3184:
1164:
718:
679:
1716:
2834:
2078:
1956:
733:
2824:
2316:
1884:
1066:
2766:
2026:
779:
1152:
2348:
2151:
2886:
2516:
2436:
2426:
2406:
2246:
2171:
2068:
3096:
2758:
2506:
2386:
1834:
2556:
2368:
2121:
3316:
1746:
2748:
2698:
2614:
3204:
2916:
2896:
2814:
2328:
1756:
3352:
2091:
279:
3256:
2161:
2101:
1996:
757:
423:
3296:
3164:
2854:
2496:
2416:
2226:
1946:
1916:
1904:
1864:
1736:
2804:
2640:
2546:
2396:
2048:
2006:
1854:
1824:
1806:
3306:
3286:
2936:
2906:
2358:
2338:
2236:
2038:
1988:
1894:
1726:
2708:
2668:
2378:
2296:
2286:
2181:
2111:
2016:
1776:
3276:
3116:
3106:
2876:
2728:
2306:
3266:
3236:
2844:
2596:
2586:
2576:
703:
42:
3086:
2864:
2486:
2466:
2446:
3246:
3076:
2650:
2566:
58:
2660:
2276:
2256:
2058:
3224:
3154:
2784:
2630:
2526:
2191:
3340:
3144:
2678:
1968:
2688:
2476:
2456:
2131:
1978:
1844:
2926:
2794:
2201:
1796:
2774:
2718:
2536:
2266:
2216:
2141:
1926:
1936:
1874:
1786:
3214:
2738:
3174:
1816:
1766:
3194:
306:
arch. The earliest roods hung from the top of the chancel arch (rood arch), or rested on a plain "rood beam" across it, usually at the level of the capitals of the columns. This original arrangement is still found in many churches in
Germany and Scandinavia, although many other surviving crosses now
466:, his feet are placed one above the other and are pierced with a single nail. His facial expression and posture express his pain. The wounds of the body are often dramatically portrayed. The loincloth is no longer so clearly stylized. The attendant figures Mary and John show signs of grief.
1163:
678:
1138:(as the statue of St Mary had been, until the Reformation). Meanwhile, the women of the village used to carry the smaller garland cross through Charlton, though it seems that this ceased some time between 1823 and 1840, when an illustration in
3183:
717:
1097:), when children from the local primary school, carrying small crosses decorated with flowers, bring a long, flower-decorated, rope-like garland. The cross is dressed or redecorated with locally obtained
386:) to decorate them. The original location and support for the surviving figures is often unclear but a number of northern European churches preserve the original setting in full – they are known as a
660:, when many rood screens were also removed. Today, in many British churches, the "rood stair" that gave access to the gallery is often the only remaining sign of the former rood screen and rood loft.
732:
451:; on his feet he wears "shoes" as a sign of the ruler. He is victorious over death. His feet are parallel to each other on the wooden support ("four-nail type") and not one on top of the other. The
1601:("Rood Crosses of the Middle Ages. An Article on the Typology and Genesis in the 12th and 13th Centuries. With a catalogue of surviving monuments"). Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg, 2005,
573:. Rood screens were found in Christian churches in most parts of Europe by the end of the Middle Ages, though in Catholic countries the great majority were gradually removed after the
1151:
778:
3319:
1566:
1691:
1611:
1007:
818:
1120:
which had stood on the rood screen until they were destroyed during the
Reformation. Until the 1850s, the larger garland cross was carried in a
896:
1253:
3324:
842:
1104:
An engraving from 1822/1823 (Dunkin) shows the dressed rood cross as a more open, foliage-covered framework, similar to certain types of
785:
1599:
Triumphkreuze des
Mittelalters. Ein Beitrag zu Typus und Genese im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert. Mit einem Katalog der erhaltenen Denkmäler
1081:, England, where a large wooden cross, solidly covered in greenery stands on the early 16th-century rood screen (said by Sherwood and
756:
528:
1606:
1580:
1555:
1536:
1491:
1464:
1434:
1200:
1360:
Formen der Kunst. Teil II. Die Kunst im
Mittelalter, bearbeitet von Wilhelm Drixelius, Verlag M. Lurz, Munich, o.J. p. 71 and p. 88
1044:
474:
A triumphal cross may be surrounded by a group of people. These people may include Mary and John, the "beloved disciple" (based on
702:
648:
Few original medieval rood crosses have survived in churches of the United
Kingdom. Most were deliberately destroyed as acts of
462:
style, the triumphant Christ becomes a suffering Christ, the pitiful Man of
Sorrows. Instead of the ruler's crown, he wears the
1684:
1022:
314:, the rood cross is placed on, or more rarely in front of, the screen. Under the rood is usually the altar of the Holy Cross.
