216:, they relied on their sacrosanctity to obstruct actions unfavourable to the plebeians. Being sacrosanct, no person could harm the tribunes or interfere with their activities. To do so, or to disregard the veto of a tribune, was punishable by death, and the tribunes could order the death of persons who violated their sacrosanctity. This could be used as a protection when a tribune needed to arrest someone. This sacrosanctity also made the tribunes independent of all magistrates; no magistrate could veto the action of a tribune. If a magistrate, the senate, or any other assembly disregarded the orders of a tribune, he could "interpose the sacrosanctity of his person" to prevent such action. Even a
345:, who might be elected from either order. Initially this compromise satisfied the plebeians, but in practice only patricians were elected. The regular election of military tribunes in the place of consuls prevented any plebeians from assuming the highest offices of state until the year 400, when four of the six military tribunes were plebeians. Plebeian military tribunes served in 399, 396, 383, and 379, but in all other years between 444 and 376 BC, every consul or military tribune with consular powers was a patrician.
256:("I appeal to the people"). Once invoked, this right required one of the tribunes to assess the situation, and determine the lawfulness of the magistrate's action. Any action taken in defiance of this right was illegal on its face. In effect, this gave the tribunes of the people unprecedented power to protect individuals from the arbitrary exercise of state power, and afforded Roman citizens a degree of liberty unequalled in the ancient world. If the tribune decided to act, he would impose his
382:, who considered the tribunate a threat to his power, deprived the tribunes of their powers to initiate legislation, and to veto acts of the senate. He also prohibited former tribunes from holding any other office, effectively preventing the use of the tribunate as a stepping stone to higher office. Although the tribunes retained the power to intercede on behalf of individual citizens, most of their authority was lost under Sulla's reforms. Former tribunes were once again
313:, or decemvirs, to serve for one year in place of the annual magistrates, and codify Roman law. The tribunate itself was suspended during this time. But when a second college of decemvirs appointed for the year 450 illegally continued their office into the following year, and the abuses of their authority became clear to the people, the decemvirate was abolished and the tribunate restored, together with the annual magistrates.
401:, who aspired to hold the tribunician power, had himself adopted by a plebeian youth, and renounced his patrician status, in order to be elected tribune for the following year. Although considered outrageous at the time, Clodius' scheme was allowed to proceed, and he embarked on a program of legislation designed to outlaw his political opponents and confiscate their property, while realizing a substantial gain from his actions.
360:. Under this law, military tribunes with consular power were abolished, and one of the consuls elected each year was to be a plebeian. Although this law was occasionally violated by the election of two patrician consuls, Sextius himself was elected consul for 366, and Licinius in 364. At last, the plebeian tribunes had broken the patrician monopoly on the highest magistracies of the state.
201:), and beginning in 493 BC to elect the plebeian tribunes and aediles. From the institution of the tribunate, any one of the tribunes of the plebs was entitled to preside over this assembly. The tribunes were entitled to propose legislation before the assembly. By the third century BC, the tribunes also had the right to call the senate to order, and lay proposals before it.
148:, a former consul who was well liked by the plebeians, as an envoy. Menenius was well received, and told the fable of the belly and the limbs, likening the people to the limbs who chose not to support the belly, and thus starved themselves; just as the belly and the limbs, the city, he explained, could not survive without both the patricians and plebeians working in concert.
1293:
412:, who, as a patrician, was ineligible to be elected one of the tribunes. When two of the elected tribunes attempted to obstruct his actions, Caesar had them impeached, and taken before the senate, where they were deprived of their powers. Never again did Caesar face opposition from the tribunes; he held the tribunician power until his death in 44.
112:
152:
meant that only plebeians were eligible for the tribunate), and the tribunes should be sacrosanct; any person who laid hands on one of the tribunes would be outlawed, and the whole body of the plebeians entitled to kill such person without fear of penalty. The senate agreeing to these terms, the people returned to the city.
459:, its independence and most of its practical functions were lost. Together with the aedileship, it remained a step in the political career of many plebeians who aspired to sit in the senate, at least until the third century. There is evidence that the tribunate continued to exist as late as the fifth century AD.
