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480:' was the real motive for Britain's declaration of war on Germany". Instead, the role of Belgian neutrality is variously interpreted as an excuse used to mobilise public opinion, to provide embarrassed radicals in the cabinet with the justification for abandoning the principal (sic) of pacifism and thus staying in office, or – in the more conspiratorial versions – as cover for naked imperial interests".
169:
53:
1072:
Letter of the
Belgian Minister of Transport to the Dutch Minister of Transport and Waterstaat, dated 23 February 1987 ... In my view, such a limitation would go against the rights accorded to Belgium by Article 12 of the Treaty of London of 19 April 1839 between Belgium and the Netherlands, which was
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nature reserve. The 1839 treaty still applied, the court found, giving
Belgium the right to use and modernise the Iron Rhine. However, Belgium would be obliged to finance the modernisation of the line, while the Netherlands had to fund the repairs and maintenance of the route. Both countries were to
307:– was followed by an international settlement in 1831. However the settlement was not accepted by the Dutch, who invaded the country in the autumn of 1831; and it took a French army recapturing Antwerp in 1832 before Belgium and the Netherlands could even agree an armistice. Several years later, the
311:
recognised that they stood to gain more territory by accepting the 1831 settlement than from a mere continuance of the armistice. The
Belgian government protested, with French support, against the late implementation of the settlement terms, but Britain accepted the Dutch claim; and in 1839, the
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executed through the Treaty of 13 January 1873 regulating the passage of the railway
Antwerp-Gladbach through the territory of Limburg. In the above context, it is beyond doubt that Belgium will hold firm to its right of free transport through the Iron Rhine.
468:
pointing out that the
British cabinet decided on 29 July 1914 that, being a signatory to the 1839 treaty, guaranteeing Belgium's frontiers did not oblige it to oppose a German invasion of Belgium with military force. According to Isabel V. Hull,
446:. On 31 July 1914, the mobilisation of the Belgian Army was ordered and the Belgian king publicly called Europe's attention to the fact that Germany, Great Britain and France were legally bound to defend the neutrality of his country. When the
514:. As part of the European policy of modal shift on the increasing traffic of goods, transport over railway lines and waterways was now preferred over road transport. The Belgian request was based on the treaty of 1839, and the
414:
independence had been established through nine years of intermittent fighting in the 1830s against The
Netherlands. The co-signatories of the Treaty of London recognised the independent Kingdom of Belgium. The five
312:
Dutch accepted
Belgian independence (and regained the disputed territories) by the Treaty of London. At the same time, the major powers all guaranteed Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.
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The reasoning may have had at least as much to do with the
British fear that lack of their help leading to a possible defeat of France could lead to German hegemony in Western Europe, with
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on 4 August. Informed by the
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386:, known as the 'Second Treaty of London' in reference to the 1839 treaty, and lasted until the death of King-Grand Duke William III 23 November 1890.
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In a ruling of 24 May 2005, the court acknowledged both the
Belgian rights under the cessation treaty of 1839 and the Dutch concerns for part of the
266:. Following the German invasion of 1914, Belgium abandoned its policy of neutrality (except for a brief, unsuccessful resumption from 1936 to 1940).
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The treaty was a fundamental "lawmaking" treaty that became a cornerstone of European international law; it was especially important in the
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841:"A Most Useful Tool for Diplomacy and Statecraft: Neutrality and Europe in the 'Long' Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914"
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300:'s rule as despotic, while there were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes.
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of 1873. After a series of failed negotiations, the Belgian and Dutch governments agreed to take the issue to the
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exclaimed that he could not believe that Britain and Germany would be going to war over a mere "scrap of paper".
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railway. This was the result of the increasing transport of goods between the port of Antwerp and the German
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398:"The Scrap of Paper – Enlist Today", a British World War I recruitment poster of 1914,
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since 1830, became internationally recognised as the Kingdom of Belgium, while the
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England's guarantee to Belgium and Luxemburg: with the full text of the treaties
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Small-scale fighting – the death of some 600 volunteers is commemorated in the
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A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War
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A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War
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1209:'Belgian Neutrality and its Reinterpretation ahead of the First World War'
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in August 1914, despite the treaty, after an unanswered ultimatum Britain
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The Agony of Belgium The Invasion of Belgium in WWI August–December 1914
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in a dispute between Belgium and the Netherlands on the railway track.