3392:
1315:
In
England the name "rood screen" indicates that there is a (monumental) cross, even if the original cross has not survived.
3397:
3377:
2833:
2751:
2539:
1524:
448:
1422:
1628:
766:
394:
in German, from the "triumphal arch" (or "chancel arch") of Early
Christian architecture. As in later examples the
2499:
2319:
2174:
1715:
1677:
1501:
1174:
1139:
1016:
881:
3387:
3382:
1280:
1266:
534:
The triumphal cross above the screen in
Halberstadt Cathedral is not flanked by Mary and John, but by two angels.
343:
1955:
2399:
2009:
1700:
1426:
892:
2823:
2603:
1065:
447:
era the crucified Christ was presented as ruler and judge. Instead of a crown of thorns he wears a crown or a
1112:
have commented on the garland crosses' resemblance to human figures, and noted that they replaced statues of
302:
the rood, or rood cross, is a life-sized crucifix displayed on the central axis of a church, normally at the
2889:
2867:
2469:
1883:
1749:
1572:
1129:
347:
2077:
3228:
3157:
2879:
2559:
2409:
1113:
1049:
693:
593:
395:
210:
205:, the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. The word remains in use in some names, such as
3402:
3269:
2899:
2765:
2279:
2025:
1959:
1661:
1456:
1117:
849:
383:
162:
35:
2529:
2315:
2150:
1616:("The Saviour on the Cross: the Crucifix"), rescissions in the portrayal of the Crucifix or Rood Cross.
589:
countries such as
Germany and Scandinavia, where they were often left undisturbed in country churches.
569:, upon which the rood now stood. The screen may be elaborately carved and was often richly painted and
2435:
2701:
2589:
2579:
2509:
2479:
2124:
1759:
947:
562:
524:
is also flanked by Mary and John. At the end of the cross' beam the evangelist's symbols may be seen.
452:
367:
335:
98:
86:
3315:
3095:
2757:
814:
3344:
2968:
2847:
2569:
2555:
2489:
2449:
2439:
2367:
1857:
939:
831:
709:
653:
538:
510:
stands on a transverse beam beneath the triumphal arch and is flanked by two people: Mary and John.
299:
2347:
1351:
Torsten Droste: Romanische Kunst in Frankreich, DuMont KunstreisefĂĽhrer, Cologne, 1992(2), pp. 32f
517:
stands in an elevated position on the rood screen and also has the same pair of attendant figures.
3030:
2963:
2721:
2519:
1739:
1211:
1170:
1132:
1074:
877:
865:
521:
2885:
2747:
2515:
2425:
2405:
2245:
2170:
2067:
1101:
foliage. The rope-like garland is hung across the rood screen during the "May Garland Service".
637:
it was revealed before the procession of palms, and the congregation knelt before it. The whole
3351:
3203:
2895:
2505:
1833:
913:
3249:
3239:
3187:
2817:
2807:
2681:
2671:
2331:
2259:
2154:
2120:
1867:
1837:
1636:
1602:
1576:
1551:
1532:
1487:
1460:
1430:
1249:
1194:
855:
808:
657:
638:
514:
422:
331:
278:
214:
62:
1230:
2919:
2385:
2194:
1877:
1745:
1719:
1516:
1082:
1028:
967:
943:
619:
600:
574:
475:
399:
283:
198:
3295:
2697:
2495:
1735:
614:, or in larger examples used by singers or musicians. An alternative type of screen is the
3025:
2915:
2837:
2813:
2741:
2327:
2209:
2164:
2104:
2071:
2005:
1999:
1847:
1827:
1823:
1755:
1094:
871:
724:
664:
483:
479:
463:
407:
359:
248:
206:
147:
2309:
610:
or just flat walkway which could be used to clean or decorate the rood or cover it up in
503:
45:
Hanging rood with no rood screen but with Mary (left) and John as attendant figures – in
3305:
2905:
2090:
3255:
3035:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2958:
2953:
2909:
2827:
2667:
2633:
2419:
2377:
2371:
2295:
2229:
2160:
2134:
2100:
1995:
1981:
1949:
1887:
1769:
1729:
1505:
1038:
985:
902:
747:
491:
487:
444:
431:
379:
363:
355:
323:
240:
130:
3275:
3163:
3105:
2875:
2853:
2727:
2415:
2225:
1945:
1915:
1903:
1863:
3371:
3052:
3005:
2929:
2857:
2797:
2549:
2351:
2299:
2269:
2204:
2094:
2051:
1939:
1809:
1799:
1528:
1483:
1479:
1449:
1415:
1157:
Two corn-dolly-like garlands formerly stood in the rood loft, as illustrated in 1823.