271:
Because the sacrosanctity of the tribunes depended on the oath of the plebeians to defend them, their powers were limited to the boundaries of the city of Rome. A tribune traveling abroad could not rely on his authority to intervene on behalf of the plebeians. For this reason, the activities of the
170:
The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two
308:
However, the new tribunes continued to press for the adoption of
Terentillus' law, until in 454 the senate agreed to appoint three commissioners to study Greek laws and institutions, and on their return help to resolve the strife between the orders. On the return of the envoys, the senate and the
304:
alleged that the consular government had become even more oppressive than the monarchy that it had replaced. He urged the passage of a law appointing five commissioners to define and limit the powers of the consuls. By threat of war and plague, the issue was postponed for five contentious years,
427:
became a pre-requisite for the emperors, most of whom received it from the senate upon claiming the throne, though some had already received this power during the reigns of their predecessors; the granting of this authority was a means of designating a favoured member of the imperial court as the
151:
The plebeians agreed to negotiate for their return to the city; and their condition was that special tribunes should be appointed to represent the plebeians, and to protect them from the power of the consuls. No member of the senatorial class would be eligible for this office (in practice, this
320:
of Roman law also codified that the consulate itself was closed to the plebeians. Worse still, in 448, two patricians were co-opted to fill vacant positions in the tribunate, although they proved to be of moderate views, and their year of office was peaceful. To prevent future attempts by the
356:, tribunes of the plebs, used the veto power to prevent the election of any annual magistrates. Continuing in office each year, they frustrated the patricians, who, despite electing patrician military tribunes from 371 to 367, finally conceded the consulship, agreeing to the
305:
with the same college of tribunes elected each year. In 457, hoping to deprive the law's supporters of their impetus, the senate agreed to increase the number of tribunes to ten, provided that none of the tribunes from the preceding years should be re-elected.
649:
seems that the dictator's supreme power did not necessarily extend into the city... that the power of a dictator did not override that of the tribunes—a point attested also by the tradition about appeals against the dictator
329:
forbidding the tribunes to co-opt their colleagues, and requiring their election to continue until all of the seats were filled. But relations between the orders deteriorated, until in 445, the tribunes, led by
211:
the power of the tribunes to intercede on behalf of the plebeians and veto the actions of the magistrates, was unique in Roman history. Because they were not technically magistrates, and thus possessed no
452:
each received the tribunician power in this way. With the regular assumption of the tribunician power by the emperors and their heirs, the ancient authority of the tribunes dwindled away.
1438:
363:
Following their victory in 367, the tribunes remained an important check on the power of the senate and the annual magistrates. In 287 BC, the senate formally recognized the
1239:
75:(people's assembly); to summon the senate; to propose legislation; and to intervene on behalf of plebeians in legal matters; but the most significant power was to
707:
1325:
1867:
589:
1909:
1897:
1297:
1280:
1956:
231:
imposed his veto on all government functions in 133 BC, when the senate attempted to block his agrarian reforms by imposing the veto of another tribune.
3285:
1872:
3244:
1882:
3189:
1877:
1611:
123:
and establishment of the Roman
Republic, the plebeians were burdened by crushing debt. A series of clashes between the people and the ruling
3159:
1984:
1511:
1175:
1147:
1128:
1089:
1041:
987:
268:
Although a tribune could veto any action of the magistrates, senate, or other assemblies, he had to be physically present in order to do so.
127:
in 495 and 494 BC brought the plebeians to the brink of revolt, and there was talk of assassinating the consuls. Instead, on the advice of
83:
and other magistrates, thus protecting the interests of the plebeians as a class. The tribunes of the plebs were typically found seated on
3249:
3124:
2277:
1830:
383:
342:
1501:
3169:
1929:
1496:
1491:
1467:
1318:
1006:
626:
3184:
1857:
1506:
1433:
646:
167:, appointed for the year 493 BC. Soon afterward, the tribunes themselves appointed Sicinius and two others as their colleagues.
1450:
1383:
3270:
2204:
2129:
1887:
3280:
2700:
2540:
2144:
1596:
1311:
725:
703:
584:
316:
Among the laws codified by the decemvirs was one forbidding intermarriage between the patricians and the plebeians; the
3239:
3164:
2923:
1979:
1862:
1408:
509:
177:, or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.
