840:
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69:
49:
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245:
752:) are still sold today. In many parts of Europe, water caltrops were known and used for human food until the beginning of the 20th century. Today, however, it is a rare plant in Europe. Several reasons for its near extirpation exist, such as climate fluctuations, changes in the nutrient content of water bodies, and the drainage of many wetlands, ponds, and oxbow lakes.
406:
666:
758:
was, however, introduced to the US state of
Massachusetts around 1874, as a planting in the Harvard University Botanic Garden. Staff gardener Louis Guerineau took it upon himself to throw seeds into Fresh Pond and other Cambridge waterways. This came to the attention of Medford-based botanist George
955:
Generally there is a lot of confusion throughout the world about the vegetable called "water chestnut". The first confusion is between the
European Trapa and the Chinese Eleocharis. Then people get lost within each of those genera because common names have never been properly matched to stabilised
905:
stage in their lifecycle, the larval flukes leave their water snail hosts, and swim away to form cysts on the surfaces of water plants, including the leaves and fruit of water caltrops. If infected water plants are consumed raw or undercooked, the flukes can infect pigs, humans, and other animals.
771:
that were collected in the vicinity of Boston, during the present year, brought to me for identification, and I have entertained no doubt as to the manner of its introduction into waters outside
Cambridge Botanic Garden. But that so fine a plant as this, with its handsome leafy rosettes and edible
682:
Investigations of archaeological material from southern
Germany indicate that the prehistoric population of that region may well have relied significantly upon wild water caltrops to supplement their normal diet and, in times of cultivated cereal crop failure, water caltrops may even have been the
839:
759:
E. Davenport, who decided to bring seeds and live plants to his friend Minor Pratt, in
Concord. He and Pratt seeded a pond near the Sudbury River, and he suspected Pratt of conducting additional distributions. As early as 1879, concern was voiced by botanist
767:, that this non-native species threatened to become a nuisance, based on dense growths reported in Cambridge. Davenport confessed in an entry in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 6, page 352: "I have several times had plants of
1291:
1022:
1439:
319:, growing in slow-moving freshwater up to 5 metres (16 feet) deep, native to warm temperate parts of Eurasia and Africa. They bear ornately shaped fruits, which in the case of
824:
898:
of humans, endemic in China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and India; this fluke can be transmitted via the surfaces of these and other water plants.
2084:
1666:
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1705:
723:(eastern India) and is widely cultivated in freshwater lakes. The fruits are eaten raw or boiled. When the fruit has been dried, it is ground to a flour called
480:
The plant spreads by the rosettes and fruits detaching from the stem and floating to another area on currents or by fruits clinging to objects, and animals.
1431:
417:
The water caltrop's submerged stem reaches 3.7 to 4.6 metres (12 to 15 feet) in length, anchored into the mud by very fine roots. It has two types of
1996:
1604:
2110:
2022:
1679:
1617:
1189:
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2195:
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869:, subject to a fine and/or imprisonment. This law was repealed by Pub. L. 116β260, div. O, title X, Β§β―1002(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155 (
1370:
874:
1358:
1957:
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nuts, which would, if common, be as attractive to boys as hickory nuts now are, can ever become a 'nuisance' I can scarcely believe."
392:
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2009:
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The genus has an extensive fossil record, with numerous, distinctive species. Undisputed fossilized seeds have been found in
463: in) long, which provide added buoyancy for the leafy portion. Four-petalled white flowers form in early summer and are
421:: finely divided, feather-like submerged leaves borne along the length of the stem, and undivided floating leaves borne in a
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2159:
1692:
694:(second century BC) mentioned that a worshipper "should use a bamboo basket containing dried water caltrops, the seeds of
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870:
425:
at the water's surface. The floating leaves have saw-tooth edges and are ovoid or triangular in shape, 2β3 centimetres (
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1526:
1513:
477: in) barbed spines. Seeds can remain viable up to 12 years, although most germinate within the first two years.
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919:
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2200:
1335:"18 U.S. Code Β§ 46 - Repealed. Pub. L. 116β260, div. O, title X, Β§ 1002(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2155]"
683:
main dietary component. Today, water caltrop is so rare in
Germany that it is listed as an endangered species.
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1042:
1772:
914:
The fruits are edible raw or cooked, and the seeds can be eaten as well. It is also eaten on the occasion of
68:
1983:
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1416:
760:
2040:
1988:
1975:
1970:
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1320:
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L.) as a food resource during the 4th to 1st millennia BC at Lake
Federsee, Bad Buchau (southern Germany)"
31:
1897:
1531:
339:
have been cultivated in China and the Indian subcontinent for the edible seeds for at least 3,000 years.
