022-02-01
2823:2021-06-22
2799:2021-06-22
2774:2021-06-22
2722:2021-06-22
2698:2021-06-22
2662:2021-06-11
2624:2022-02-01
2188:2021-06-11
2164:2021-06-11
2159:undocs.org
2140:2021-06-11
2120:2021-06-11
2095:2021-06-11
2071:2021-06-11
2049:2021-06-11
2026:References
1831:required)
1552:Procedures
1528:Healthcare
1437:penal code
996:Tamil Nadu
888:By country
799:Deadnaming
749:Television
727:non-binary
712:Literature
609:Inequality
582:Non-binary
509:Healthcare
352:feminizing
222:Two-spirit
207:Mukhannath
176:Faʻafafine
4987:Political
4899:2017 bill
4895:Pakistan
4859:2014 Bill
4786:Australia
4762:Argentina
4744:Singapore
4677:Singapore
4625:Australia
4613:Argentina
4434:Sexuality
4169:Pregnancy
4152:to female
4077:Akava'ine
4045:Fakaleitī
4035:Trans man
3955:Koekchuch
3921:Cisgender
3915:Burrnesha
3902:Androgyne
3804:Hong Kong
3758:Palestine
3683:Sri Lanka
3678:Singapore
3558:Indonesia
3098:159318282
2938:: 33–39.
2599:199145725
2591:0958-9236
2550:151445498
2515:235609206
2443:248526198
2381:March 12,
2279:154350645
1196:Stonewall
1166:Singapore
1134:Australia
1122:Argentina
1083:2022 bill
1043:Singapore
1016:2017 bill
1012:Pakistan
986:2014 bill
932:2016 bill
917:Australia
900:Argentina
421:Pregnancy
306:practices
283:Akava'ine
251:Fakaleitī
241:Trans man
161:Koekchuch
127:Cisgender
121:Burrnesha
108:Androgyne
5089:Category
5084:Timeline
5034:Intersex
5010:See also
4968:2018 law
4964:Uruguay
4958:title IX
4941:2004 act
4929:2022 law
4914:2003 Act
4904:2018 Act
4864:2019 Act
4835:2018 law
4801:2016 law
4797:Bolivia
4791:re Kevin
4772:2021 law
4767:2012 law
4635:Cambodia
4469:concepts
4312:killings
4307:genocide
4302:Violence
4221:Toilets
4207:Marriage
4051:Mak nyah
4028:X-gender
4011:Travesti
3827:Category
3748:Abkhazia
3698:Thailand
3653:Pakistan
3633:Mongolia
3628:Maldives
3623:Malaysia
3523:Cambodia
3323:BBC News
3155:euronews
3130:IFP News
2996:59616780
2988:30734211
2952:34314992
2818:NBC News
2507:34156919
2435:35511409
2271:27649782
2089:PinkNews
1890:See also
1640:Thailand
1452:hormones
1429:lesbians
1386:Pre-1979
1306:Category
1231:Intersex
1210:See also
1181:Legality
1139:Re Kevin
1100:Title IX
1078:2004 act
1066:2022 law
1051:2003 act
1036:2016 act
1021:2018 act
991:2019 act
976:2024 law
971:2018 law
966:1980 law
910:2021 law
905:2012 law
739:Religion
614:Violence
604:Genocide
535:Toilets
257:Mak nyah
234:X-gender
217:Travesti
89:Timeline
42:a series
40:Part of
5079:Outline
4886:Ireland
4849:Germany
4657:Finland
4605:History
4564:Studies
4397:History
4356:Events
4157:to male
4147:Surgery
4058:Rae-rae
3984:Khanith
3949:Kathoey
3723:Vietnam
3638:Myanmar
3618:Lebanon
3548:Georgia
3503:Bahrain
3493:Armenia
2183:Haaretz
1433:lashing
1381:History
1156:Finland
1115:History
1032:Norway
1008:Ireland
961:Germany
944:Finland
853:Studies
691:Culture
619:Murders
531:Prisons
264:Rae-rae
190:Khanith
155:Kathoey
84:History
79:Outline
5024:Gender
4925:Spain
4869:Kerala
4831:Chile
4820:Canada
4815:Brazil
4754:Rights
4722:France
4704:People
4672:Russia
4630:Brazil
4439:Sports
4419:People
4342:Blåhaj
4292:Prison
4230:unisex
4179:Rights
4022:Winkte
3882:topics
3768:Taiwan
3703:Turkey
3668:Russia
3603:Kuwait
3583:Jordan
3573:Israel
3533:Cyprus
3518:Brunei
3513:Bhutan
3357:, 2004
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2044:DW.COM
1971:, and
1405:fatwas
1304:
1221:Gender
1146:Brazil
1062:Spain
982:India
949:France
927:Canada
922:Brazil
894:Rights
744:Sports
722:People
544:Unisex
504:Asylum
228:Winkte
69:
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4854:India
4842:]
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4729:]
4712:China
4692:legal
4662:India
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4620:]
4574:views
4451:Youth
4392:Flags
4385:LGBTQ
4375:March
4071:Youth
3965:Bakla
3931:Hijra
3809:Macau
3728:Yemen
3688:Syria
3663:Qatar
3643:Nepal
3578:Japan
3553:India
3543:Egypt
3528:China
3094:S2CID
2992:S2CID
2855:(PDF)
2619:(PDF)
2595:S2CID
2546:S2CID
2511:S2CID
2439:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2267:JSTOR
2002:UNHCR
1958:Notes
1586:UNHCR
1448:exile
1423:with
1151:China
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939:China
863:views
679:March
438:WPATH
277:Youth
171:Bakla
137:Hijra
5044:LGBT
4881:Iran
4667:Iran
4457:more
4412:film
4006:Muxe
3990:Māhū
3648:Oman
3613:Laos
3568:Iraq
3563:Iran
3304:ISBN
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3254:ISBN
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3055:ISBN
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2948:PMID
2587:ISSN
2503:PMID
2431:PMID
2383:2012
1874:MSMs
1636:Iran
1598:LGBT
1427:and
1425:gays
1241:LGBT
1003:Iran
707:Film
684:more
674:Flag
212:Muxe
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2693:NPR
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1992:BBC
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