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rejected by the scientific community. Its method of inner empiricism, "based on disciplined introspection", was to be a target of skepticism from outsiders in the years to come. Several commentators have mentioned the controversial aspects of transpersonal psychology. Zdenek noted that the field was regarded as "controversial since its inception". Other commentators, such as
Friedman, and Adams, also mention the controversial status of the field. Adams also remarked that the field has struggled for "recognition as a legitimate field of study" in academia. This aspect was also noticed by Parsons, who observed that Transpersonal psychology's "naive perennialism, misreading of religious texts, lack of methodological sophistication, weak epistemology, and, some would claim, promotion of narcissistic self-absorption" had not been well received by the majority of academics. Commenting on the state of the field in the mid-nineties Chinen noted that professional publications, until then, had been hesitant to publish articles that dealt with transpersonal subjects.
947:, representing the field of Humanistic Psychology, presented a balanced review of transpersonal psychology in the early nineties. On the negative side he mentioned transpersonal Psychology's tendency toward being "philosophically naive, poorly financed, at times almost anti-intellectual, and frequently overrated as far as its influences". On the positive side he noted the field's "integrated approach to understanding the phenomenology of scientific method"; the "centrality of qualitative research"; and the "importance of interdisciplinary communication". In conclusion he suggested that the virtues of transpersonal psychology may, in the end, "outweigh its defects". In a later article Taylor regarded transpersonal psychology as a visionary American folk-psychology with little historical relation to American academic psychology, except through its association with Humanistic psychology and the categories of transcendence and consciousness.
819:, the journal database of the American Psychological Association. That same year, Ruzek, noted that the "American Psychological Association (APA) and most academic institutions have not yet recognized transpersonal psychology as an approved area of study; transpersonal psychology is rarely mentioned in mainstream academic journals or textbooks; and relatively few American academicians identify themselves as practitioners of transpersonal psychology. Furthermore, transpersonal psychology is scarcely mentioned, if at all, in history or introductory psychology texts". This reasoning can be deduced to Transpersonal psychology being viewed as unscientific due to its philosophical nature. There is a lack of validity from the scientific field because there is no concrete evidence, no tangible data that can allow for retests.
1008:
Rational-Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT). By contrast, transpersonal psychology often explores spiritual experiences, altered states of consciousness, and mystical insights, which Ellis argued could be subjective and unscientific. He was concerned that these approaches might encourage clients to embrace beliefs that could not be empirically tested, potentially leading to psychological harm or dependence on metaphysical explanations rather than fostering critical thinking and personal responsibility. Ellis's critique remains part of the ongoing debate in psychology about the role of spirituality and religion in mental health care, particularly in balancing subjective experiences with evidence-based therapeutic methods.
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failed to win the majority of votes in the council. In 1986 the petition was presented for a third and final time, but was withdrawn by the executive board of
Division 32. An interest group was later re-formed as the Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), which continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32. Ken Wilber and Michael Washburn delivered the main transpersonal models of development of this period, Wilber in 1977 and Washburn in 1988. Ken Wilber has since distanced himself from the label "transpersonal", being in favour of the label of "integral" since the mid-1990s. In 1998 he formed the
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definitions and lack of operationalization of many of its concepts has led to a conceptual confusion about the nature of transpersonal psychology itself (i.e., the concept is used differently by different theorists and means different things to different people). Biologists have criticized transpersonal psychology for its lack of attention to biological foundations of behavior and experience. Physicists have criticized transpersonal psychology for inappropriately accommodating physic concepts as explanations of consciousness."
678:. At this time, in 1967–68, Maslow was in close dialogue with both Grof and Sutich regarding the name and orientation of the new field. Originally called Humanistic Psychology, Grof and Sutich contemplated their foundations and later included spirituality after lack of satisfaction with their original frameworks. According to Powers, the term "transpersonal" starts to show up in academic journals from 1970 onwards. Humanistic and transpersonal psychology are often associated with the
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controversial status of psychedelic and entheogenic substances in contemporary culture, authors Elmer, MacDonald & Friedman observe that these drugs have been used for therapeutic effect in the transpersonal movement, but - the authors add - this is not the most "common form of transpersonal intervention" in contemporary therapy. However, Bravo and Grob note that "the place of psychedelics in spiritual practice remains controversial".
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part of the New Age, despite the fact that transpersonal psychologists may want no such association. The similarities draw from the shared beliefs of self-actualization, where New Age psychology differs is found in the purpose of the practices. New Age psychology focuses on gaining consciousness beyond one’s natural awareness whereas transpersonal psychology focuses on understanding one’s individual experiences and what to learn from them.