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1169:(in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
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and established the full independence of the German-speaking part of
231:, was signed on 19 April 1839 between the major European powers, the
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Omond. G. W. T. "The Question of the Netherlands in 1829–1830,"
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Belgian borders claimed before The Treaty of the XXIV articles.
292:, while French-speakers were irritated by his disdain for the
284:. In 1830, Belgians broke away and established an independent
30:"Scrap of paper" redirects here. For the literal meaning, see
1112:(Press release). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 24 May 2005
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Sanger, Charles Percy; Norton, Henry Tertius James (1915).
499:. This right was reaffirmed in a 24 May 2005 ruling of the
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share the costs of a tunnel beneath the nature reserve.
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with the Netherlands and simultaneously a member of the
359:. It lost two-thirds of its territory to Belgium's new
938:
The Routledge Companion to European history since 1763
924:(2nd edition 2014 ed.). Beaumont Fox. p. 19.
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wrote "Few historians would still maintain that the '
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Since 1815, Belgium had been a reluctant part of the
262:. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually
988:
The Rape of Belgium: The Untold Story of World War I
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The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day
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1159:The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848
800:The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848
439:) also pledged to guarantee Belgium's neutrality.
1713:Treaties of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
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320:With the treaty, the southern provinces of the
1597:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
1062:. Oxford Public Law International. 24 May 2005
1038:"Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands)"
1238:
1107:"Iron rhine Arbitral Tribunal Renders Awards"
506:In 2004 Belgium requested a reopening of the
8:
1145:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
45:
1643:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
1245:
1231:
1223:
51:
44:
991:. New York University Press. p. 43.
667:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417.
631:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 417.
382:). This arrangement was confirmed by the
1385:List of members of the National Congress
887:. Cornell University Press. p. 17.
665:Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience
663:. In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.).
629:Places of Refuge: The Belgian Experience
627:. In Aldo E. Chircop; O. Lindén (eds.).
239:. It was a direct follow-up to the 1831
1040:. The Hague Justice Portal. 24 May 2005
587:
1566:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
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1214:Original text of the Treaty in French
935:Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (2005).
556:Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution
7:
1763:Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
1718:Treaties of the German Confederation
1622:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
1445:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
522:and respect its ruling in the case.
748:British History in the 19th Century
941:. London: Routledge. p. 121.
27:Treaty over Belgium and Luxembourg
25:
1648:History of Luxembourg (1815–1890)
1522:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1304:Provisional Government of Belgium
839:Abbenhuis, Maartje Maria (2013).
406:, Prussian ambassador to Britain.
282:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
233:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1758:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
1540:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
1306:(September 1830 – February 1831)
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1688:Treaties of the Austrian Empire
1333:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
1197:. G. Allen & Unwin Limited.
1728:Treaties of the Russian Empire
1461:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
1139:. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.
520:Permanent Court of Arbitration
501:Permanent Court of Arbitration
245:London Conference of 1838–1839
1:
1708:Treaties of the July Monarchy
1349:; July 1831 – December 1865)
459:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
247:which sought to maintain the
1743:William I of the Netherlands
1339:; February 1831 – July 1831)
1310:National Congress of Belgium
1218:its 1915 English translation
857:10.1080/07075332.2012.737350
787:The Low Countries, 1780–1940
367:with the Netherlands, under
241:Treaty of the XVIII Articles
1663:1839 in the Austrian Empire
1576:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
1369:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
1165:Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003).
612:Treaty of the XXIV articles
566:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
402:. The "BĂĽlow" mentioned is
357:partitioned the grand duchy
305:Place des Martyrs, Brussels
34:. For the silent film, see
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1693:Belgium–Netherlands border
1673:1839 in the United Kingdom
1135:Calmes, Christian (1989).
