Knowledge (XXG)

Transport in Turkey

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In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel
611:, mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard. As of 2020 there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks. Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from 615:. As of 2014, the country has a roadway network of 65,623 kilometres (40,776 miles). The total length of the rail network was 10,991 kilometres (6,829 miles) in 2008, including 2,133 kilometres (1,325 miles) of electrified and 457 kilometres (284 miles) of high-speed track. The 116: 171:
There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network. TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. Multiple high speed train routes are running, including:
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are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports
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built in 1909 by the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) as the western terminus of the Baghdad and Hedjaz railways, has become a symbol of Istanbul and Turkey and is famous throughout the Middle East.
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As of 2020 over half the registered motor vehicles are cars - about 12.5 million - of which 4.7 million are diesel fueled, 4.7 million LPG, and 3 million gasoline.
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rental is available in some cities, and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.
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that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2010, number of road vehicles is around 15 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.
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The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.
1664: 3433: 2900: 367: 181: 1977:"Cycling in Turkey: Reasons and benefits of cycling / Türkiye'de bisiklet kullanımı: Bisiklet kullanma nedenleri ve elde edilen faydalar" 3363: 3193: 1949: 99: 222:) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams. 2315: 2271: 1335: 1307: 1067: 628: 608: 173: 62: 3224: 2370: 2147: 1690: 3298: 1928:"NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES -Number of registered motor vehicles in Turkey exceeds 15 million in November 2010. – Free Online Library" 1566: 612: 3677: 3570: 3383: 2225: 2177: 1355: 785: 624: 177: 3636: 3408: 2983: 2251: 2094: 1719: 1023: 415: 2044: 1461: 3229: 1599: 1047: 925: 598: 120: 1006:
In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers. In 2013 there were 98
3698: 3651: 3603: 3495: 3490: 3291: 3188: 3093: 2862: 1612: 1350: 1340: 715: 346: 2203: 29: 1638: 1051: 1015: 2272:"Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show" 1749: 989: 3455: 1345: 1092: 1063: 1007: 691: 652: 380: 1487:"Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region" 3575: 3143: 3108: 3063: 954: 800: 759: 656: 620: 363: 103: 66: 3608: 3198: 1486: 3613: 3555: 3033: 3028: 2923: 2915: 2893: 475: 95: 78: 2345: 1030:
is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.
668: 659:(2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The 1539: 3525: 3485: 3465: 3445: 3348: 3153: 3128: 3043: 3023: 2973: 2943: 2933: 2636: 1292: 604: 543: 58: 2592: 3641: 3460: 3239: 3118: 3113: 2993: 2021: 1905: 1879: 616: 530: 510: 214:
earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to
143: 3661: 3646: 3593: 3540: 3535: 3510: 3368: 3183: 3133: 3088: 3068: 3058: 2958: 1011: 929: 3631: 1976: 3565: 3515: 3475: 3428: 3423: 3413: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3373: 3358: 3353: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3158: 3073: 3053: 2938: 2928: 2825: 2687: 2820: 1310:. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles. 696: 3656: 3598: 3550: 3530: 3520: 3505: 3500: 3480: 3450: 3418: 3403: 3378: 3314: 3213: 3203: 3103: 3038: 3018: 3008: 2968: 2953: 2948: 2886: 2729: 1850:"Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak" 752: 3268: 2830: 3545: 3470: 3440: 3244: 3163: 3123: 3098: 3078: 3013: 2988: 2978: 2963: 2835: 2697: 1668: 1583: 1001: 850:
companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are
744: 2815: 2397:"Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data" 1767: 108: 3083: 3048: 3003: 2998: 2721: 1998: 1388: 1296: 1229: 946: 918: 660: 410: 350: 74: 1953: 2754: 2529: 2121: 1988: 1543: 1518: 1076: 1031: 1027: 993: 950: 806: 777: 740: 664: 648: 569: 500:) (Note: Passenger services as Express of Friendship/Filia suspended from 13 February 2012 ) 70: 54: 33: 2374: 2319: 2279: 2151: 1694: 1387:(Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). 838: 36:
is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.