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expressed some concerns about the "unscientific" nature of transpersonal psychology at the time of the petition to the APA (see above). Rowan notes that the
Association had serious reservations about opening up a Transpersonal Psychology Division. The petitions for divisional status failed to win the
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beliefs and pop psychology. However, leading authors in the field, among those
Sovatsky, Rowan, and Hartelius have criticized the nature of "New Age"-philosophy and discourse. Rowan even states that "The Transpersonal is not the New Age". Other commentators, such as Wade, notes that the field remains
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A few commentators have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies. According to
Friedman this category might include several approaches to the transpersonal that lie outside the frames
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that attracted the more extreme followers of
Humanistic psychology. He did however remark that such movements might enrich the topics that psychologists study, even though most psychologists choose not to join the movement. Adams also regarded Transpersonal psychology as a fringe discipline. He also
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is fading (e.g. The Oxford
Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality), there is still generally considered to be a clear distinction between the two. Much of the focus of psychology of religion is concerned with issues that would not be considered 'transcendent' within transpersonal psychology, so the
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Transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor. In a review of criticisms of the field, Cunningham writes, "philosophers have criticized transpersonal psychology because its metaphysics is naive and epistemology is undeveloped. Multiplicity of
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majority of votes in the APA council, and the division was never established. Commentators also mention that transpersonal psychology's association with the ideas of religion was one of the concerns that prohibited it from becoming a separate division of the APA at the time of the petition in 1984.
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Division 32 (Humanistic
Psychology) argued in favor of establishing transpersonal psychology as a separate division within the framework of the American Psychological Association. A petition was presented to the APA Council in 1984, but it was turned down. A new initiative was made in 1985, but it
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in Orinda, which included a transpersonal psychology department. The program was considered to be unique at the time, but also controversial. Commentators presented their skepticism towards the program. Another contentious aspect concerns the topic of psychedelic substances. Commenting upon the
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Although transpersonal psychology has experienced some minor recognition from the surrounding culture, it faces a fair amount of skepticism and criticism from the same surroundings. Freeman mentions that the early field of transpersonal psychology was aware of the possibility that it would be
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Ruzek, who interviewed founders of transpersonal psychology, as well as historians of
American psychology, found that the field of Transpersonal psychology had made little impact on the larger field of psychology in America. Among the factors that contributed to this situation was mainstream
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Albert Ellis's criticism of transpersonal psychology reflects his broader commitment to rationality and empirical evidence in therapeutic practices. He believed that effective therapy should focus on challenging and changing irrational beliefs through logical analysis, a hallmark of his
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Although the perspective of transpersonal psychology has spread to a number of interest groups across the US and Europe, its origins were in California, and the field has always been strongly associated with institutions on the west coast of the US. Both the
978:, who "disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology". May also criticized the field for neglecting the personal dimension of the psyche by elevating the pursuit of the transcendental, and for neglecting the "dark side of human nature".
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were founded in the state of California, and a number of the fields leading theorists come from this area of the US. A European counterpart to the American institution, the European Transpersonal Psychology Association (ETPA), was founded much later.
702:
Gradually, during the 1960s, the term "transpersonal" was associated with a distinct school of psychology within the humanistic psychology movement. This branch of psychology was introduced to a time where the majority of schools were teaching
713:. The Association for Transpersonal Psychology was established in 1972, the International Transpersonal Psychology Association in 1973, and the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in 1975 . The institute was founded by
1920:
Bravo, Gary and Grob, Charles. Psychedelics and Transpersonal psychiatry. In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology. New York: Basic
1004:, noting the dangers of the transpersonal approach. Ellis has also questioned the scientific status of transpersonal psychology, and its relationship to religion, mysticism and authoritarian belief systems.
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Some institutions are now offering degrees that pertain to Transpersonal Psychology, most of which are Masters programs; Sofia University, Meridian University, and CIIS are a few examples.
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Friedman, Harris (2000) Toward Developing Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field. Paper presented at Old Saybrook 2 conference, May 11–14, 2000, State University of West Georgia
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Fadiman, James; Judy, Dwight; Lukoff, David and Sovatsky, Stuart. 50TH Anniversary Reflections From (a few) of the Past Presidents of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology.
1204:. In Sperry, Len (Ed); Shafranske, Edward P. (Ed), (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy., (pp. 177-205). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, ix, 368 pp.
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Abzug, Robert H (2021) Psyche and Soul in America : The Spiritual Odyssey of Rollo May. Oxford University Press. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: December 2020
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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu Francis G. "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".