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995:
2027:
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2187:
1931:
1821:
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611:, a word that is also used to mean "a diamond or lozenge shape, a rhombus". The manufacturing group
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48:
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686:
Water caltrop has been an important food for worship as prayer offerings since the
Chinese
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885:
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106:
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It was possible to buy water caltrops in markets all over Europe until 1880. In northern
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Yoshida, T.; Yazaki, K.; Memon, M.U.; Maruyama, I.; Kurokawa, K.; Okuda, T. (1989).
708:(ζ¬θεθ¦ published in 1694, written by Wang Ang ζ±ͺζ) claims that water caltrop can help
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1910:
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687:
521:
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2014:
1874:
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565:). The oldest known fossils attributed to the genus, however, are of leaves from
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2164:
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1857:
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is also called
Shingara because its shape resembles that of the Shingara fruit.
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119:
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have been reported growing wild in the waterways of the United States.
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is also an aquatic plant raised for food since ancient times in China.
377: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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132:
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Biological
Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
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1658:
1045:. Torrey Botanical Club. August 3, 1912 – via Google Books.
873:(2019β2020)), part of the βClean Up the Code Act of 2019β in the
561:(though, the genus became extinct in North America prior to the
502:
1936:
1454:
1557:
346:
328:
1434:. Lists general information and resources for Water Chestnut.
1292:"Invasive water plant poised to overwhelm Potomac watershed"
727:, used in many religious rituals, and can be consumed as a
845:
Water caltrop from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia
746:, the nuts were offered roasted, much as sweet chestnuts (
331:. Each fruit contains a single very large, starchy seed.
888:
is an ailment resulting from infection by the trematode
620:
606:
1062:. United States Government Print Office. p. 156.
1832:
1463:
632:
994:
857:Legality of sale and shipment in the United States
449:inches) long, on inflated petioles 5β9 cm (2β
1430:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
818:water caltrop has been declared a noxious weed.
615:takes its name and logo from the water caltrop.
598:, as also is another common name for the water
1059:The Tertiary floras of Alaska, Issues 181β184
8:
1432:United States National Agricultural Library
1261:. In Van Driesche, R.; et al. (eds.).
593:
1451:
1413:" Multilingual taxonomic information"
996:"Bicornin, a new hydrolyzable tannin from
467:. The fruit is a nut with four 1 cm (
47:
38:
1016:
787:, and is classified as a noxious weed in
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
1354:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
969:"M.M.P.N.D. - Sorting Eleocharis names"
931:
865:was banned for sale or shipment in the
820:
1386:
1118:
1116:
715:In India and Pakistan, it is known as
256:is any of three extant species of the
1224:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
875:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021
7:
2188:31a55510-5cb2-4b5f-ae95-11bf9d56c97b
2041:BA7DF151-71F5-479A-986C-0764DFB6EAF7
1721:95a97c7f-6f4d-4b0b-b826-f81f91a81c95
1446:West African plants β A Photo Guide.
1359:United States Department of the Army
1000:, and revised structure of alnusiin"
881:Role in fasciolopsiasis transmission
588:is derived from the Latin word for "
375:adding citations to reliable sources
775:Water caltrop has been declared an
323:resemble the head of a bull or the
1424:Species Profile - Water Chestnut (
940:"M.M.P.N.D. - Sorting Trapa names"
25:
1339:LII / Legal Information Institute
1317:Transportation of water hyacinths
489:is also called a water chestnut.
248:Water caltrop, West Bengal, India
2276:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:614405-1
1056:Hollick, Charles Arthur (1936).
838:
823:
642:language. In Eastern India, the
605:The plant's name in Japanese is
351:
67:
1773:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28563-1
706:Chinese Herbal Medicine Summary
362:needs additional citations for
1190:"Tips To A Healthy 'Navratra'"
1:
1290:Cox, Jeremy (July 27, 2020).
973:www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au
944:www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au
501:, whose round, crisp-fleshed
871:116th United States Congress
1218:Davenport, Geo. E. (1879).
633:
621:
607:
572:, referred to the species,
2374:
1319:(Bill 18 U.S. Code Β§β―46).
29:
1133:Environmental Archaeology
545:strata starting from the
312:The species are floating
215:
210:
199:
192:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
41:
27:Genus of flowering plants
1257:R. W. Pemberton (2002).
877:, on December 27, 2020.
630:, which is shortened to
30:Not to be confused with
1417:University of Melbourne
1145:10.1179/174963106x97106
830:Water caltrop field in
763:, director of Boston's
761:Charles Sprague Sargent
413:of water caltrop leaves
1393:: CS1 maint: others (
1321:United States Congress
1277:"USDA Plants Database"
1265:. USDA Forest Service.
