44:
28:
36:
296:, went to visit king Karl I (IV) on 21 October 1918 in Bad Ischl. Since the king was favorable to the earlier Croatian trialist proposals from 1917, which were vetoed by the Hungarian side, the king agreed and signed the trialist manifest under the proposed terms set by the delegation, on the condition that the Hungarian part does the same since he swore an oath on the integrity of the Hungarian crown. The delegation went the next day to Budapest where it met Count
20:
194:
with western Istria would form an autonomous region in the kingdom. In that region the
Italians would be in a political sense equal to Croats. In the Croatian kingdom Croats and Serbs (with Muslims) would enjoy national freedom especially in the local administration. Special provisions would be made
179:. Nikola Zvonimir Bjelovučić's proposed trialist monarchy (1911) would be named Austro-Hungaro-Croatian monarchy, and every emperor and king would have to be separately crowned in Austria, Hungary and Croatia. Common affairs in Austro-Hungaro-Croatia would include a ministry of navy headquartered in
119:
divided between them.) Strong pressure for the reorganization of the empire arose mainly from
Croatia-Slavonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, who since the 1848-49 defeat of the Hungarians had resented their association with them. There were many trialist propositions proposed but the common idea was that
106:
With the collapse of the early pan-Slavic (Czech-Slovak and
Croatian-Slovene-Serb) movements, the new concept of trialism was strictly relegated to Croatia. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Croatian-Hungarian Compromise of 1868 there was great dissatisfaction among the Croatian
75:
promoted trialism before his assassination in 1914 to prevent the Empire from being ripped apart by Slavic dissent. The Empire would be restructured three ways instead of two, with the Slavic element given representation at the highest levels equivalent to what
Austria and Hungary had at the time.
76:
Serbians saw this as a threat to their dream of a new state of
Yugoslavia. Hungarian leaders had a predominant voice in imperial circles and strongly rejected Trialism because it would liberate many of their minorities from Hungarian rule they considered oppressive.
311:
According to the
Croatian delegation in Budapest after the signing the trialist manifest Count Istva Tisza stated "Ich sehe ein, dass wir gegenüber Kroatien grosse Fehler begangen haben" (I realized that we have made some great mistakes towards Croatia).
102:
and demanded that, in addition to the
Austrian and Hungarian crowns, a third Slavic crown be established (North Slavs and the South Slavs separately), to allow the empire to resist claims from other Slavic countries and nations (Russia and Serbia).
318:
The last vote for the support of the trialist reorganization of the empire was, however, too late, as the very next day, on 23 October 1918, the
Hungarian prime minister Alexander Wekerle resigned and the council of ministers was deposed.
95:. The hope of trialist Austrian imperialists was that Serbia might eventually join the great Croatia that was to be created, while putting pressure on the Hungarians and allowing Vienna to continue to dominate the Empire as a whole.
183:; an independent army for every state in the monarchy with its own language and officer cadre; a foreign affairs ministry equally staffed and financed by each of the states; and a parliament equally representing each state.
452:
Nevenko
Bartulin (2012). "From independence to trialism: the Croatian Party of Right and the project for a liberal "Greater Croatia" within the Habsburg Empire, 1861–1914". In Matthew P. Fitzpatrick (ed.).
315:
After the signing, two parades were held in Zagreb, one for the ending of the dual monarchy, which was held in front of the
Croatian National Theater, and another one for saving the trialist monarchy.
155:, leader of the pro-monarchy Pure Party of Rights and Croatian delegate at the signing of the trialist treaty in Vienna and Budapest 1918. Other proponents of the idea included General
87:
The movement originated in the 1880s in aristocratic and clerical circles of the Empire as a reaction to Hungarian nationalism and must be contrasted to the revolutionary, secessionist
241:, but even though they had support from emperor Karl I (IV), they were always declined and vetoed by the Hungarian side, which wanted to preserve the integrity of the Hungarian crown.
304:, who released the king from his oath, and signed the manifest on the creation and unification of all Croatian lands into a single state. After the signing of the manifest, in Zagreb
121:
333:
No act of Sabor dethroned King Karl I, nor did it acknowledge the entering in a state union with Serbia, which is today mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of Croatia.
326:
which was recognized by all the warring authorities, declared the end of the union and all ties between Hungary and Croatia, and also united all Croatian lands and entered the
215:
195:
for languages, education and religions in the Croatian kingdom. According to Bjelovučić's proposal, Croatia would host a total of six 'Royal Croatian' government ministries.