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in response to an academic climate that they felt was hostile to such ideas. Soon other institutions began offering curricula in transpersonal psychology including
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Aanstoos, C.; Serlin, I.; Greening, T. (2000). "History of Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association". In Dewsbury, D. (ed.).
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996:, a cognitive psychologist and humanist, has questioned the results of transpersonal psychotherapy. In 1989 he cooperated with Raymond Yeager for the release of
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Elmer, Lori D., MacDonald, Douglas A. & Friedman, Harris L. "Transpersonal psychology, physical health, and mental health: Theory, research, and practice".
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psychology's "resistance to spiritual and philosophical ideas", and the tendency of Transpersonal psychologists to isolate themselves from the larger context.
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was among the people who described transpersonal psychology as a "fourth force" in psychology. Early use of the term "transpersonal" can also be credited to
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Ellis, Albert; Yeager, Raymond J. (1989) Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology. Amherst, NY, US: Prometheus Books.
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of science. However, according to Ferrer the field of transpersonal psychology is "situated within the wider umbrella of transpersonal studies".
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Reception of Transpersonal psychology in the surrounding culture reflects a wide range of views and opinions, including severe skepticism.
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two disciplines have quite distinct focuses.Transpersonal psychology is more so spiritually focused, as it lacks a hierarchy and seeks an
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Hartelius, G., Friedman, H. L., & Pappas, J. (2013). The calling to a spiritual psychology: Should transpersonal psychology convert?
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Chinen, Allan B. (1996). "The emergence of Transpersonal psychiatry". In Scotton, Bruce W.; Chinen, Allan B.; Battista, John R. (eds.).
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Proponents of transpersonal psychology were behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the
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Steinfels, P. "Psychiatrists' Manual Shifts Stance On Religious and Spiritual Problems". New York Times, February 10, 1994.
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Hartelius, Glenn; Caplan, Mariana; Rardin, Mary Anne. "Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past, Divining the Future".
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Adams, George. "Book Reviews: Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality."
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Smith, Elizabeth D. Addressing the Psychospiritual Distress of Death as Reality: A Transpersonal Approach.
764:. Critiqued acts such as these are indulged upon in order to achieve balance and openness in one’s mind.
690:, California. Transpersonal psychology was heavily influenced by the Western world, and was seen as not a “
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1560:. New York: State University of New York Press (SUNY Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology)
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One of the earliest criticisms of transpersonal psychology was leveled by the humanistic psychologist
936:, representing the contemporary psychology of the early 1980s, regarded transpersonal psychology as a
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In 2012 the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology announced that it was changing its name to
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called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem", which was approved by the Task Force on
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Daniels, Michael & McNutt, Brendan. "Questioning the Role of Transpersonal Psychology".
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1603:"Circular reasoning is not the uroboros: Rejecting perennialism as a psychological theory"
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2069:(1987). "The Deified Self: A Centaur Response to Wilber and the Transpersonal Movement".
1000:, where the authors compared the results of transpersonal psychology with the effects of
1774:"A Review of Transpersonal Theory and It's Application to the Practice of Psychotherapy"
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Words from the Soul : Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative
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Rowan, John. "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology" (Book Review).
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Taylor, Eugene (Spring 1999). "An Intellectual Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology".
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Adams, George (2002) A Theistic Perspective on Ken Wilber's Transpersonal Psychology,
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Caplan, Hartelius & Rardin. Contemporary viewpoints on Transpersonal Psychology.
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Although some consider that the distinction between transpersonal psychology and the
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Miller, John J. "Book review: Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology."
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800:, stabilizing at approximately 3000 members in the early nineties. In 1996, the
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846:. Other fields of study that are related to transpersonal psychology, include
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Ellis, Albert. "Dangers of Transpersonal Psychology: A Reply To Ken Wilber".
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Sutcliffe, Steven (2003). Category Formation and the History of 'New Age'.
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with an expanded graduate program featuring computer science and business.
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An early preoccupation of those interested in transpersonal psychology was
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A transpersonal-integrative approach to spiritually oriented psychotherapy
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2100:"Transpersonal Psychology: Exploring the Farther Reaches of Human Nature"
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Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology
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Sofia University (formerly the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology)
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683:
1459:"The Challenges, Prospects, and Promise of Transpersonal Psychology"
1279:"The Challenges, Prospects, and Promise of Transpersonal Psychology"
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Zdenek, Marilee. "Transformations of Consciousness" (Book review).
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Wade, Jenny. Transcending "Transpersonal": Time to join the world.
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Friedman, Harris. Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field.
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Fontana, David; Slack, Ingrid & Treacy, Martin, Eds. (2005)
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Miller, L. J., ed. (2012) . "Models of Spiritual Development".