3199:
2863:
2755:
2525:
2297:
2119:
2027:
1892:
1835:
836:
3219:
2312:
2267:
2194:
2114:
2062:
2052:
2004:
1351:
2820:
2730:
2239:
2219:
2214:
2199:
2152:
2092:
2047:
1849:
429:
145:
128:
124:
892:
3275:
3229:
3209:
3149:
3139:
3129:
2535:
2224:
2124:
2104:
2019:
2009:
1714:
1654:
1346:
398:
391:
338:
permitting the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and allowing one of the consuls to be a plebeian.
322:
301:
3234:
3224:
3174:
3154:
2968:
2943:
2908:
2790:
2515:
2162:
1924:
1455:
949:
823:
797:
779:
761:
743:
642:
566:
545:
468:
3204:
3134:
2958:
2710:
2510:
2505:
2302:
2209:
2134:
2097:
2082:
2057:
2037:
1939:
527:
326:
286:
193:
alone. However, they functioned very much like magistrates of the Roman state. They could convene the
132:
367:
as laws with binding force. In 149 BC, men elected to the tribunate automatically entered the Senate.
3214:
3179:
2868:
2858:
2735:
2635:
2560:
2425:
2388:
1428:
433:
349:
3144:
2993:
2795:
2665:
2615:
1934:
1531:
189:, who were created at the same time, were technically not magistrates, as they were elected by the
3194:
2918:
2725:
2580:
2520:
2440:
2383:
2247:
1483:
1462:
1226:
1218:
1181:
697:
357:
2833:
57:, and was, throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the
341:
Rather than permit the election of a plebeian consul, the senate resolved upon the election of
2828:
2680:
2435:
2395:
2373:
1581:
1259:
1210:
1171:
1143:
1124:
1095:
1085:
1068:
1037:
1033:
1012:
1002:
983:
979:
632:
622:
245:
228:
190:
103:
as a matter of course, and the office itself lost its independence and most of its functions.
185:
Although sometimes referred to as plebeian magistrates, the tribunes of the people, like the
2893:
2853:
2785:
2720:
2645:
2640:
2412:
2335:
2282:
2077:
2072:
1961:
1820:
1769:
1729:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1601:
1548:
1541:
1526:
1521:
1445:
1373:
1251:
1202:
1163:
1116:
1060:
1029:
975:
71:
62:
2988:
2800:
2780:
2740:
2675:
2625:
2620:
2495:
2445:
2353:
2187:
2167:
2087:
1536:
1361:
1120:
473:
449:
331:
294:
290:
160:
687:
224:) was not exempted from the veto power, although some sources may suggest the contrary.
3043:
2685:
2420:
2368:
2340:
2287:
2272:
2252:
2067:
2042:
1999:
1989:
1815:
1789:
1719:
1704:
1669:
1629:
1390:
910:
857:
671:
376:
353:
217:
164:
50:
42:
3264:
2575:
2545:
2460:
1994:
1971:
1784:
1639:
1624:
1571:
1378:
1281:"How to Roman Republic 101, Part IIIc: Ten Tribunes, Two Censors and Twenty-Six Guys"
1230:
1185:
1108:
651:
409:
317:
240:
100:
84:
386:
beginning in 75 BC, and the tribunician authority was fully restored by the consuls
3053:
2913:
2358:
2307:
2262:
2257:
2109:
1919:
1805:
1749:
1744:
1634:
1516:
1400:
1334:
456:
335:
120:
96:
80:
58:
272:
tribunes were normally confined to the city itself, and a one-mile radius beyond.
17:
2848:
2470:
2292:
2182:
1576:
1206:
140:
115:
The
Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer, engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849.
88:
1193:
Steel, Catherine (2014). "The Roman senate and the post-Sullan "res publica"".
3073:
3013:
2978:
2770:
2705:
2695:
2590:
2475:
2363:
1946:
1914:
1659:
1586:
1418:
1413:
1255:
1051:
Drogula, Fred K (2017). "Plebeian tribunes and the government of early Rome".
111:
92:
1263:
1214:
1072:
397:
The dignity of the office was further impaired when, in 59 BC, the patrician
3103:
3098:
3058:
2983:
2953:
2933:
2810:
2750:
2660:
2610:
2605:
2530:
2490:
2378:
2348:
2157:
2032:
1825:
1709:
1684:
1563:
1099:
1016:
636:
310:
309:
tribunes agreed to the appointment of a committee of ten men, known as the
1292:
1167:
3063:
3048:
3038:
3023:
2938:
2928:
2898:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2775:
2690:
2570:
2555:
2485:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2430:
2229:
1810:
1774:
1664:
1591:
1423:
905:
852:
666:
616:
437:
416:
221:
1222:
654:, and by the threat of a tribune to veto an election held by a dictator.