245:
632:
Edmund von Glaise-Horstenau,Die Katastrophe. Die Zertrümmerung Österreich-Ungarns und das Werden der Nachfolgestaaten, Zürich – Leipzig – Wien 1929, p.302-303.
676:
Narodne novine, br. 56/90, 135/97, 8/98 – pročišćeni tekst, 113/2000, 124/2000 – pročišćeni tekst, 28/2001, 41/2001 – pročišćeni tekst, 55/2001 – ispravak
347:
692:"From Independence to Trialism: The Croatian Party of Right and the Project for a Liberal "Greater Croatia" within the Habsburg Empire, 1861–1914"
784:
711:
79:
At the end of World War I, its advocates obtained support for a trialist manifesto, but the monarchy as a whole crumbled shortly thereafter.
789:
199:
357:
327:
207:
92:
72:
91:, as it worked within the Habsburg state apparatus with support from Croat politicians and Austrian officials, including the Archduke
433:
406:
804:
799:
203:
43:
794:
367:
129:
300:
and presented the manifest on 22 October 1918 to the Hungarian Council of Ministers led by Hungarian prime minister
27:
35:
752:"Stranka prava (frankovci) u doba vladavine Narodnoga vijeća Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba (listopad - prosinac 1918.)"
223:
472:
136:
198:
Among the Habsburg family the supporters of reorganizing the empire from a dualist to a trialist one included
59:
was the political movement that aimed to reorganize the bipartite Empire into a tripartite one, creating a
286:
256:
176:
160:
152:
737:
252:
226:
732:
Miller, Nicholas J. "RW Seton-Watson and Serbia during the Reemergence of Yugoslavism, 1903–1914."
211:
156:
305:
275:
271:
172:
323:
219:
125:
116:
291:
164:
727:
The multinational empire: nationalism and national reform in the Habsburg monarchy, 1848-1918.
707:
429:
423:
402:
390:
352:
301:
23:
Austria-Hungary ca. 1911, showing ethnicities and internal political boundaries (dotted lines)
699:
168:
280:
261:
654:
S. Matković, "Tko je bio Ivo Frank?", Politički zatvorenik, Zagreb, 17/2007., no. 187, 23.
147:, historian, politician and K.u.K. officer who advocated the idea of trialism in his book
52:
322:
On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor (parliament), on the basis of a complete right of
308:
got a telegram to prepare a public proclamation of the creation of "Zvonimir's kingdom".
362:
342:
19:
778:
210:, who was the most prominent trialist supporter which made him a great threat to the
187:
297:
244:
Emperor Karl's manifest of 16 October 1918 was rejected by the declaration of the
115:
under the Austrian crown, Croats in Croatia and Slavonia under the Hungarian, and
229:
supported the trialist concept and advocated the reorganization of the monarchy.
238:
99:
88:
703:
267:
144:
107:
population that was divided between the two crowns of the empire (Croats in
493:
NDH u svetlu nemačkih dokumenata i dnevnika Gleza fon Horstenau 1941 – 1944
691:
47:
Trialist proposal of uniting only Croatian crown lands, dr. Ivo Pilar 1910
398:
112:
237:
Croatian delegations attempted to attain trialism throughout the entire
191:
68:
64:
60:
422:
Tucker, Spencer; Matysek Wood, Laura; Murphy, Justin D., eds. (1999).
190:, Istria, Rijeka, Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
108:
42:
34:
26:
18:
186:
According to Bjelovučić the Croatian kingdom would comprise the
180:
751:
135:
In Croatia the most prominent advocates of the idea were Dr.
425:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
39:
The most common trialist proposal, dr. N.Z.Bjelovučić 1910
690:
Bartulin, Nevenko (2012), Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. (ed.),
615:
613:
202:
who served as an artillery officer in Zagreb 1894–1900,
251:
President of the Croatian pro-monarchy political party
698:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 115–140,
525:
523:
477:
Stvaranje Države SHS, (Creation of the state of SHS)
98:In the early and mid-19th century the movement was
206:who supported federalization of the monarchy, and
31:Trialist proposal from 1905. Henrik Hanau, Vienna
564:
562:
468:
466:
464:
487:
485:
447:
445:
8:
665:Public proclamation of the Sabor 29.10.1918.
623:, Hrvatsko pravo, Zagreb, 17/1925., no. 5031
594:Jedna Hrvatska ‘H. Rieči’", 1918., no. 2167
762:(3). Zagreb: Croatian Institute of History
621:Povodom njegove pedesetgodišnjice rodjenja
734:Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism
385:
383:
570:Wekerle Sándor utolsó miniszterelnöksége
379:
428:. Taylor & Francis. p. 269.