963:
955:
931:
499:
375:
194:
3265:
3235:
2843:
2803:
2639:
2585:
2575:
2545:
2395:
2047:
1853:
1805:
41:
3285:
3109:
3047:
3020:
2995:
2990:
2973:
2935:
2863:
2787:
2711:
2485:
2465:
2445:
2389:
2361:
2357:
2337:
2249:
2239:
2235:
2219:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1929:
1907:
1897:
1893:
1725:
1125:
1090:
951:
825:
762:
685:
351:
57:
3245:
3223:
2707:
2649:
2565:
2285:
2180:
2110:
2015:
1775:
888:
362:
monastic records, though none now survive. Notables sometimes gave their crowns (
3356:
3115:
3089:
3062:
2978:
2659:
2459:
2341:
2305:
2289:
2275:
2255:
2184:
2114:
1919:
1789:
1779:
1444:
1205:
1188:
1086:
935:
835:
789:
634:
603:
586:
554:
550:
427:
371:
339:
311:
223:
166:
117:
31:
3153:
2783:
2629:
2595:
2525:
2190:
17:
3309:
3217:
3207:
3119:
3085:
2985:
2677:
2643:
2144:
2081:
1967:
1109:
1105:
959:
804:
649:
459:
350:, though figureless jeweled gold crosses are recorded in similar positions in
327:
202:
46:
1656:
338:
the best known. The prototype may have been one known to have been set up in
255:), which is more usual in Europe, signifies the triumph that the resurrected
3339:
3289:
3075:
2777:
2687:
2599:
2535:
2475:
2455:
2130:
1977:
1843:
1507:
A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture
1143:
A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture
909:
696:) also displays the symbol of a ruler, demonstrating the origin of the name.
626:
582:
578:
411:
186:
182:
138:
2925:
2793:
2200:
2057:
1935:
1795:
2773:
2717:
2265:
2215:
2140:
1925:
3299:
3279:
3259:
3177:
2731:
2653:
1971:
1640:
1089:). The cross is redecorated twice a year, on 1 May and 19 September (the
1054:
995:
991:
859:
642:
615:
403:
346:, apparently in gold foil worked over a wooden core in the manner of the
94:
82:
3143:
1873:
1785:
3213:
3197:
3167:
3099:
3079:
3066:
2737:
2429:
1451:
The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400-1580
1145:
shows only one garland cross, centrally positioned on the rood screen.
1121:
1032:
927:
689:
607:
596:
577:, and most were removed or drastically cut down in areas controlled by
570:
558:
507:
406:
and other figures are sometimes seen. A gilt rood in the 10th-century
303:
287:
90:
50:
2691:
2061:
1550:. Vol. II. Lund Humphries. pp. not stated, figures 471–75.
1135:
1078:
1011:
770:
261:
228:
3173:
1815:
1765:
150:
3193:
358:
in the 5th century. Many figures in precious metal are recorded in
1098:
1064:
981:
531:
there are only the empty stone pedestals of the attendant figures.
421:
277:
256:
126:
97:
church. Alternatively, it is a large sculpture or painting of the
56:
40:
3147:
667:, roods and screens were again added to many Anglican churches.
641:
story would then be read from the rood loft, at the foot of the
630:
611:
566:
219:
176:
170:
120:
1673:
541:
there is also a bishop, presumably the benefactor of the cross.
161:
was originally the only Old English word for the instrument of
3126:
3123:
1246:
Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
294:: the crucified figure wears a crown and "shoes" of a ruler.
1669:
625:
The rood provided a focus for worship, most especially in
1108:, with a smaller attendant figure of similar appearance.