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Taylor, Eugene. Transpersonal Psychology: Its several Virtues.
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Walsh, R.; Vaughan, F. (1993). "On transpersonal definitions".
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Hilgard, Ernest R. Consciousness in Contemporary Psychology.
917:, the journal of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the
796:. Concurrently, there was an increase in membership for the
2118:
1421:(Special Issue). Leicester: British Psychological Society
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Judy, Dwight. "Transpersonal psychology: Coming of age."
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The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of transpersonal psychology
737:. Other proponents of transpersonal psychology included
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aspects of the human experience within the framework of
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Kasprow, Mark C.; Scotton, Bruce W. (January 1, 1999).
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Kasprow, Mark C.; Scotton, Bruce W. (January 1, 1999).
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observed its status as a controversial field of study.
641:, is an area of psychology that seeks to integrate the
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Transpersonal psychology may also be associated with
741:; Elmer and Alyce Green who were affiliated with the
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Organ of the International Transpersonal Association
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1970:. Nashua NH 03060-5086: Rivier College. p. 53.
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Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology
2119:The Association for Transpersonal Psychology (ATP)
1778:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
1737:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
1708:The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality
1532:Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal
1506:The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1415:Transpersonal Psychology: Meaning and Developments
1086:International Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
725:, the California Institute of Asian Studies (now
1500:
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1196:
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960:reported on the holistic studies program at the
804:established a Transpersonal Psychology Section.
2137:Organ of the European Transpersonal Association
1259:
1257:
2124:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
2003:Ellis, Albert. "Fanaticism that may lead to a
1607:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
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1283:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
1222:, 17:2, 165-179, DOI:10.1080/13537900220125163
910:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
813:International Journal of Transpersonal Studies
767:In the early 1980s, a group of members within
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884:Organizations, publications and locations
834:Other transpersonal disciplines, such as
1543:Casey retiring from Burlington College.
891:Association for Transpersonal Psychology
798:Association for Transpersonal Psychology
727:California Institute of Integral Studies
2042:. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum.
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1660:Melton, J. Gordon (November 10, 2000).
1519:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1457:Cunningham, Paul F. (January 1, 2007).
1445:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
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37:
1973:
1635:International Journal of Psychotherapy
1134:. Winter 94, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p99. 2p.
1689:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
1389:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1367:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
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2098:Taylor, Steve (September 15, 2015).
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1092:(1): 10 – via Digital Commons.
1075:
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928:Reception, recognition and criticism
792:in 1993, after changing its name to
2049:"How to Have an Extraordinary Life"
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1648:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1331:. May95, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p402-413.
1080:Grof, Stanislav (January 1, 2008).
1058:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
913:. Smaller publications include the
904:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
809:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
710:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
1885:, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2003 pp. 403–435
983:American Psychological Association
25:
2135:Journal of Transpersonal Research
901:Leading publications include the
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2071:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
2011:, Nov 1986, Vol. 65, pp. 146-151
1883:Journal of Contemporary Religion
1844:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
1265:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1220:Journal of Contemporary Religion
786:American Psychiatric Association
589:
45:
1432:Transpersonal Psychology Review
1419:Transpersonal Psychology Review
981:According to Lukoff and Lu the
915:Transpersonal Psychology Review
758:altered states of consciousness
840:transpersonal business studies
815:were accepted for indexing in
794:Religious or spiritual problem
1:
2468:Industrial and organizational
1434:, Vol. 1, No. 4, 4-9. (1997)
1267:, 13, No. 3, 2006, pp. 95–109
919:British Psychological Society
802:British Psychological Society
760:including those induced from
332:Industrial and organizational
2709:Human factors and ergonomics
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1477:– via Digital Commons.
1297:– via Digital Commons.
1277:Cunningham, Paul F. (2007).
1200:Lukoff, David; Lu, Francis.
487:Human factors and ergonomics
2047:Leonard, G. (May 1, 1992).
1830:Annual Review of Psychology
1817:The Humanistic Psychologist
1620:10.24972/ijts.2017.36.2.121
1316:The Humanistic Psychologist
1156:The Humanistic Psychologist
830:Branches and related fields
3177:
1475:10.24972/ijts.2007.26.1.41
1295:10.24972/ijts.2007.26.1.41
1038:Transpersonal anthropology
963:John F. Kennedy University
836:transpersonal anthropology
3095:
2398:Applied behavior analysis
2370:
2178:
1911:, Friday, October 9, 1998
1695:10.1002/9781118591277.ch3
1601:Hartelius, Glenn (2017).
1547:29.14 (Dec 01, 2001): 27.
1545:Vermont Business Magazine
1508:, 2002, Vol. 21, 175-187.