674:
669:Boiled water caltrop (
662:
594:
414:
281:. It is also known as
249:
32:Chinese water chestnut
2348:Edible nuts and seeds
1742:Paleobiology Database
1365:. 2009. p. 108.
1125:"The water chestnut (
668:
656:
408:
247:
731:(fruit diet) on the
371:improve this article
1363:Skyhorse Publishing
1018:10.3987/COM-89-4951
916:Mid-Autumn Festival
799:. As of 2020, both
704:" (ε 籩δΉε―¦οΌθ±θ‘ζ θ―). The
275:and the endangered
1194:The Times Of India
1078:www.mitsubishi.com
891:Fasciolopsis buski
735:fasting days, the
712:and drunkenness.
675:
663:
415:
250:
2353:Hong Kong cuisine
2335:
2334:
2222:Open Tree of Life
1729:Open Tree of Life
1457:Taxon identifiers
1372:978-1-60239-692-0
1167:"Trapa natans L."
1123:Karg, S. (2006).
1074:"Mitsubishi Mark"
814:and its state of
646:a fried or baked
584:The generic name
486:Eleocharis dulcis
465:insect-pollinated
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1323:. 1 August 1956.
1313:
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1259:"Water Chestnut"
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1196:. Archived from
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894:, an intestinal
842:
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777:invasive species
765:Arnold Arboretum
725:singhare ka atta
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574:T. borealis
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337:T. bicornis
321:T. bicornis
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1101:. 9 August 2016
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886:Fasciolopsiasis
883:
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816:New South Wales
749:Castanea sativa
680:
657:Water caltrop (
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1406:External links
1404:
1401:
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1371:
1344:
1326:
1308:
1282:
1268:
1249:
1220:"Trapa natans"
1210:
1181:
1158:
1139:(1): 125β130.
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1011:(5): 861β864.
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848:Seikei Zusetsu
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793:North Carolina
679:
676:
671:Trapa bicornis
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511:
505:are common in
495:E. dulcis
483:The unrelated
401:
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344:
341:
333:T. natans
317:aquatic plants
307:water chestnut
272:Trapa bicornis
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1200:on 2019-07-03
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1099:"Shringataka"
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903:metacercarial
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692:Rites of Zhou
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618:It is called
616:
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559:North America
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360:This section
358:
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284:
280:
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278:Trapa rossica
274:
273:
268:
267:
262:
259:
255:
254:water caltrop
246:
236:
235:
234:Trapa rossica
231:
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94:Tracheophytes
92:
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82:
79:
76:
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65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Trapa rossica
1864:Trapa natans
1834:Trapa natans
1833:
1464:
1441:Trapa natans
1440:
1426:Trapa natans
1425:
1361:. New York:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1127:Trapa natans
1126:
1103:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1037:
1008:
1005:Heterocycles
1004:
997:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
954:
947:. Retrieved
943:
934:
913:
900:
889:
884:
862:
860:
846:
809:
804:
800:
774:
769:Trapa natans
768:
755:
754:
747:
741:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
705:
695:
688:Zhou dynasty
685:
681:
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631:
619:
617:
604:
585:
583:
573:
540:
525:
522:ellagitannin
516:
507:Chinese food
494:
490:
484:
482:
479:
416:
389:
380:
369:Please help
364:verification
361:
336:
332:
327:of a flying
320:
311:
306:
303:singhara nut
302:
299:mustache nut
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
266:Trapa natans
265:
264:
260:
253:
251:
232:
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220:Trapa natans
218:
201:Trapa natans
200:
194:Type species
179:
178:
162:
126:
113:
100:
87:
57:Trapa natans
56:
36:
2250:kew-2519351
2147:NatureServe
2049:iNaturalist
1858:Wikispecies
1631:iNaturalist
1489:Wikispecies
1296:Bay Journal
1230:(58): 352.
