455:(5.09-11.13). Whitening toothpastes have a mean pH of 6.83 with a range (4.22-8.35). Mouthwashes also vary greatly in pH from pH 4.40 to 6.80. Mouth rinsing after an acidic challenge increased salivary pH. The tested mouthwashes raised pH higher than water. Mouthwashes with a neutralizing effect can potentially reduce tooth erosion from acid exposure. Essentially the human mouth is an optimum habitat for this organism and any pH level alteration needed to stunt the reproductive rate significantly would require a duration of time that would cause greater damage to the tooth enamel than to
67:
244:
is the smallest, measuring only 5-14 μm long and 6-9 μm wide; specimens can be identified by their long axostyles and tails, 4 anterior flagella, and by the recurrent flagellum that raises an undulating membrane which is two thirds the length of the body. This undulating membrane may appear
299:
alone is not known to cause any symptoms. There are merely implications that this parasite may worsen preexisting periodontal disease and in rare cases has been reported to cause bronchopulmonary infections, mainly in patients with underlying cancers or other lung diseases. The organism is believed
203:
commonly found in the oral cavity of humans. Routine hygiene is generally not sufficient to eliminate the parasite, hence its Latin name, meaning "tenacious". The parasite is frequently encountered in periodontal infections, affecting more than 50% of the population in some areas, but it is usually
454:
reproduced better in LES medium, pH value between 5.80 and 7.00 with cultivation temperature of 35 °C than other media with pH 5.40 and cultivation temperature of 37 °C. Normal, healthy human saliva is slightly alkaline at pH 7.40. Whitening products have a mean pH of 8.22 with a range
33:
221:
367:
Regardless of patient's demographic characteristics, it seems that oral hygiene instructions in combination with scaling and root planning can help with controlling excessive colonization of parasites, particularly
435:, it was speculated that this high rate of transmission was attributable to the crowding and poor diets faced by inmates. Age was also an important factor in this population and intense inflammation was observed.
249:
due to similar morphology. In such cases, the presence of an oral or vaginal parasite should be confirmed, due to the ease with which the parasite can be transmitted through direct contact of mucous membranes.
425:
During the early 1900s, prisoners at the San
Quentin prison in California were subject to advanced periodontal disease at a rate of almost 90%, owing at least in part to a high rate of infection by
212:, worsening preexisting periodontal disease. This parasite is also implicated in some chronic lung diseases; in such cases, removal of the parasite is sufficient to allow recovery (Mussaev 1976).
355:
infections often yields the typical trophozoites. Tartar between the teeth and the gingival margin of the gums are the primary areas of the mouth that may also potentially harbor this organism.
331:
is classified as a parasite due to the manner in which it causes damage to host tissues; its behavior when in contact with target cells is similar to the closely related and likewise parasitic
264:
survive in the body as mouth scavengers that feed primarily on local microorganisms located between the teeth, tonsillar crypts, pyorrheal pockets, and the gingival margin around the gums.
224:
229:
227:
223:
222:
228:
834:
Dehghan M, Tantbirojn D, Kymer-Davis E, Stewart CW, Zhang YH, Versluis A, Garcia-Godoy F (May 2017). "Neutralizing salivary pH by mouthwashes after an acidic challenge".
447:
and other trichomonad spp., examination of a greater number of organisms is necessary to establish a reliable diagnosis than is easily obtained from the patient's mouth.
226:
1034:
918:
Kellerová P, Tachezy J (April 2017). "Zoonotic
Trichomonas tenax and a new trichomonad species, Trichomonas brixi n. sp., from the oral cavities of dogs and cats".
526:
Lyons T, Sholten T, Palmer JC (October 1980). "Oral amoebiasis: a new approach for the general practitioner in the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease".