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As of 2022 fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU.
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By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.
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except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of
341: 278: 2002: 1616: 1993: 1208: 1181: 1022:, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to 736: 728: 724: 636: 318: 246: 210:
is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of
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Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020).
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Turkey "total number of vehicles" 16th, Turkey "vehicles per capita" 66th
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Rail transport map of Turkey along with urban rail networks indication
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435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries
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Low emission zone study in İstanbul by using MODELS-3/CMAQ framework
2252:"Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan" 1444: 1442: 1380: 647:(2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles. The 195: 1927: 127: 2854: 2587: 1071: 938: 924: 886: 880: 837: 695: 580: 538: 306: 298: 294: 272: 268: 194: 115: 107: 28: 2095:"Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News" 776:) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of 2739: 2017:"Turkey eyes bicycle tourism alternative amid diversity efforts" 1188: 525: 505: 3287: 2882: 2494: 1793:"Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye" 643:
lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby
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is held back by poor infrastructure. It is sometimes done for
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TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways)
2316:"Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe 2014" 1295:, and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a 1950:"::Türkiye Ýstatistik Kurumu Web sayfalarýna Hoţ Geldiniz" 1052:
largest carrier in the world by number of countries served
2045:"Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey" 1852:(in Turkish). aa.com.tr. 6 December 2022. Archived from 1823:(in Turkish). 1 January 2023. p. 29. Archived from 1714: 1712: 768:. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them 663:(2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the 168:) gauge, of which 2,336 km are electrified (2005). 533:– No direct link, traffic routed via Syria – same gauge 2453:(masterThesis thesis). Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü. 1306:
in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of
719:) that are completely under the responsibility of the 2342:"Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations" 1750:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 3670: 3622: 3584: 3321: 3212: 3172: 2914: 2853: 2808: 2747: 2738: 2720: 2680: 2644: 2635: 2606: 2580: 2549: 2540: 2174:"Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey" 1651: 1448: 1433: 1413:
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey)
957:has called for transport in Turkey to include more 953:reasons, and infrastructure is being improved. The 709:
There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:
2371:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2365: 2363: 818:Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053) 791:– The third type of roads are provincial roads ( 671:, connects the European and Asian shores of the 2136:http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR 1097:Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007) 815:Provincial Roads 34.113 km (January 2023) 2465:"Turkey. 2020 National Inventory Report (NIR)" 3299: 2894: 2506: 2226:"It will be the biggest airport of the world" 1667:. Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from 1028:new (third) international airport of Istanbul 631:entered service in 2014. Opened in 2013, the 8: 812:State Highways 30.954 km (January 2023) 568:) (Note: It was suspended after breakout of 830:(total length 739 km) on the network. 3306: 3292: 3284: 2901: 2887: 2879: 2744: 2641: 2546: 2513: 2499: 2491: 1512:"Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD" 2120:Çoban, Hasan Hüseyin (23 November 2020). 1992: 1613:"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları" 206:After almost 30 years without any trams, 2202:. ACI. 25 September 2014. Archived from 1904:(in Turkish). kgm.gov.tr. Archived from 1366:List of countries by vehicles per capita 988: 803:: Motorway 3.633 km (January 2023) 588: 126: 49:is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1426: 603:Road transport is responsible for much 585:Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul 1038:of Turkey since 1933, was selected by 784:except those that are financed with a 627:became operational in 2011, while the 2447:Gökgöz Ergül, Merve (6 August 2018). 1302:Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO 826:(total length 665 km) and 9.660 334:Railway links with adjacent countries 7: 368:Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line 1652:Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020) 1449:Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020) 1434:Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020) 1050:worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the 100:History of rail transport in Turkey 2344:. Turkish Airlines. Archived from 1407:[Bicycle Path Guidelines] 1336:Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey 1291:Road traffic is a major source of 1068:List of defunct airlines of Turkey 63:greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey 53:. Transport consumes a quarter of 25: 2228:. 24 January 2013. Archived from 1975:Koçak, Funda (24 December 2016). 1720:"Dünyada Ve Türkıyede Hizli Tren" 1308:Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions 1020:11th busiest airport in the world 996:is the largest airport in Turkey. 609:Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions 3267: 3258: 3257: 2626: 2522: 2200:"Year to date Passenger Traffic" 1540:"Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train" 1320: 917:This section is an excerpt from 613:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 537: 524: 504: 469: 409: 374: 357: 340: 1356:List of otoyol routes in Turkey 1137:Airports – with unpaved runways 809:: 28.986 km (January 2023) 782:General Directorate of Highways 758:– The second type of roads are 721:General Directorate of Highways 3225:British Indian Ocean Territory 2401:Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 2278:. 12 July 2012. Archived from 1584:"Traveling by Train in Turkey" 1024:Airports Council International 898:Special Purpose vehicle 35,492 842:Intercity bus station in Aydın 739:. Even if they mostly possess 1: 1952:. Tuik.gov.tr. Archived from 1814:"KGM 2023 Performance Report" 1600:Railway Gazette International 1101:Airports – with paved runways 599:Automotive industry in Turkey 2148:"CIA World Factbook: Turkey" 1878:. kgm.gov.tr. Archived from 1691:"CIA World Factbook: Turkey" 1351:Turkish State Highway System 1341:Public transport in Istanbul 846:There are numerous private 593:Otoyol 5 near Altınova exit 57:, and is a major source of 3715: 1346:List of highways in Turkey 1093:List of airports in Turkey 1090: 1064:List of airlines of Turkey 1061: 999: 