310:
If the choir is separated from the church interior by a
606:. Some rood screens incorporate a rood loft, a narrow
322:
Numerous near life-size crucifixes survive from the
3135:
3061:
2946:
2621:
1707:
1293:Margarete Luise Goecke-Seischab / Jörg Ohlemacher:
585:. The best medieval examples are now mostly in the
1448:
1414:
1235:by Paul Williamson (1998). Retrieved 26 Oct 2014.
553:developed in the 13th century as wooden or stone
494:), but also apostles, angels and the benefactor.
3320:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
663:In the 19th century, under the influence of the
455:is highly stylized and falls in vertical folds.
930:in several of the medieval churches, including
824:the Helmstedt Cross in the treasure chamber of
592:Rood screens are the Western equivalent of the
141:
30:For the obsolete units of area and length, see
622:, which is near the main altar of the church.
1685:
1055:Church of St Protus and St Hyacinth, Blisland
8:
388:
61:Rood screen and rood in the abbey church of
1075:St Mary's parish church, Charlton-on-Otmoor
265:
197:of about 1225. More precisely, the Rood or
1692:
1678:
1670:
629:when worship was highly elaborate. During
1565:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000).
970:. The one at Ă–ja is particularly lavish.
819:Kollegiatskirche St. Peter und Alexander
1386:
1384:
1306:E.g. in the abbey church of Wechselburg
1223:
1169:The single garland in the rood loft at
1147:
1008:Church of the Annunciation, Marble Arch
674:
374:to the Virgin accompanying the rood at
218:. The phrase "by the rood" was used in
1378:Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 530
34:. For the surname and other uses, see
1295:Kirchen erkunden, Kirchen erschlieĂźen
522:triumphal cross in Schwerin Cathedral
410:was only placed on a beam on special
7:
3325:List of tallest crosses in the world
1476:A Dictionary of British Folk Customs
905:in St. Nicholas' Church, around 1250
222:, e.g. "No, by the rood, not so" in
193:is first recorded in English in the
1297:, Ernst Kaufmann, Lahr 1998, p. 232
1069:The Charlton-on-Otmoor rood in 2011
723:Triumphal cross (Christ's side) in
539:triumphal cross in LĂĽbeck Cathedral
1613:Der Erlöser am Kreuz: Das Kruzifix
1417:Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective
25:
1201:Holy Rood Church (disambiguation)
3350:
3338:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2612:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2326:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1902:
1892:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1629:"St. Mary's, Charlton-on-Otmoor"
1568:A Dictionary of English Folklore
1162:
1150:
777:
755:
731:
716:
701:
677:
189:) appeared by late Old English;
599:beam, which developed into the
1093:, calculated according to the
1045:St Matthew's Church, Sheffield
843:St. Catherine's Church, LĂĽbeck
537:On the supporting beam of the
529:St. Mary's Church in OsnabrĂĽck
282:The 800-year-old cross in the
89:set above the entrance to the
1:
290:shows the origin of the name
1548:Iconography of Christian Art
1399:Parker, 1840, page not cited
1244:Curl, James Stevens (2006).
1023:St Gabriel's, Warwick Square
708:Triumphal cross of Notke in
326:period or earlier, with the
1423:Manchester University Press
1369:Duffy, 1992, page not cited
1232:Gothic Sculpture, 1140-1300
1124:procession, accompanied by
515:abbey church of Wechselburg
513:The triumphal cross in the
402:often flank the cross, and
3419:
1061:Charlton-on-Otmoor Garland
29:
3333:
2610:
1390:Hole, 1978, pages 113–114
1284:, "Cross", and "Crucifix"
1281:Oxford English Dictionary
1267:Oxford English Dictionary
557:, usually separating the
458:In the transition to the
344:Palatine Chapel in Aachen
3120:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
1525:The Buildings of England
1474:Hole, Christina (1978).
1427:Cornell University Press
1248:, 2nd ed., OUP, p. 658.
1073:A unique rood exists at
633:the rood was veiled; on
3345:Christianity portal
1573:Oxford University Press
1413:Dodwell, C.R. (1985) .
1017:St Augustine's, Kilburn
830:the triumphal cross in
784:Triumphal cross in the
671:Representative examples
498:The triumphal cross of
348:Golden Madonna of Essen
177:
171:
151:
142:
121:
112:is an archaic word for
85:, especially the large
77:, sometimes known as a
3158:Armenian eternity sign
1730:Anchored/Saint Clement
1627:Archbishops' Council.