1391:, Jul;183(7):435-44, 1995
844:transpersonal disciplines
262:Applied behavior analysis
3151:Transpersonal psychology
2083:10.1177/0022167887272006
1980:: CS1 maint: location (
1856:10.1177/0022167899392002
1637:2.2 (Nov 1997): 237-240.
1580:. Taylor & Francis.
1556:Sovatsky, Stuart (1998)
1404:, 1995 Sep;18(3):467-85.
1120:. New York: Basic Books.
1002:Rational-Emotive Therapy
723:Saybrook Graduate School
680:Human Potential Movement
635:Transpersonal psychology
18:Transpersonal Psychology
2674:Behavioral neuroscience
2238:Behavioral neuroscience
1909:San Francisco Chronicle
1819:, 31:2-3, 159-181, 2003
1662:"Realizing the New Age"
1521:, 2003, Vol. 35, No. 2.
1369:, 1992;180(11):673–682.
957:San Francisco Chronicle
452:Behavioral neuroscience
107:Behavioral neuroscience
2724:Psychology of religion
2664:Behavioral engineering
2601:Human subject research
2257:Cognitive neuroscience
2223:Affective neuroscience
1650:, 2019, Vol. 51, No. 1
1447:, 2007, Vol. 39, No. 2
1251:, 2018, Vol. 50, No. 1
893:and the forerunner to
871:psychology of religion
502:Psychology of religion
442:Behavioral engineering
126:Cognitive neuroscience
92:Affective neuroscience
3161:Transpersonal studies
3100:Wiktionary definition
2636:Self-report inventory
2631:Quantitative research
596:Psychology portal
2626:Qualitative research
2581:Behavior epigenetics
1233:Psychiatric Services
743:Menninger Foundation
639:spiritual psychology
27:School of psychology
3156:Clinical psychology
3105:Wiktionary category
2669:Behavioral genetics
2641:Statistical surveys
2498:Occupational health
2233:Behavioral genetics
1896:Journal of Religion
1318:, 35(2), 1–26, 2007
705:Freudian Psychology
447:Behavioral genetics
362:Occupational health
102:Behavioral genetics
33:Part of a series on
3077:Schools of thought
2980:Richard E. Nisbett
2860:Donald T. Campbell
2538:Sport and exercise
1872:September 14, 1986
1346:Integral Institute
1028:Near-death studies
848:near-death studies
780:Later developments
774:Integral Institute
564:Schools of thought
402:Sport and exercise
248:Applied psychology
3138:
3137:
3115:Wikimedia Commons
3042:Counseling topics
3005:Ronald C. Kessler
2995:Shelley E. Taylor
2920:Lawrence Kohlberg
2895:Stanley Schachter
2694:Consumer behavior
2576:Archival research
2344:Psycholinguistics
2228:Affective science
2005:nuclear holocaust
1932:Diss. Abstr. Int.
1717:978-0-19-972992-0
1587:978-1-58391-987-3
1023:Indian psychology
762:psychedelic drugs
651:modern psychology
632:
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529:Counseling topics
472:Consumer behavior
213:Psycholinguistics
97:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
3168:
3072:Research methods
3015:Richard Davidson
3010:Joseph E. LeDoux
2885:George A. Miller
2875:David McClelland
2870:Herbert A. Simon
2770:Edward Thorndike
2591:Content analysis
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492:Intelligence
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183:Intelligence
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2810:Carl Rogers
2795:Jean Piaget
2760:Ivan Pavlov
2616:Observation
2596:Experiments
2543:Suicidology
2438:Educational
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2364:Theoretical
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2252:Cognitivism
2243:Behaviorism
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1574:Rowan, John
1534:, 4:1, 5-29
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233:Theoretical
208:Personality
138:Comparative
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3145:Categories
3110:Wikisource
2955:Paul Ekman
2790:Kurt Lewin
2684:Competence
2606:Interviews
2586:Case study
2463:Humanistic
2443:Ergonomics
2428:Counseling
2403:Assessment
2385:psychology
2334:Perception
2294:Ecological
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2188:Philosophy
2172:Psychology
2058:2024-06-30
1870:L.A Times,
1666:Britannica
1044:References
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876:altruistic
754:meditation
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462:Competence
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307:Ergonomics
292:Counseling
267:Assessment
203:Perception
163:Ecological
39:Psychology
3130:Wikibooks
3120:Wikiquote
2990:Ed Diener
2775:Carl Jung
2679:Cognition
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2418:Community
2248:Cognitive
2091:145608686
1976:cite book
1342:"History"
976:Rollo May
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643:spiritual
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2324:Moral
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