7:
645:, Hrvatsko pravo, 20/1928., no. 5160
358:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
348:Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations
328:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
729:(Columbia University Press, 1950).
457:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 130.
120:the monarchy would be composed of
14:
667:Issued 29.10.1918. no. 299. p.1.
756:Journal of Contemporary History
141:Trialism and the Croatian state
1:
785:Federalism in Austria-Hungary
696:Liberal Imperialism in Europe
643:Slava dr. Aleksandru Horvatu!
455:Liberal Imperialism in Europe
506:Trijalizam i Hrvatska država
504:Bjelovučić Nikola Zvonimir,
368:Union of Hungary and Romania
790:Politics of Austria-Hungary
663:Hrvatska Država, newspaper
479:, Zagreb, 1958, p. 132-133.
821:
750:Matijević, Zlatko (2008).
266:, with parliament members
137:Nikola Zvonimir Bjelovučić
218:. During his short reign
216:assassination in Sarajevo
200:Archduke Leopold Salvator
63:state equal in status to
547:Bjelovučić, pages 7.-20.
495:, Beograd 1987, p.56-57.
208:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
805:20th century in Croatia
800:19th century in Croatia
704:10.1057/9781137019974_6
149:The South Slav Question
619:Dr. Aleksandar Horvat
556:Bjelovučić, pp. 16-17.
48:
40:
32:
24:
401:. 2005. p. 644.
139:, author of the book
46:
38:
30:
22:
795:South Slavic history
603:A. Pavelić (lawyer)
538:Bjelovučić, page 13.
529:Bjelovučić, page 12.
517:Bjelovučić, page 11.
391:"Bosnia-Hercegovina"
253:Pure Party of Rights
212:Serbian nationalists
473:Budisavljević Srđan
204:Crown Prince Rudolf
51:In the history of
736:15 (1988): 59-69.
508:, Dubrovnik, 1911.
324:self-determination
161:Svetozar Borojević
130:kingdom of Croatia
126:kingdom of Hungary
117:Bosnia-Herzegovina
49:
41:
33:
25:
713:978-1-137-01997-4
491:Vasa Kazimirović
353:Ethnic federalism
287:Mihael Mihaljević
257:Aleksandar Horvat
177:Mihael Mihaljević
153:Aleksandar Horvat
122:empire of Austria
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246:National Council
159:, Field marshal
157:Stjepan Sarkotić
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758:(in Croatian).
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684:Further reading
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227:Karl I & IV
214:and led to the
93:Franz Ferdinand
85:
73:Franz Ferdinand
53:Austria-Hungary
17:
16:Austria Hungary
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363:Triune Kingdom
360:
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343:Austro-Slavism
338:
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302:Sándor Wekerle
234:
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568:SZABÓ DÁNIEL
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188:Slovene Lands
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169:Josip Štadler
167:, archbishop
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764:. Retrieved
759:
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733:
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717:, retrieved
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306:Fran Milobar
298:Istvan Tisza
276:Luka Šnjarić
272:Josip Pazman
250:
243:
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197:
185:
173:Luka Šnjarić
148:
140:
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105:
97:
86:
78:
56:
50:
641:F. Milobar
290: [
279: [
260: [
248:in Zagreb.
239:World War I
233:World War I
171:, generals
89:Yugoslavism
779:Categories
766:23 January
719:2024-07-16
605:Doživljaji
374:References
165:Ivo Prodan
100:Pan-Slavic
583:Dokumenti
581:F. Šišić
268:Ivo Frank
145:Ivo Pilar
607:, p.432.
585:, p.180.
399:ABC-CLIO
337:See also
113:Dalmatia
61:Croatian
57:trialism
744:Sources
220:Emperor
192:Trieste
83:History
69:Hungary
65:Austria
738:online
710:
572:p. 16.
432:
405:
151:, Dr.
143:, Dr.
109:Istria
294:]
283:]
264:]
768:2020
708:ISBN
430:ISBN
403:ISBN
285:and
270:and
255:Dr.
224:King
222:and
181:Pula
175:and
128:and
111:and
67:and
700:doi
71:.
781::
760:40
754:.
706:,
694:,
612:^
561:^
522:^
484:^
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463:^
444:^
397:.
393:.
382:^
330:.
292:hr
281:hr
262:hr
163:,
132:.
124:,
55:,
770:.
702::
438:.
411:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