1480:Granada Publishing Ltd
1070:
1050:Peterborough Cathedral
966:, Rute, Stenkumla and
694:Swedish History Museum
645:, by three ministers.
435:
389:
295:
266:
252:
244:
125:'pole', specifically '
66:
54:
3393:Christian terminology
3270:Shield of the Trinity
2352:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1662:Catholic Encyclopedia
1546:Schiller, G. (1972).
1457:Yale University Press
1118:Saint James the Great
1068:
897:St. Peter's Cathedral
850:Halberstadt Cathedral
834:from the workshop of
425:
334:(AD 965–970) and the
281:
235:The alternative term
215:The Dream of the Rood
60:
44:
36:Rood (disambiguation)
3043:Rood/Triumphal cross
2480:Saint James/Santiago
2430:Saltire/Saint Andrew
2105:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1515:Sherwood, Jennifer;
1486:. pp. 113–114.
1085:to be the finest in
453:perizoma (loincloth)
368:Winchester Cathedral
336:Volto Santo of Lucca
99:crucifixion of Jesus
3398:Crosses by function
3378:Church architecture
3310:Triskelion/Triskele
2752:Cuthbert's pectoral
2175:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
2165:Jerusalem/Crusaders
1643:on 18 December 2007
838:, 1477, height 17 m
792:(late 15th-century)
738:The "plate cross" (
654:English Reformation
300:church architecture
292:Christus triumphans
232:(Act 3, Scene 4).
1212:Legend of the Rood
1171:Charlton-on-Otmoor
1071:
882:St. Mary's, Wismar
878:Schwerin Cathedral
866:Naumburg Cathedral
436:
296:
270:) won over death.
67:
55:
3365:
3364:
3280:Sunwheel swastika
2663:Blanc croix rouge
1637:Church of England
1633:A Church Near You
1517:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1324:Schiller, 141–146
1254:978-0-19-860678-9
1195:Dream of the Rood
1173:, illustrated by
1091:patronal festival
990:Kumlinge church,
856:Wechselburg Abbey
809:Cologne Cathedral
786:Holy Cross Church
742:) in St. Mary's (
658:English Civil War
470:Attendant figures
332:Cologne Cathedral
175:and in the North
49:on the island of
16:(Redirected from
3410:
3388:Statues of Jesus
3383:English folklore
3355:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3226:
3216:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3088:
3078:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2732:Cross cramponnée
2730:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2670:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2616:
2615:
2598:
2590:Syriac (Western)
2588:
2580:Syriac (Eastern)
2578:
2568:
2560:Serbian Orthodox
2558:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2410:Russian Orthodox
2408:
2398:
2388:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2028:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1586:
1561:
1542:
1511:
1497:
1470:
1454:
1440:
1420:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:Dodwell, 210–215
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1166:
1154:
1128:, to the former
1029:Grosvenor Chapel
832:LĂĽbeck Cathedral
781:
759:
735:
720:
710:LĂĽbeck Cathedral
705:
681:
620:Exeter Cathedral
601:Eastern Orthodox
575:Council of Trent
392:
284:Stenkumla Church
269:
245:crux triumphalis
211:Old English poem
180:
174:
154:
145:
124:
81:, is a cross or
21:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3357:Arts portal
3349:
3337:
3329:
3131:
3057:
2942:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2280:Order of Christ
2072:Globus cruciger
1888:Catherine wheel
1703:
1698:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1626:
1623:
1594:
1592:Further reading
1589:
1583:
1564:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1531:. p. 530.
1514:
1500:
1494:
1473:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1095:Julian Calendar
1063:
1004:
977:
923:
872:Doberan Minster
821:, Aschaffenburg
800:
793:
782:
773:
760:
751:
736:
727:
725:Doberan Minster
721:
712:
706:
697:
682:
673:
665:Oxford Movement
548:
472:
464:crown of thorns
441:
439:Image of Christ
420:
408:Mainz Cathedral
320:
307:hang on walls.