998:T. bicornis
901:During the
832:Tainan City
805:T. bicornis
622:Shringataka
595:calcitrappa
563:Pleistocene
549:throughout
526:T. bicornis
343:Description
283:buffalo nut
159:Subfamily:
107:Angiosperms
2358:Lythraceae
2342:Categories
2245:Plant List
1204:2010-02-03
1175:2024-03-29
1105:8 December
926:References
920:Sinosphere
797:Washington
613:Mitsubishi
567:Cretaceous
491:Eleocharis
383:April 2021
325:silhouette
163:Trapoideae
153:Lythraceae
1989:220013668
1976:220013668
1389:cite book
1381:277203364
1236:0040-9618
1153:1461-4103
1043:"Torreya"
978:24 August
949:24 August
863:T. natans
812:Australia
801:T. natans
756:T. natans
659:T. natans
580:Etymology
537:Phylogeny
524:found in
513:Chemistry
291:devil pod
77:Kingdom:
2296:VASCAN:
2289:32400001
2284:Tropicos
2152:2.149241
2090:11304386
2077:614405-1
1882:BioLib:
1843:Wikidata
1793:VASCAN:
1786:40016392
1781:Tropicos
1480:Q2487780
1474:Wikidata
1301:July 29,
861:In 1956
785:Virginia
737:navratas
729:phalahar
721:paniphal
717:singhara
702:caltrops
661:) fruits
634:Shingara
628:Sanskrit
543:Cenozoic
532:Taxonomy
518:Bicornin
295:ling nut
211:Species
149:Family:
143:Myrtales
120:Eudicots
2002:3188757
1919:Ecocrop
1849:Q161110
1672:1375418
1659:28563-1
1610:3188756
1244:2476842
1029:6780591
918:in the
789:Florida
781:Vermont
678:History
673:) seeds
600:caltrop
590:thistle
472:⁄
458:⁄
444:⁄
430:⁄
423:rosette
411:rosette
287:bat nut
175:Genus:
139:Order:
81:Plantae
2325:594802
2258:PLANTS
2185:NZOR:
2129:164153
2054:169900
1963:184689
1937:582969
1898:517314
1875:129297
1872:APDB:
1822:594801
1755:PLANTS
1718:NZOR:
1636:155932
1597:133288
1584:133288
1532:517313
1519:209287
1506:195555
1503:APDB:
1379:
1369:
1242:
1234:
1151:
1083:14 May
1026:
851:(1804)
795:, and
690:. The
648:pastry
644:samosa
570:Alaska
551:Europe
547:Eocene
520:is an
419:leaves
314:annual
133:Rosids
2320:WoRMS
2234:PFI:
2227:17318
2196:NZPCN
2178:22666
2136:NAS:
2116:27170
2103:55040
2085:IRMNG
2061:IPA:
2036:IFPNI
2028:36824
1958:EUNIS
1950:TRPNA
1924:17278
1911:7CMPW
1817:WoRMS
1760:TRAPA
1747:55502
1734:17303
1711:22665
1685:27169
1667:IRMNG
1646:15143
1643:IPA:
1623:12248
1571:1TRPG
1558:38878
1545:63W2K
1495:Trapa
1465:Trapa
1240:JSTOR
1023:INIST
896:fluke
779:from
744:Italy
733:Hindu
710:fever
640:Hindi
608:hishi
586:Trapa
555:China
503:corms
499:sedge
497:is a
261:Trapa
258:genus
180:Trapa
168:Voigt
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
2299:6609
2271:POWO
2263:TRNA
2237:3340
2214:7561
2201:4126
2173:NCBI
2124:IUCN
2111:ITIS
2072:IPNI
2064:3499
2023:GRIN
2010:GISD
1997:GBIF
1945:EPPO
1893:BOLD
1885:3613
1796:1773
1768:POWO
1706:NCBI
1680:ITIS
1654:IPNI
1618:GRIN
1605:GBIF
1566:EPPO
1527:BOLD
1514:APNI
1395:link
1377:OCLC
1367:ISBN
1303:2020
1232:ISSN
1149:ISSN
1107:2021
1085:2021
980:2022
951:2022
910:Uses
803:and
700:and
557:and
335:and
252:The
2307:WFO
2160:NBN
2139:263
2098:ISC
2015:567
1984:FoC
1971:FNA
1932:EoL
1906:CoL
1804:WFO
1693:NBN
1592:FoC
1579:FNA
1553:EoL
1540:CoL
1444:in
1141:doi
1013:doi
810:In
783:to
719:or
638:in
626:in
592:",
373:by
329:bat
305:or
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2322::
2309::
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2247::
2224::
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1391:}}
1387:{{
1375:.
1357:.
1337:.
1294:.
1238:.
1226:.
1222:.
1192:.
1147:.
1137:11
1135:.
1131:.
1115:^
1076:.
1021:.
1009:29
1007:.
1003:.
971:.
953:.
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791:,
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602:.
576:.
553:,
528:.
509:.
409:A
309:.
301:,
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293:,
289:,
285:,
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263::
205:L.
186:L.
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1397:)
1383:.
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1279:.
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1228:6
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474:2
470:1
460:2
456:1
453:+
451:3
446:4
442:1
439:+
437:1
435:β
432:4
428:3
396:)
390:(
385:)
381:(
367:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