916: 822:As of 2023, there are 471 780:. They also depend on the 762:that are officially named 760:controlled-access highways 692:List of highways in Turkey 689: 653:Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 596: 146:possess 10,984 km of 121:Haydarpaşa railway station 93: 3253: 2624: 2373:. Cia.gov. Archived from 1981:Journal of Human Sciences 1693:. Cia.gov. Archived from 955:World Health Organization 657:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge 639:connects the railway and 418:– under reconstruction – 174:Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul 104:High-speed rail in Turkey 67:World Health Organization 2974:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2532:networks and systems in 1772:EU Delegation to Türkiye 1405:Bisiklet Yolları Klavuzu 1016:Istanbul Atatürk Airport 96:Rail transport in Turkey 79:health impact assessment 18:Transportation in Turkey 3235:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1994:10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4190 1411:(Report) (in Turkish). 1293:air pollution in Turkey 605:air pollution in Turkey 81:is not done in Turkey. 59:air pollution in Turkey 3364:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2426:www.masstransitmag.com 1569:11 August 2007 at the 1083: 1079:, the flag carrier of 1012:international airports 997: 944: 936: 843: 747:, they also have some 705: 617:Turkish State Railways 607:and almost a fifth of 594: 586: 203: 139: 124: 113: 37: 2134:World Bank Datebase, 1768:"Türkiye 2022 Report" 1724:hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr 1385:iicec.sabanciuniv.edu 1381:Turkey Energy Outlook 1075: 992: 942: 930:Fancy Women Bike Ride 928: 841: 834:Public road transport 699: 592: 584: 198: 130: 119: 111: 32: 3315:Transport in Europe 3149:United Arab Emirates 1930:. Thefreelibrary.com 1172:About 1,200 km 629:Ankara-Istanbul line 353:– under construction 69:has called for more 3699:Transport in Turkey 3585:States with limited 3176:limited recognition 2180:on 25 December 2013 2099:Hürriyet Daily News 2022:Hürriyet Daily News 1756:. 19 December 2016. 1665:"Yol Ağı Bilgileri" 623:lines in 2003. The 2377:on 10 January 2021 2232:on 29 January 2013 2154:on 10 January 2021 1908:on 6 February 2023 1882:on 6 February 2023 1856:on 9 December 2022 1830:on 6 February 2023 1697:on 10 January 2021 1671:on 9 November 2016 1602:– January 2008 p51 1176:Ports and harbours 1084: 1008:airports in Turkey 1002:Aviation in Turkey 998: 945: 937: 844: 706: 595: 587: 572:in 29 August 2011) 279:light rail transit 204: 140: 125: 114: 38: 3686: 3685: 3281: 3280: 3218:other territories 2909:Transport in Asia 2876: 2875: 2849: 2848: 2716: 2715: 2622: 2621: 2322:on 27 August 2014 2260:. 14 August 2014. 2206:on 13 August 2018 2025:. 13 January 2022 1956:on 5 January 2012 1902:"Bridge Projects" 1876:"Tunnel projects" 1641:. 10 August 2022. 1394:978-605-70031-9-5 1297:low emission zone 1230:Mediterranean Sea 1158:4 (2010) (Link:) 1146:1,524 to 2,437 m: 1133:4 (2010) (Link:) 1121:1,524 to 2,437 m: 1115:2,438 to 3,047 m: 947:Cycling in Turkey 943:Rural west Turkey 919:Cycling in Turkey 907:Total: 15,095,603 807:Dual carriageways 741:dual carriageways 661:Osman Gazi Bridge 625:Ankara-Konya line 619:started building 136:Siemens Velaro TR 16:(Redirected from 3706: 3623:Dependencies and 3322:Sovereign states 3308: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3271: 3261: 3260: 3230:Christmas Island 2916:Sovereign states 2903: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2745: 2642: 2630: 2547: 2530:public transport 2527: 2526: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2318:. Archived from 2312: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2282:on 25 April 2013 2268: 2262: 2261: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2176:. Archived from 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2150:. Archived from 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1996: 1987:(3): 5760–5771. 