415:
In 23 BC, the senate bestowed the tribunician power on Caesar's nephew,
197:, which was entitled to pass legislation affecting the plebeians alone (
95:, meaning that any assault on their person was punishable by death. In
3083:
3078:
3068:
3033:
3028:
3018:
2963:
2948:
2765:
2760:
2745:
2715:
2670:
2650:
2630:
2585:
2317:
2172:
1951:
1759:
1754:
1644:
1064:
66:
1303:
3093:
2973:
2903:
2843:
2838:
2805:
2565:
2550:
2500:
2480:
1902:
1779:
1674:
1162:. History of the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
883:
445:
387:
186:
173:
297:, thus removing the influence of the patricians on their election.
2878:
2600:
2327:
1619:
441:
379:
144:(the Sacred Mount), a hill outside of Rome. The senate dispatched
54:
3088:
2655:
2595:
2177:
1553:
818:
792:
774:
756:
738:
720:
579:
561:
540:
522:
76:
1307:
1649:
234:
Tribunes also possessed the authority to enforce the right of
227:
The tribunes could veto acts of the Roman senate. The tribune
970:
Brennan, T Corey (26 October 2017). "tribunicia potestas".
371:
Erosion of the tribunician power at the end of the
Republic
938:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
872:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
603:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
1024:
Derow, Peter Sidney (31 August 2016). "tribuni plebis".
657:
On the threatened veto of elections, see Livy 27.6.2–11.
684:
See the use of both forms by Volero in Livy's account.
3112:
3006:
2819:
2411:
2404:
2326:
2238:
2143:
2018:
1970:
1848:
1798:
1737:
1728:
1610:
1562:
1482:
1399:
1360:
321:patricians to influence the selection of tribunes,
455:Although the office of tribune endured throughout
248:to appeal the actions of a magistrate by shouting
99:, the powers of the tribunate were granted to the
289:transferred the election of the tribunes from
69:had the power to convene and preside over the
1319:
557:
555:
8:
1084:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1240:"The origins of the tribunate of the plebs"
2408:
1734:
1366:
1326:
1312:
1304:
281:The tribunes in the conflict of the orders
1195:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
706:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
119:Fifteen years after the expulsion of the
1026:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
972:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
621:. Oxford University Press. p. 111.
110:
1034:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6554
980:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8196
488:
695:
618:The constitution of the Roman Republic
476:, primary author of a newspaper named
1121:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah20131.pub2
605:, Ginn & Co., 1901, pp. 196, 261.
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
343:military tribunes with consular power
238:, a precursor of the modern right of
7:
1285:A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry
911:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
858:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
672:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
408:(tribunician power) on the dictator
513:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Tribuni Plebis."
384:admitted to the annual magistracies
1279:Devereaux, Bret (25 August 2023).
1140:Constitution of the Roman republic
404:In 48 BC, the senate bestowed the
25:
1291:
1082:A critical history of early Rome
252:("I call upon the tribunes") or
3286:1st-millennium BC introductions
1113:Encyclopedia of Ancient History
428:emperor's intended successor.
940:, Ginn & Co., 1901, p. 135
874:, Ginn & Co., 1901, p. 105
827:vi. 35, 36, 38, 42, vii. 1, 2.
107:Establishment of the tribunate
49:) was the first office of the
27:Ancient Roman political office
1:
469:List of tribunes of the plebs
1898:Frontiers and fortifications
334:, were able to push through
229:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
1957:Decorations and punishments
1238:Smith, Christopher (2012).
1207:10.25162/historia-2014-0018
1142:. Oxford University Press.
647:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
510:Oxford Classical Dictionary
350:Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo
260:("right of intercession").
3302:
2864:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1439:historiography of the fall
837:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
161:Lucius Albinius Paterculus
3245:External wars and battles
1369:
1342:
1256:10.1017/S0066477400000162
1133:– via ResearchGate.
1107:Kondratieff, E J (2018).
478:The Tribune of the People
1138:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
702:: CS1 maint: location (
645:and his master of horse
615:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
423:. From this point, the
354:Lucius Sextius Lateranus
146:Agrippa Menenius Lanatus
129:Lucius Sicinius Vellutus
3240:Roman–Iranian relations
1715:Optimates and populares
1158:Lomas, Kathryn (2018).