1047:
879:"Molecular identification of Trichomonas tenax in the oral environment of domesticated animals in Poland - potential effects of host diversity for human health"
431:
1021:
209:
225:
562:
388:, if present, will be clearly visible. The preparation must use the patient's saliva as the medium, as the use of plain water or saline as
470:
has been found in the mouths of a small proportion of dogs, cats and horses, but other animals are expected to have their own species of
1093:
757:
705:"The Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Trichomonas Tenax and Entamoeba Gingivalis in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis"
1060:
459:. Regular oral hygiene and dental visits to remove dental plaque is currently the best solution to deal with this protozoan.
776:
Kofoid CA, Hinshaw HC, Johnstone HG (August 1929). "Animal parasites of the mouth and their relation to dental disease".
268:
trophozoites multiply by longitudinal binary fission. These trophozoites are unable to survive the digestive process.
66:
1098:
491:
Dobell C (6 April 2009). "The common flagellate of the human mouth, (O.F.M.): its discovery and its nomenclature".
351:
trophozoite is mouth scrapings. Microscopic examination of tonsillar crypts and pyorrheal pockets of patients with
1052:
381:
49:
284:
is a commensal of the human oral cavity, found particularly in the patients with poor oral hygiene and advanced
288:. Transmission is through saliva, droplet spray, and kissing or use of contaminated dishes or drinking water.
178:
703:
Rashidi
Maybodi F, Haerian Ardakani A, Fattahi Bafghi A, Haerian Ardakani A, Zafarbakhsh A (September 2016).
989:
316:
may also be involved in the degradation of periodontal tissue through the secretion of substances such as
956:
Dimasuay KG, Rivera WL (April 2014). "First report of
Trichomonas tenax infections in the Philippines".
332:
161:
45:
1065:
317:
308:
In infected hosts, the parasite can typically be found among dental calculus, as well as within the
1088:
285:
859:
668:
Ribeiro LC, Santos C, Benchimol M (May 2015). "Is
Trichomonas tenax a Parasite or a Commensal?".
508:
208:
is generally not found on the gums of healthy patients. It is known to play a pathogenic role in
61:
384:. Biofilm harvested from infested areas of the periodontal pockets can be mounted onto a slide;
1039:
973:
935:
900:
851:
816:
753:
726:
685:
643:
612:
558:
535:
745:
965:
927:
890:
843:
785:
716:
677:
602:
594:
500:
309:
182:
128:
877:
Dybicz M, Perkowski K, Baltaza W, Padzik M, Sędzikowska A, Chomicz L (September 2018).
721:
704:
118:
32:
607:
582:
1082:
789:
598:
512:
245:
like small legs. It may occasionally appear larger, allowing it to be confused with
863:
581:
Mallat H, Podglajen I, Lavarde V, Mainardi JL, Frappier J, Cornet M (August 2004).
969:
931:
681:
631:
321:
261:
199:
138:
108:
1012:
630:
Porcheret H, Maisonneuve L, Estève V, Jagot JL, Le Pennec MP (February 2002).
504:
820:
583:"Molecular characterization of Trichomonas tenax causing pulmonary infection"
389:
324:
98:
88:
78:
977:
939:
904:
855:
804:
730:
689:
647:
616:
337:. It has no cysts and is only transmitted directly in its vegetative form.
895:
878:
539:
210:
necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
1006:
53:
1026:
847:
41:
983:
312:, which will often become purulent during the course of infection.
300:
to enter the respiratory tract by aspiration from the oropharynx.
219:
987:
634:[Pleural trichomoniasis due to trichomonas tenax].
632:"[Pleural trichomoniasis due to trichomonas tenax]"
750:
Human parasites : diagnosis, treatment, prevention
996:
411:
405:
803:Jinfu C, Guangying L, Guoqi Z, Wangrong W (1997).
883:Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
836:Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry
805:"[Trichomonas tenax culture in vitro]"
778:The Journal of the American Dental Association
555:To Kiss or Not to Kiss. A cure for gum disease
443:Owing to the morphological similarity between
376:and their probable opportunistic infestation.
576:
574:
359:may also be cultured onto appropriate media.