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1829: 1818: 1810: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1726:. Archived from 1716: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1615:. Archived from 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1544:Siemens Mobility 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1519:Siemens Mobility 1516: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1437: 1431: 1416: 1415:. December 2019. 1410: 1398: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1077:Turkish Airlines 1032:Turkish Airlines 994:Istanbul Airport 961:such as cycling. 959:active transport 778:Turks in Germany 669:Çanakkale Bridge 649:Bosphorus Bridge 570:Syrian Civil War 567: 565: 564: 560: 557: 549: 542: 541: 529: 528: 509: 508: 499: 497: 496: 492: 489: 481: 474: 473: 464: 462: 461: 457: 454: 446: 442: 440: 439: 435: 432: 424: 414: 413: 404: 402: 401: 397: 394: 386: 379: 378: 362: 361: 345: 344: 167: 165: 164: 160: 157: 149: 71:active transport 55:energy in Turkey 34:Istanbul Airport 21: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3666: 3624: 3618: 3604:Northern Cyprus 3586: 3580: 3496:North Macedonia 3317: 3312: 3282: 3277: 3249: 3217: 3208: 3189:Northern Cyprus 3175: 3168: 2910: 2907: 2877: 2872: 2845: 2804: 2734: 2712: 2676: 2631: 2618: 2602: 2576: 2536: 2521: 2519: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2428:. 14 April 2020 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2304:. 17 June 2015. 2300: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2101:. 16 April 2021 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1700: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1581: 1577: 1571:Wayback Machine 1564:TCDD Statistics 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1408: 1403: 1395: 1378: 1375: 1328:Railways portal 1326: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1305: 1289: 1178: 1170: 1168:Water transport 1154: 1151:914 to 1,523 m: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1129: 1126:914 to 1,523 m: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1095: 1089: 1070: 1062:Main articles: 1060: 1010:, including 22 1004: 987: 979: 968: 963: 962: 922: 914: 836: 694: 688: 633:Marmaray tunnel 621:high-speed rail 601: 579: 562: 558: 555: 553: 552:4 ft  551: 547: 536: 523: 503: 494: 490: 487: 485: 484:4 ft  483: 479: 468: 459: 455: 452: 450: 449:4 ft  448: 444: 437: 433: 430: 428: 427:4 ft  426: 422: 408: 399: 395: 392: 390: 389:4 ft  388: 384: 373: 356: 339: 336: 193: 162: 158: 155: 153: 152:4 ft  151: 147: 106: 94:Main articles: 92: 87: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3678:European Union 3674: 3672: 3671:Other entities 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3625:other entities 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3571:United Kingdom 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3384:Czech Republic 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3265: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2588:Afyonkarahisar 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2487:External links 2485: 2482: 2481: 2456: 2439: 2413: 2388: 2359: 2348:on 19 May 2016 2333: 2307: 2293: 2263: 2243: 2217: 2191: 2165: 2139: 2127: 2112: 2086: 2061: 2036: 2008: 1967: 1941: 1919: 1893: 1867: 1841: 1798: 1784: 1759: 1754:Anadolu Agency 1741: 1730:on 5 July 2014 1708: 1682: 1656: 1654:, p. 154. 1644: 1630: 1604: 1592: 1575: 1556: 1531: 1503: 1478: 1453: 1451:, p. 102. 1438: 1436:, p. 135. 