1115:. Wiley. pp. 1–5.
1080:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
956:(1985), pp. 13, 20, 56.
893:De Haruspicum Responsis
399:Publius Clodius Pulcher
392:Marcus Licinius Crassus
375:However, in 81 BC, the
302:Gaius Terentillius Arsa
87:set up for them in the
3250:Civil wars and revolts
2516:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2163:Conflict of the Orders
1522:Legislative assemblies
999:The beginnings of Rome
388:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
323:Lucius Trebonius Asper
181:Powers of the tribunes
116:
46:
3271:Tribunes of the plebs
2959:Simplicius of Cilicia
2711:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1940:Siege in Ancient Rome
1549:Executive magistrates
1168:10.4159/9780674919938
1001:. London: Routledge.
997:Cornell, Tim (1995).
884:Marcus Tullius Cicero
588:, ii. 33, 58 (citing
236:provocatio ad populum
114:
91:. The tribunes were
53:that was open to the
35:tribune of the people
3281:Ancient Roman titles
2969:Stephanus Byzantinus
2874:Eusebius of Caesaria
2736:Sidonius Apollinaris
2426:Ammianus Marcellinus
1765:Tribune of the plebs
1300:at Wikimedia Commons
1298:Tribune of the plebs
936:Frank Frost Abbott,
927:(1924), pp. 200–201.
870:Frank Frost Abbott,
841:Romaike Archaiologia
641:The quarrel between
601:Frank Frost Abbott,
300:In 462, the tribune
31:Tribune of the plebs
3145:Distinguished women
2796:Velleius Paterculus
2636:Nicolaus Damascenus
2616:Marcellus Empiricus
2005:Republican currency
861:"Life of Camillus."
425:tribunicia potestas
410:Gaius Julius Caesar
406:tribunicia potestas
254:provoco ad populum!
244:. This entitled a
220:(and presumably an
79:the actions of the
2919:Phlegon of Tralles
2726:Seneca the Younger
2200:Naming conventions
1930:Personal equipment
1463:Later Roman Empire
1065:10.1017/ann.2017.8
954:The Roman Emperors
675:Tiberius Gracchus.
643:L. Papirius Cursor
434:Drusus the Younger
358:Licinian Rogations
348:Beginning in 376,
258:ius intercessionis
205:Ius intercessionis
117:
3258:
3257:
3220:Pontifices maximi
3002:
3001:
2859:Diogenes Laërtius
2681:Pliny the Younger
2436:Asconius Pedianus
2396:Romance languages
2268:Civil engineering
2010:Imperial currency
1883:Political control
1844:
1843:
1478:
1477:
1296:Media related to
1177:978-0-674-65965-0
1149:978-0-19-926108-6
1130:978-1-4051-7935-5
1091:978-0-520-94029-1
1043:978-0-19-938113-5
989:978-0-19-938113-5
914:"Life of Cicero."
250:appello tribunos!
191:plebeian assembly
18:Tribunician power
16:(Redirected from
3293:
3210:Magistri equitum
3125:Cities and towns
3118:
3044:Constantinopolis
2854:Diodorus Siculus
2786:Valerius Maximus
2721:Seneca the Elder
2641:Nonius Marcellus
2409:
1962:Hippika gymnasia
1925:Infantry tactics
1831:Consular tribune
1821:Magister equitum
1770:Military tribune
1735:
1695:Pontifex maximus
1690:Princeps senatus
1680:Magister militum
1446:Byzantine Empire
1367:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1288:
1267:
1234:
1189:
1160:The rise of Rome
1153:
1134:
1109:"Tribuni plebis"
1103:
1076:
1047:
1020:
993:
957:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
903:
897:
881:
875:
868:
862:
850:
844:
834:
828:
816:
810:
790:
784:
772:
766:
754:
748:
736:
730:
718:
712:
711:
701:
693:
682:
676:
664:
658:
656:
612:
606:
599:
593:
577:
571:
559:
550:
538:
532:
520:
514:
506:
195:concilium plebis
187:plebeian aediles
131:, the plebeians
72:Concilium Plebis
39:plebeian tribune
21:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3116:
3114:
3108:
2998:
2834:AĂ«tius of Amida
2815:
2801:Verrius Flaccus
2781:Valerius Antias
2741:Silius Italicus
2676:Pliny the Elder
2621:Marcus Aurelius
2496:Cornelius Nepos
2446:Aurelius Victor
2400:
2322:
2234:
2168:Secessio plebis
2139:
2014:
1966:
1840:
1794:
1724:
1606:
1558:
1474:
1395:
1356:
1338:
1332:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1237:
1192:
1178:
1157:
1154:Reprinted 2009.