964:Why did Britain go to War?
659:Eric Van Hooydonk (2006).
623:Eric Van Hooydonk (2006).
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273:
29:
1698:Belgium–Luxembourg border
1561:London Conference of 1830
1027:(Cornell UP, 2014) p. 33
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1581:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
1476:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
1256:and the independence of
1147:(1919) pp. 150–171
985:Larry Zuckerman (2004).
820:Kreins (2003), pp. 80–81
763:(London 1964), p. 88–89.
711:(London 1964), pp. 86–7.
608:Quintuple Treaty of 1839
542:, comedic short film by
345:Grand Duchy of Luxemburg
316:Territorial consequences
229:Treaty of London of 1839
1738:1839 in the Netherlands
1607:Civic Guard Merit Medal
1571:Treaty of London (1839)
1545:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
1316:Constitution of Belgium
967:, The National Archives
74:19 April 1839
1454:de Gerlache Government
1397:Provisional Government
1326:First Belgian monarchs
1167:Histoire du Luxembourg
1161:(1994) pp. 716–18
1087:Cite journal requires
776:(London 1961), p. 254.
750:(London 1922), p. 233.
696:Wellington at Waterloo
596:First Treaty of London
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407:
361:Province of Luxembourg
89:London, United Kingdom
18:Treaty of London, 1839
1723:Conferences in London
1658:Causes of World War I
1590:Monuments and honours
811:Calmes (1989), p. 316
774:The Triumph of Reform
737:(London 1961), p. 73.
735:The Triumph of Reform
698:(London 1967), p. 30.
527:Meinweg National Park
444:Causes of World War I
397:
384:1867 Treaty of London
1507:Charles de Brouckère
1481:Sylvain Van de Weyer
1466:Charles de Brouckère
1425:Sylvain Van de Weyer
1347:King of the Belgians
1289:La muette de Portici
1011:Christopher Clark,
829:Kriens (2003), p. 83
802:(1994), pp. 671–691.
789:(1978), pp. 151–154.
724:(London 1936) p. 891
604:Treaty of Separation
353:German Confederation
210:German Confederation
149:German Confederation
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1471:Alexandre Gendebien
1440:Joseph Vanderlinden
1430:Feuillien de Coppin
1405:Alexandre Gendebien
1157:Schroeder, Paul W.
798:Paul W. Schroeder,
722:A History of Europe
400:Canadian War Museum
330:Province of Limburg
66:Multilateral Treaty
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1683:1839 in Luxembourg
1653:Belgian Revolution
1502:Étienne de Sauvage
1374:Frédéric de Mérode
1273:Belgian Revolution
1266:Belgian Revolution
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404:Heinrich von BĂĽlow
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374:(and subsequently
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276:Belgian Revolution
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733:E. Halevy,
694:J. Weller,
419:of Europe (
380:William III
322:Netherlands
309:Netherlands
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162:Netherlands
96:signatories
1637:Categories
1617:Iron Cross
1383:(see also
1278:Rattachism
508:Iron Rhine
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435:, and the
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376:William II
270:Background
260:Luxembourg
78:1839-04-19
1343:Leopold I
918:(2014) .
865:153502314
610:, or the
582:Footnotes
512:Ruhr Area
372:William I
347:was in a
196:Ratifiers
1554:Treaties
1283:Orangism
1116:30 April
1066:30 April
1044:30 April
971:30 April
881:(2014).
550:See also
534:In media
412:de facto
326:de facto
235:and the
94:Original
86:Location
1258:Belgium
1153:3678256
429:Prussia
421:Austria
340:parts.
334:Belgian
264:neutral
256:Belgium
204:Belgium
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1149:JSTOR
1110:(PDF)
861:S2CID
851:: 5.
338:Dutch
1216:and
1171:ISBN
1118:2016
1093:help
1068:2016
1046:2016
993:ISBN
973:2016
943:ISBN
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889:ISBN
682:2012
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633:ISBN
497:Ruhr
378:and
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