1425: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1254:Sea of Marmara 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1226: 1225: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1091:Main article: 1088: 1085: 1059: 1056: 1014:. As of 2015, 1000:Main article: 986: 983: 978: 975: 967: 964: 923: 915: 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 899: 896: 890: 884: 878: 872: 866: 835: 832: 820: 819: 816: 813: 810: 804: 772:(referring to 749:traffic lights 716:Devlet Yolları 690:Main article: 687: 684: 645:Eurasia Tunnel 578: 577:Road transport 575: 574: 573: 534: 521: 501: 466: 420:break-of-gauge 406: 371: 366:– closed (see 354: 335: 332: 331: 330: 275: 249: 192: 189: 91: 88: 86: 85:Rail transport 83: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3711: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637:Faroe Islands 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3609:South Ossetia 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3456:Liechtenstein 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:South Ossetia 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637:Rapid transit 2634: 2629: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2542:Suburban rail 2539: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2486: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2440: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1619:on 7 May 2015 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582:Uysal, Onur. 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1520: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1467: 1466:reliefweb.int 1463: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1287:Air pollution 1286: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1110:over 3,047 m: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1003: 995: 991: 985:Air transport 984: 982: 977:Car ownership 976: 974: 972: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 941: 935: 931: 927: 920: 911: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 860: 859: 857: 853: 849: 840: 833: 831: 829: 825: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766: 761: 756: 754: 753:intersections 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717: 711: 710: 703: 698: 693: 685: 683: 679: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:Gulf of İzmit 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 591: 583: 576: 571: 548:1,435 mm 545: 540: 535: 532: 527: 522: 519: 516: 512: 507: 502: 480:1,435 mm 477: 472: 467: 445:1,520 mm 423:1,435 mm 421: 417: 412: 407: 385:1,435 mm 382: 377: 372: 369: 365: 360: 355: 352: 348: 343: 338: 337: 333: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231:commuter rail 228: 227: 226: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 202: 197: 190: 188: 185: 183: 179: 175: 169: 148:1,435 mm 145: 137: 133: 129: 122: 118: 110: 105: 101: 97: 89: 84: 82: 80: 77:. As of 2023 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47: 43: 35: 31: 27: 19: 3614:Transnistria 3576:Vatican City 3560: 3214:Dependencies 3144:Turkmenistan 3138: 3109:Saudi Arabia 2472:. Retrieved 2468: 2459: 2449: 2442: 2430:. Retrieved 2425: 2416: 2404:. Retrieved 2400: 2391: 2379:. Retrieved 2375:the original 2350:. Retrieved 2346:the original 2336: 2326:28 September 2324:. Retrieved 2320:the original 2310: 2296: 2284:. Retrieved 2280:the original 2266: 2255: 2246: 2234:. Retrieved 2230:the original 2220: 2210:25 September 2208:. Retrieved 2204:the original 2194: 2182:. Retrieved 2178:the original 2168: 2156:. Retrieved 2152:the original 2142: 2130: 2115: 2103:. Retrieved 2098: 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2073: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2048: 2039: 2027:. Retrieved 2020: 2011: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1958:. Retrieved 1954:the original 1944: 1932:. Retrieved 1922: 