1150:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1092:
1079:
1050:
1044:
1023:
1009:
996:
990:
969:
965:
960:
948:
944:
935:
931:
925:This was Cicero
922:
918:
904:
900:
882:
878:
869:
865:
851:
847:
835:
831:
824:Ab Urbe Condita
817:
813:
798:Ab Urbe Condita
791:
787:
780:Ab Urbe Condita
773:
769:
762:Ab Urbe Condita
755:
751:
744:Ab Urbe Condita
737:
733:
726:Ab urbe condita
719:
715:
694:
689:Ab urbe condita
685:
683:
679:
665:
661:
629:
614:
613:
609:
600:
596:
585:Ab urbe condita
578:
574:
567:Ab Urbe Condita
560:
553:
546:Ab Urbe Condita
539:
535:
528:Ab Urbe Condita
521:
517:
507:
490:
486:
474:Gracchus Babeuf
465:
450:Marcus Aurelius
373:
332:Gaius Canuleius
295:comitia tributa
291:comitia curiata
283:
278:
266:
183:
109:
85:special benches
47:tribunus plebis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:Cursus honorum
3273:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Pomponius Mela
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Aelius Donatus
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:Ecclesiastical
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:Toys and games
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Vigintisexviri
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:Cursus honorum
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:Western Empire
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1274:
1273:External links
1271:
1269:
1268:
1235:
1201:(3): 323–339.
1190:
1176:
1155:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1090:
1077:
1048:
1042:
1021:
1007:
994:
988:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:
942:
929:
923:H.J. Haskell,
916:
898:
876:
863:
845:
829:
811:
785:
767:
749:
731:
713:
677:
659:
627:
607:
594:
572:
551:
533:
515:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
471:
464:
461:
457:imperial times
372:
369:
285:In 471 BC the
282:
279:
277:
274:
265:
262:
214:maior potestas
207:, also called
182:
179:
174:aediles plebis
165:Gaius Licinius
157:tribuni plebis
108:
105:
97:imperial times
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Julius Paulus
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Fabius Pictor
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Amphitheatres
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Deforestation
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Siege engines
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Establishment
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:Extraordinary
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Promagistrate
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Twelve Tables
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:0-415-01596-0
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
967:
962:
955:
951:
950:Michael Grant
946:
943:
939:
933:
930:
926:
920:
917:
913:
912:
907:
902:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
880:
877:
873:
867:
864:
860:
859:
854:
849:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
786:
782:
781:
776:
771:
768:
764:
763:
758:
753:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
732:
728:
727:
722:
717:
714:
709:
705:
699:
691:
690:
686:Livy (1880).
681:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
660:
655:
653:
648:
644:
638:
634:
630:
628:0-19-815068-7
624:
620:
619:
611:
608:
604:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
576:
573:
569:
568:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
534:
530:
529:
524:
519:
516:
512:
511:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
489:
483:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
460:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
422:
419:, now styled
418:
413:
411:
407:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
370:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
328:
324:
319:
318:Twelve Tables
314:
312:
306:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
280:
275:
273:
269:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:
241:habeas corpus
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
178:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3190:Institutions
3054:Leptis Magna
3007:Major cities
2914:Philostratus
2701:Quadrigarius
2521:Rufus Festus
2384:Contemporary
2105:Romanization
2028:Architecture
1764:
1635:Collegiality
1484:Constitution
1335:Ancient Rome
1284:
1247:
1243:
1198:
1194:
1159:
1139:
1112:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1025:
998:
971:
963:Bibliography
953:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
909:
901:
891:
888:Pro Domo Sua
887:
879:
871:
866:
856:
848:
840:
832:
822:
819:Titus Livius
814:
806:
802:
796:
793:Titus Livius
788:
778:
775:Titus Livius
770:
760:
757:Titus Livius
752:
742:
739:Titus Livius
734:
724:
716:
688:
680:
670:
662:
640:
617:
610:
602:
597:
583:
575:
565:
562:Titus Livius
544:
541:Titus Livius
536:
526:
523:Titus Livius
518:
508:
477:
454:
424:
420:
414:
405:
403:
396:
374:
364:
362:
347:
340:
325:promulgated
315:
307:
299:
287:Lex Publilia
284:
270:
267:
257:
253:
249:
239:
235:
233:
226:
213:
209:intercessio,
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
184:
172:
169:
156:
154:
150:
139:
135:
118:
70:
59:Roman Senate
38:
34:
30:
29:
3185:Geographers
2869:Dioscorides
2849:Cassius Dio
2471:Cassiodorus
2374:Renaissance
1980:Agriculture
1952:Auxiliaries
1893:Engineering
1730:Magistrates
1582:Citizenship
1577:Mos maiorum
1512:Late Empire
1250:: 101–125.
