66:, who were disillusioned by the failure to rouse Russian peasants and workers to revolt against the autocracy through the spread of propaganda, and angry at the increasingly severe penalties imposed on their comrades, several of whom had been executed, and who united around the single aim of assassinating the Tsar, believing that a substantial section of public opinion would approve of the deed. Most of the members were former university students from middle class Their original leader was Mikhailov,
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At the conclusion of the trial, ten of the defendants were sentenced to death. They included two women - Lebedeva, and
Yakimova, who was pregnant. Three others were sentenced to hard labour for life; three - Terentyeva, Trigoni and Zlapolsky - were sentenced to 20 years hard labour; Fridenson to ten
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held in the 1930s, there is no dispute about whether the 20 were guilty. All of them admitted their roles in carrying out or abetting terrorist acts, and with one exception, argued that they were justified. Most of the death sentences passed at the trial were commuted after an international outcry.
154:
also wrote to
Alexander III in March 1881, pleading for clemency, and warning: "If you do not forgive, but execute the criminals, you will have uprooted three or four individuals from among hundreds and, evil begetting evil, 30 or 40 more will grow up in place of these three or four." He sent the
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Merkulov, a carpenter arrested in
February 1881 for his part in trying to mine the Tsar's train near Odessa, who co-operated with the police, and gave evidence against the others. was pardoned.
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asking him to pass it on to the Tsar, but
Pobedonostsev, who wanted to see the revolutionaries executed, held on to it until after Perovskaya and four others had been hanged.
82:). Perovskaya, Zhelyabov and three others were executed after a rapid trial in April 1881. Within a few months, most of the leading members of Narodnaya Volya had been caught.
144:, who was particularly distressed by the prospect that two women were to be hanged, as had already happened to Perovskaya, wrote an impassioned letter to the new Tsar,
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78:. Perovskaya led the squad who killed the Tsar, after several failed attempts, on 13 March 1881 (1 March
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Roots of
Revolution, A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia
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The death sentences invoked a reaction in Russia, and abroad. The French novelist
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The Trial of the 20 was held in front of a special sitting of the Senate, in
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its leading theorist. After he was arrested, the group was led by
27:(βThe People's Willβ), the organisation that assassinated the
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Narodnaya Volya was founded in 1879 by
Russian populists, or
254:"ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ², ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΏΠΎΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ"
362:"Π‘ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΉ ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ"
155:letter to the Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod,
16:1882 judicial proceeding in St. Petersburg, Russia
148:, pleading: "In the darkness, I cry for mercy."
279:"ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ 20-ΡΠΈ 1882 Π³. ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ"
94:, on 9β15 February 1882. The defendants were:
23:was the largest trial ever held of members of
134:years and Lustig to four years hard labour.
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229:"ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ 20-ΡΠΈ 1882 Π³. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ"
305:"Letter to Alexander III, 8-15 March 1881"
162:All the death sentences were commuted to
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118:, Nikolai Kolodkevich, Martyn Langans,
58:Assassination of Alexander II of Russia
191:. Chicago: Chicago U.P. p. 639.
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122:, Nikolai Sukhanov, Makar Teterka,
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332:"Pobedonostsev's Thought Control"
330:Adams, Arthur E. (October 1952).
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39:. In contrast to the earlier
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31:. It is referred to as the
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398:1882 in the Russian Empire
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311:. Steve Hickey Wordpress
187:Venturi, Franco (1960).
157:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
403:Alexander II of Russia
56:Further information:
258:Khronos (in Russian)
116:Nikolai Kletochnikov
108:Alexander Barannikov
96:Aleksander Mikhailov
214:Roots of Revolution
37:Alexander Mikhailov
336:The Russian Review
170:on 19 March 1881.
114:, Grigori Isaev,
164:life imprisonment
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29:Tsar Alexander II
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152:Leo Tolstoy
142:Victor Hugo
387:Categories
174:References
52:Background
212:Venturi.
86:The Trial
80:old style
64:Narodniks
43:, or the
342:(4): 241
168:Konstadt
366:Khronos
283:Khronos
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