1910:. Retrieved 1906:the original 1896: 1884:. Retrieved 1880:the original 1870: 1858:. Retrieved 1854:the original 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1825:the original 1820: 1787: 1775:. Retrieved 1771: 1762: 1744: 1732:. Retrieved 1728:the original 1723: 1699:. Retrieved 1695:the original 1685: 1673:. Retrieved 1669:the original 1659: 1647: 1633: 1621:. Retrieved 1617:the original 1607: 1595: 1590:, 5 Mar 2014 1587: 1578: 1559: 1547:. Retrieved 1534: 1522:. Retrieved 1506: 1494:. Retrieved 1490: 1481: 1469:. Retrieved 1465: 1456: 1429: 1384: 1301: 1290: 1252: 1251: 1228: 1227: 1214: 1213: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1161: 1160: 1156:under 914 m: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1131:under 914 m: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1054:as of 2016. 1036:flag carrier 1005: 980: 969: 845: 821: 792: 790: 769: 763: 757: 745:interchanges 714: 712: 708: 707: 701: 686:Road network 680: 677: 602: 520:– same gauge 277:Cities with 251:Cities with 229:Cities with 224: 205: 186: 182:Ankara-Sivas 178:Ankara-Konya 170: 141: 132:TCDD HT80000 90:Rail network 40: 39: 26: 3652:Isle of Man 3587:recognition 3556:Switzerland 3491:Netherlands 3273:Asia portal 3174:States with 3094:Philippines 3034:South Korea 3029:North Korea 2924:Afghanistan 2422:"StackPath" 2184:17 November 2158:17 November 2029:27 December 1588:Rail Turkey 1491:www.who.int 934:Urla, İzmir 881:Small truck 793:Il Yolları) 704:network map 673:Dardanelles 655:(1988) and 546:– closed – 518:train ferry 3526:San Marino 3486:Montenegro 3466:Luxembourg 3446:Kazakhstan 3349:Azerbaijan 3154:Uzbekistan 3129:Tajikistan 3044:Kyrgyzstan 3024:Kazakhstan 2944:Bangladesh 2934:Azerbaijan 2826:Diyarbakır 2474:9 November 2469:unfccc.int 2432:9 November 2406:9 November 2381:13 January 2236:24 January 2074:TechCrunch 1960:13 January 1934:13 January 1912:6 February 1886:6 February 1860:6 February 1834:6 February 1821:kgm.gov.tr 1777:13 January 1573:– PDF file 1421:References 1237:İskenderun 1216:Aegean Sea 1164:20 (2010) 893:Motorcycle 725:ring roads 635:under the 597:See also: 347:Azerbaijan 191:Urban rail 3642:Gibraltar 3461:Lithuania 3240:Hong Kong 3194:Palestine 3119:Sri Lanka 3114:Singapore 2994:Indonesia 2821:Adapazarı 2770:Gaziantep 2765:Eskişehir 2688:Gaziantep 2614:Adapazarı 2562:Gaziantep 2105:12 August 2079:12 August 2049:ReliefWeb 2003:2458-9489 1734:12 August 1701:29 August 1209:Zonguldak 1182:Black Sea 1162:Heliports 966:Escooters 904:1,404,872 895:2,389,488 883:2,399,038 865:7,544,871 801:Motorways 637:Bosphorus 478:– open – 383:– open – 319:Gaziantep 303:Eskişehir 281:systems: 255:systems: 247:Gaziantep 233:systems: 216:Eskişehir 199:Trams in 42:Transport 3693:Category 3662:Svalbard 3647:Guernsey 3594:Abkhazia 3541:Slovenia 3536:Slovakia 3511:Portugal 3369:Bulgaria 3263:Category 3184:Abkhazia 3134:Thailand 3089:Pakistan 3069:Mongolia 3064:Maldives 3059:Malaysia 2959:Cambodia 2863:Istanbul 2775:Istanbul 2730:Istanbul 2667:Istanbul 2567:Istanbul 2286:25 April 2257:Newsweek 1675:9 August 1567:Archived 1549:16 April 1524:16 April 1314:See also 1271:Istanbul 1266:Bandırma 1087:Airports 1058:Airlines 971:Escooter 854:, small 852:dolmuşes 774:Autobahn 733:Istanbul 700:Turkish 675:strait. 651:(1973), 566: in 515:Lake Van 498: in 463: in 441: in 403: in 381:Bulgaria 283:Istanbul 257:Istanbul 235:Istanbul 212:Istanbul 166: in 73:such as 3566:Ukraine 3516:Romania 3476:Moldova 3434:Ireland 3429:Iceland 3424:Hungary 3414:Germany 3409:Georgia 3399:Finland 3394:Estonia 3389:Denmark 3374:Croatia 3359:Belgium 3354:Belarus 3344:Austria 3339:Armenia 3334:Andorra 3329:Albania 3159:Vietnam 3074:Myanmar 3054:Lebanon 2984:Georgia 2939:Bahrain 2929:Armenia 2841:Trabzon 2831:Erzurum 2790:Kayseri 2755:Antalya 2748:Current 2645:Current 2593:Kayseri 2550:Current 2352:22 June 2276:Skytrax 1496:22 July 1373:Sources 1281:Derince 1247:Antalya 1204:Trabzon 1194:Inebolu 1040:Skytrax 1018:is the 912:Cycling 902:Tractor 889:726,359 877:208,510 871:386,973 869:Minibus 828:bridges 824:tunnels 788:model. 