1059:: 101–123.
765:iii. 32–55.
264:Limitations
89:Roman Forum
63:magistrates
51:Roman state
3265:Categories
3074:Mediolanum
3014:Alexandria
2979:Themistius
2944:Porphyrius
2771:Tertullian
2706:Quintilian
2696:Propertius
2591:Lactantius
2541:Fulgentius
2476:Censorinus
2298:Sanitation
2283:Metallurgy
2240:Technology
2205:Demography
2153:Patricians
2120:Spectacles
2078:Literature
2073:Hairstyles
1910:Technology
1660:Praefectus
1612:Government
1602:Litigation
1587:Auctoritas
1532:Centuriate
1419:Principate
1414:Pax Romana
1374:Foundation
1244:Antichthon
1053:Antichthon
906:Plutarchus
853:Plutarchus
747:iii. 8–31.
667:Plutarchus
652:C. Maenius
592:, iii. 31.
531:ii. 23–32.
484:References
365:plebiscita
199:plebiscita
155:The first
141:Mons Sacer
125:patricians
93:sacrosanct
3230:Quaestors
3160:Empresses
3150:Dynasties
3140:Dictators
3115:and other
3104:Volubilis
3099:Vindobona
3059:Londinium
2984:Theodoret
2954:Procopius
2934:Polyaenus
2909:Pausanias
2811:Vitruvius
2756:Symmachus
2751:Suetonius
2661:Petronius
2646:Obsequens
2611:Macrobius
2606:Lucretius
2531:Frontinus
2506:Eutropius
2491:Columella
2441:Augustine
2431:Appuleius
2379:Neo-Latin
2354:Classical
2345:Versions
2253:Aqueducts
2195:Patronage
2115:Sexuality
2088:Mythology
2063:Education
2053:Cosmetics
1878:Campaigns
1873:Structure
1826:Decemviri
1685:Imperator
1384:overthrow
1264:0066-4774
1231:151289863
1215:0018-2311
1186:239349186
1073:0066-4774
805:, v. 12.
729:, ii. 58.
698:cite book
692:. 2.55.5.
311:decemviri
65:. These
55:plebeians
3235:Tribunes
3225:Praetors
3175:Generals
3155:Emperors
3064:Lugdunum
3049:Eboracum
3039:Carthage
3024:Aquileia
2939:Polybius
2929:Plutarch
2899:Libanius
2889:Josephus
2884:Herodian
2776:Tibullus
2691:Priscian
2666:Phaedrus
2626:Manilius
2571:Jordanes
2556:Hydatius
2486:Claudian
2466:Catullus
2456:Boëthius
2451:Ausonius
2369:Medieval
2341:Alphabet
2313:Theatres
2288:Numerals
2273:Concrete
2263:Circuses
2230:Bagaudae
2220:Adoption
2215:Marriage
2188:Assembly
2093:Religion
2068:Folklore
2048:Clothing
2043:Calendar
2000:Currency
1990:Commerce
1888:Strategy
1850:Military
1836:Triumvir
1816:Dictator
1811:Interrex
1790:Governor
1775:Quaestor
1738:Ordinary
1720:Province
1710:Tetrarch
1700:Augustus
1665:Vicarius
1655:Officium
1592:Imperium
1542:Plebeian
1502:Republic
1424:Dominate
1391:Republic
1352:Timeline
1223:24432812
1100:70728478
1017:31515793
843:xiv. 12.