8:
417:
984:
432:Journal of the American Dental Association
380:can easily be detected through the use of
341:
31:
20:
894:
720:
606:
392:solutions could cause the cells to lyse.
771:
769:
483:
197:, or oral trichomonas, is a species of
920:International Journal for Parasitology
347:The specimen of choice for diagnosing
7:
236:Of the three species in the genus
14:
809:Journal of Fujian Medical College
16:Species of single-celled organism
636:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
587:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
404:is from a combination of Greek:
65:
790:10.14219/jada.archive.1929.0207
599:10.1128/JCM.42.8.3886-3887.2004
416:(simple creature), and Latin:
1:
970:10.1016/j.parint.2013.12.015
932:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.12.006
682:10.1016/j.protis.2015.02.002
46:chronic active periodontitis
412:
406:
1115:
1094:Protists described in 1939
958:Parasitology International
400:The etymology of the name
204:considered insignificant.
505:10.1017/S0031182000012671
382:phase-contrast microscopy
167:
160:
62:Scientific classification
60:
50:Phase-contrast microscope
39:
30:
23:
752:. Springer. p. 26.
422:(to keep, to stick to).
40:Parasite taken from the
534:(10): 39–41, 108, 110.
52:, 1000× magnification,
418:
233:
318:alkaline phosphatases
247:Trichomonas vaginalis
232:
709:Journal of Dentistry
896:10.26444/aaem/92309
746:"Trichomonas tenax"
744:Mehlhorn H (2016).
557:. Amyris Editions.
439:Research directions
286:periodontal disease
848:10.1111/jicd.12198
292:Signs and symptoms
234:
44:of a patient with
1099:Metamonad species
1076:
1075:
998:Trichomonas tenax
990:Taxon identifiers
553:Bonner M (2013).
402:Trichomonas tenax
349:Trichomonas tenax
230:
194:Trichomonas tenax
190:
189:
171:Trichomonas tenax
25:Trichomonas tenax
1106:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1015:
985:
981:
944:
943:
915:
909:
908:
898:
874:
868:
867:
831:
825:
824:
800:
794:
793:
784:(8): 1436–1455.
773:
764:
763:
741:
735:
734:
724:
700:
694:
693:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:
627:
621:
620:
610:
578:
569:
568:
564:978-28755-2016-6
550:
544:
543:
523:
517:
516:
488:
421:
415:
409:
343:
310:tonsillar crypts
231:
173:
70:
69:
35:
21:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1079:
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1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
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1038:
1033:
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1005:
992:
955:
953:
951:Further reading
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947:
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833:
832:
828:
802:
801:
797:
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767:
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743:
742:
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702:
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697:
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652:
650:
629:
628:
624:
580:
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552:
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547:
525:
524:
520:
490:
489:
485:
480:
465:
441:
398:
365:
345:
306:
294:
279:
274:
256:
220:
218:
186:
175:
169:
156:
129:Trichomonadidae
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1018:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
952:
949:
946:
945:
926:(5): 247–255.
910:
889:(3): 464–468.
869:
826:
811:(in Chinese).
795:
765:
758:
736:
695:
676:(2): 196–210.
660:
622:
570:
563:
545:
518:
499:(1): 138–146.
482:
481:
479:
476:
464:
461:
440:
437:
410:(tiny hair) +
397:
394:
364:
361:
344:
339:
305:
302:
293:
290:
278:
275:
273:
270:
255:
252:
217:
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165:
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158:
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144:
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136:
132:
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126:
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119:Trichomonadida
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1111:
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1097:
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1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
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1028:
1023:
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1003:
1001:
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991:
986:
982:
979:
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959:
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941:
937:
933:
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921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:(2): e12198.
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
770:
766:
761:
759:9783319328027
755:
751:
747:
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728:
723:
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710:
706:
699:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
649:
645:
641:
638:(in French).
637:
633:
626:
623:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
593:(8): 3886–7.