682:buses. 561:⁄ 493:⁄ 458:⁄ 436:⁄ 416:Georgia 398:⁄ 364:Armenia 351:Georgia 327:Kocaeli 315:Kayseri 311:Antalya 201:Kayseri 184:lines. 161:⁄ 75:cycling 3657:Jersey 3599:Kosovo 3561:Turkey 3551:Sweden 3531:Serbia 3521:Russia 3506:Poland 3501:Norway 3481:Monaco 3451:Latvia 3419:Greece 3404:France 3379:Cyprus 3204:Taiwan 3139:Turkey 3104:Russia 3039:Kuwait 3019:Jordan 3009:Israel 2969:Cyprus 2954:Brunei 2949:Bhutan 2836:Mersin 2809:Future 2800:Samsun 2708:Mersin 2681:Future 2657:Ankara 2607:Former 2581:Future 2557:Ankara 2534:Turkey 2528:Urban 2054:4 June 2001:  1623:6 June 1471:4 June 1391:  1361:Otoyol 1261:Gemlik 1242:Mersin 1199:Samsun 1141:total: 1105:total: 1081:Turkey 1044:Europe 1026:. The 951:health 770:Otoban 765:Otoyol 729:Ankara 702:Otoyol 667:. The 513:– via 476:Greece 349:– via 323:Samsun 287:Ankara 261:Ankara 239:Ankara 220:EsTram 208:Turkey 102:, and 65:. The 51:diesel 46:Turkey 3632:Åland 3546:Spain 3471:Malta 3441:Italy 3245:Macau 3164:Yemen 3124:Syria 3099:Qatar 3079:Nepal 3014:Japan 2989:India 2979:Egypt 2964:China 2868:İzmir 2855:Ferry 2816:Adana 2795:Konya 2785:İzmir 2780:İzmit 2760:Bursa 2703:Konya 2698:İzmit 2693:Gebze 2672:İzmir 2662:Bursa 2652:Adana 2598:Konya 2572:İzmir 1828:(PDF) 1817:(PDF) 1515:(PDF) 1409:(PDF) 1276:İzmit 1223:İzmir 887:Truck 737:İzmir 641:metro 544:Syria 307:Konya 299:Bursa 295:Adana 291:İzmir 273:Adana 269:Bursa 265:İzmir 253:metro 243:İzmir 3084:Oman 3049:Laos 3004:Iraq 2999:Iran 2740:Tram 2476:2020 2434:2020 2408:2020 2383:2017 2354:2016 2328:2014 2288:2013 2238:2013 2212:2014 2186:2014 2160:2014 2107:2021 2081:2021 2056:2022 2031:2022 1999:ISSN 1962:2017 1936:2017 1914:2023 1888:2023 1862:2023 1836:2023 1779:2023 1736:2014 1703:2011 1677:2014 1625:2012 1551:2020 1526:2020 1498:2024 1473:2022 1389:ISBN 1189:Hopa 1066:and 856:vans 751:and 743:and 531:Iraq 511:Iran 180:and 142:The 61:and 3216:and 2722:BRT 1989:doi 1143:11 1128:16 1123:19 1112:16 1107:88 1042:as 932:in 875:Bus 863:Car 848:bus 786:BOT 735:or 727:of 44:in 3695:: 2467:. 2424:. 2399:. 2362:^ 2274:. 2254:. 2097:. 2072:. 2047:. 2019:. 1997:. 1985:13 1983:. 1979:. 1819:. 1801:^ 1770:. 1752:. 1722:. 1711:^ 1586:, 1542:. 1517:. 1489:. 1464:. 1441:^ 1383:. 1299:. 1153:6 1148:1 1034:, 755:. 731:, 465:). 460:32 456:27 451:11 443:)/ 325:, 321:, 317:, 313:, 309:, 305:, 301:, 297:, 293:, 289:, 285:, 271:, 267:, 263:, 259:, 245:, 241:, 237:, 176:, 98:, 3307:e 3300:t 3293:v 2902:e 2895:t 2888:v 2514:e 2507:t 2500:v 2478:. 2436:. 2410:. 2385:. 2356:. 2330:. 2290:. 2240:. 2214:. 2188:. 2162:. 2124:. 2109:. 2083:. 2058:. 2033:. 2005:. 1991:: 1964:. 1938:. 1916:. 1890:. 1864:. 1838:. 1795:. 1781:. 1738:. 1705:. 1679:. 1627:. 1553:. 1528:. 1500:. 1475:. 1397:. 1304:2 921:. 563:2 559:1 556:+ 554:8 550:( 495:2 491:1 488:+ 486:8 482:( 453:+ 447:( 438:2 434:1 431:+ 429:8 425:( 405:) 400:2 396:1 393:+ 391:8 387:( 370:) 329:. 218:( 163:2 159:1 156:+ 154:8 150:( 134:( 20:)

Index

Transportation in Turkey

Istanbul Airport
Transport
Turkey
diesel
energy in Turkey
air pollution in Turkey
greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
World Health Organization
active transport
cycling
health impact assessment
Rail transport in Turkey
History of rail transport in Turkey
High-speed rail in Turkey


Haydarpaşa railway station

TCDD HT80000
Siemens Velaro TR
TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways)
Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul
Ankara-Konya
Ankara-Sivas

Kayseri
Turkey
Istanbul

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