783:iv. 1–6.
637:39706770
463:See also
438:Tiberius
421:Augustus
417:Octavian
394:in 70.
377:dictator
222:interrex
218:dictator
136:en masse
67:tribunes
3205:Legions
3165:Fiction
3135:Consuls
3130:Climate
3084:Ravenna
3079:Pompeii
3069:Lutetia
3034:Bononia
3029:Berytus
3019:Antioch
2994:Zosimus
2989:Zonaras
2964:Sozomen
2949:Priscus
2924:Photius
2766:Terence
2761:Tacitus
2746:Statius
2731:Servius
2716:Sallust
2671:Plautus
2651:Orosius
2631:Martial
2586:Juvenal
2561:Hyginus
2546:Gellius
2405:Writers
2336:History
2318:Thermae
2308:Temples
2258:Bridges
2225:Slavery
2173:Equites
2145:Society
2125:Theatre
2098:Deities
2058:Cuisine
2038:Bathing
2020:Culture
1995:Finance
1972:Economy
1863:Borders
1858:History
1760:Tribune
1755:Praetor
1645:Legatus
1640:Emperor
1527:Curiate
1497:Kingdom
1492:History
1468:History
1451:decline
1409:History
1379:Kingdom
1362:History
1347:Outline
801:iv. 6.
570:ii. 33.
549:ii. 32.
430:Agrippa
293:to the
276:History
246:citizen
138:to the
133:seceded
101:emperor
81:consuls
3215:Nomina
3200:Legacy
3180:Gentes
3117:topics
3113:Lists
3094:Smyrna
2974:Strabo
2904:Lucian
2894:Julian
2844:Arrian
2839:Appian
2829:Aelian
2806:Vergil
2581:Justin
2566:Jerome
2551:Horace
2536:Fronto
2526:Florus
2501:Ennius
2481:Cicero
2461:Caesar
2359:Vulgar
2183:Tribes
2110:Romans
1920:Legion
1903:castra
1780:Aedile
1750:Censor
1745:Consul
1705:Caesar
1675:Lictor
1597:Status
1537:Tribal
1517:Senate
1507:Empire
1401:Empire
1337:topics
1262:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1184:
1174:
1146:
1127:
1098:
1088:
1071:
1040:
1015:
1005:
986:
635:
625:
448:, and
446:Trajan
2879:Galen
2821:Greek
2791:Varro
2601:Lucan
2413:Latin
2328:Latin
2303:Ships
2293:Roads
2278:Domes
2210:Women
2158:Plebs
2083:Music
1625:Forum
1620:Curia
1227:S2CID
1219:JSTOR
1182:S2CID
442:Titus
380:Sulla
336:a law
327:a law
159:were
121:kings
43:Latin
3195:Laws
3170:Film
3089:Roma
2656:Ovid
2596:Livy
2364:Late
2178:Gens
2135:Wine
1947:Navy
1915:Army
1554:SPQR
1456:fall
1434:fall
1260:ISSN
1211:ISSN
1172:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1096:OCLC
1086:ISBN
1069:ISSN
1038:ISBN
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
984:ISBN
890:13;
721:Livy
708:link
704:link
633:OCLC
623:ISBN
590:Piso
580:Livy
390:and
352:and
163:and
77:veto
61:and
2349:Old
2033:Art
1806:Rex
1650:Dux
1564:Law
1252:doi
1203:doi
1164:doi
1117:doi
1061:doi
1030:doi
976:doi
896:27.
37:or
3267::
1283:.
1258:.
1248:46
1246:.
1242:.
1225:.
1217:.
1209:.
1199:63
1197:.
1180:.
1170:.
1123:.
1111:.
1094:.
1067:.
1057:51
1055:.
1036:.
1028:.
1011:.
982:.
974:.
952:,
908:,
886:,
855:,
839:,
821:,
807:ff
803:ff
795:,
777:,
759:,
741:,
723:,
700:}}
696:{{
669:,
639:.
631:.
582:,
564:,
554:^
543:,
525:,
491:^
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
45::
33:,
1327:e
1320:t
1313:v
1287:.
1266:.
1254::
1233:.
1205::
1188:.
1166::
1152:.
1119::
1102:.
1075:.
1063::
1046:.
1032::
1019:.
992:.
978::
809:.
710:)
41:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