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
571:
566:
560:
556:
549:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
477:
475:
473:
469:
462:
460:
458:
453:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
420:
414:
408:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:E. gingivalis
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
336:
335:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
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248:
243:
239:
215:
213:
211:
207:
202:
201:
196:
195:
184:
180:
174:
172:
166:
163:
162:Binomial name
159:
155:
154:
153:T. tenax
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
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103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
997:
964:(2): 400–2.
961:
957:
954:
923:
919:
913:
886:
882:
872:
839:
835:
829:
812:
808:
798:
781:
777:
749:
739:
715:(3): 171–6.
712:
708:
698:
673:
669:
663:
651:. Retrieved
639:
635:
625:
590:
586:
554:
548:
531:
527:
521:
496:
493:Parasitology
492:
486:
472:Trichomonas
471:
467:
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444:
442:
430:
426:
424:
401:
399:
385:
377:
373:
369:
366:
356:
352:
348:
346:
334:T. vaginalis
333:
328:
313:
307:
296:
295:
281:
280:
277:Transmission
265:
262:trophozoites
258:
257:
246:
241:
237:
235:
205:
198:
193:
192:
191:
170:
168:
152:
151:
139:
105:(unranked):
24:
18:
653:31 December
642:(1): 97–9.
528:Oral Health
463:Other hosts
322:fibronectin
238:Trichomonas
200:Trichomonas
140:Trichomonas
109:Parabasalia
95:Subphylum:
1089:Metamonads
1083:Categories
478:References
325:cathepsine
254:Life cycle
216:Morphology
89:Metamonada
821:1000-2235
449:In vitro,
429:. In the
390:hypotonic
363:Treatment
342:Diagnosis
304:Mechanism
147:Species:
99:Trichozoa
79:Eukaryota
1040:11791195
1013:Q1102037
1007:Wikidata
978:24406842
940:28238869
905:30260189
856:26616243
731:27602391
690:25835639
648:17546821
617:15297557
513:85782577
468:T. tenax
457:T. tenax
452:T. tenax
445:T. tenax
427:T. tenax
386:T. tenax
378:T. tenax
374:T. tenax
357:T. tenax
353:T. tenax
329:T. tenax
320:and the
314:T. tenax
297:T. tenax
282:T. tenax
272:Clinical
266:T. tenax
259:T. tenax
242:T. tenax
206:T. tenax
181:, 1773)
125:Family:
85:Phylum:
75:Domain:
54:salivary
1027:7699424
864:3851034
722:5006825
670:Protist
540:6950337
407:trichos
396:History
135:Genus:
115:Order:
42:biofilm
1066:653332
976:
938:
903:
862:
854:
819:
756:
729:
719:
688:
646:
615:
608:497589
605:
561:
538:
511:
419:tenere
185:, 1939
183:Dobell
179:Muller
56:smear
1061:WoRMS
1053:43075
1035:IRMNG
860:S2CID
815:(2).
509:S2CID
413:monas
1048:NCBI
1022:GBIF
974:PMID
936:PMID
901:PMID
852:PMID
817:ISSN
754:ISBN
727:PMID
686:PMID
655:2019
644:PMID
613:PMID
559:ISBN
536:PMID
372:and
966:doi
928:doi
891:doi
844:doi
786:doi
717:PMC
678:doi
674:166
603:PMC
595:doi
501:doi
1085::
1063::
1050::
1037::
1024::
1009::
972:.
962:63
960:.
934:.
924:47
922:.
899:.
887:25
885:.
881:.
858:.
850:.
838:.
813:31
807:.
782:16
780:.
768:^
748:.
725:.
713:17
711:.
707:.
684:.
672:.
640:19
611:.
601:.
591:42
589:.
585:.
573:^
532:70
530:.
507:.
497:31
495:.
474:.
327:.
240:,
48:.
980:.
968::
942:.
930::
907:.
893::
866:.
846::
840:8
823:.
792:.
788::
762:.
733:.
692:.
680::
657:.
619:.
597::
567:.
542:.
515:.
503::
177:(
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