276:
237:triumphal cross
207:Holyrood Palace
148:Old High German
107:
79:triumphal cross
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Triumphal cross
15:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3240:Solomon's knot
3232:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2910:Teutonic Order
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2722:Coptic (Early)
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2302:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2125:Greek Orthodox
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2064:
2054:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1984:
1982:Cruciform halo
1974:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1760:Archiepiscopal
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1622:
1621:External links
1619:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1597:Manuela Beer:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1471:
1465:
1441:
1435:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1286:
1272:
1258:
1237:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1126:morris dancers
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1039:St Mary-le-Bow
1036:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1003:
1002:United Kingdom
1000:
999:
998:
988:
980:Hauho church,
976:
973:
972:
971:
922:
919:
918:
917:
906:
903:Alfeld (Leine)
899:
885:
874:
868:
862:
852:
846:
839:
828:
822:
815:Ottonian Cross
811:
799:
796:
795:
794:
783:
776:
774:
761:
754:
752:
737:
730:
728:
722:
715:
713:
707:
700:
698:
692:(today in the
683:
676:
672:
669:
547:
544:
543:
542:
535:
532:
525:
518:
511:
484:Matthew 27:25f
471:
468:
440:
437:
432:Albi Cathedral
426:Rood cross on
419:
416:
380:Tovi the Proud
378:), or swords (
370:), necklaces (
364:Cnut the Great
356:Constantinople
319:
316:
275:
272:
131:Proto-Germanic
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2605:
2604:Saint Anthony
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:Saint Patrick
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:Saint Florian
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:In modern use
1706:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:3-7954-1755-4
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:0-19-210019-X
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1557:0-85331-324-5
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:0-14-071045-0
1534:
1530:
1529:Penguin Books
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1493:0-586-08293-X
1489:
1485:
1484:Paladin Press
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:0-300-06076-9
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1436:0-7190-0926-X
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1342:Schiller, 140
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:Chancel rails
1187:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:J.H. Parker's
1137:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
867:
863:
861:
858:, Holy Cross
857:
853:
851:
847:
845:, around 1450
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
801:
797:
791:
787:
780:
775:
772:
768:
764:
758:
753:
750:(around 1200)
749:
745:
741:
740:Scheibenkreuz
734:
729:
726:
719:
714:
711:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
675:
670:
668:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
618:, as seen in
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
540:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:John 19:25–27
477:
476:John's Gospel
469:
467:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
438:
433:
429:
424:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
385:
384:Waltham Abbey
381:
377:
376:Evesham Abbey
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
308:
305:
301:
293:
289:
285:
280:
273:
271:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:
225:
221:
217:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Ancrene Wisse
192:
188:
184:
181:(from either
179:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
144:
140:
137:, cognate to
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
59:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3403:Rood crosses
3227:
3110:Signum manus
3063:Christograms
3042:
3031:Processional
2964:Conciliation
2890:Saint Julian
2702:Consecration
2540:Saint Thomas
2520:Saint Philip
2470:Saint George
1740:Anuradhapura
1660:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1632:
1612:
1598:
1567:
1547:
1520:
1506:
1502:Parker, J.H.
1475:
1450:
1445:Duffy, Eamon
1416:
1395:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1261:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1193:
1142:
1103:
1072:
826:Werden Abbey
763:Forked cross
743:
739:
686:Linde Church
662:
647:
624:
591:
551:Rood screens
549:
546:Rood screens
473:
457:
442:
390:Triumphkreuz
387:
352:Hagia Sophia
321:
309:
297:
291:
260:
257:Jesus Christ
253:Triumphkreuz
236:
234:
227:
213:
190:
169:. The words
163:Jesus Christ
158:
157:
134:
113:
109:
108:
78:
74:
70:
68:
3250:Scientology
3090:IX monogram
2947:By function
2880:Saint Alban
2682:Carolingian
2570:Short Sword
2530:Saint Piran
2510:Saint Peter
2450:Saint David
2332:Patriarchal
2185:Latin/Roman
2010:Evangelists
1790:Balkenkreuz
1780:Arrow/Barby
1521:Oxfordshire
1206:Iconostasis
1175:J.H. Parker
1130:Benedictine
1110:Folklorists
1087:Oxfordshire
986:Hämeenlinna
916:around 1310
914:St. Vincent
836:Bernt Notke
790:Kaysersberg
767:St. Peter's
744:Hohnekirche
684:Cross from
652:during the
635:Palm Sunday
604:iconostasis
488:Mark 15;40f
428:rood screen
372:Lady Godiva
360:Anglo-Saxon
340:Charlemagne
312:rood screen
224:Shakespeare
118:Old English
63:Wechselburg
32:Rood (unit)
3372:Categories
2920:Two-barred
2622:Historical
2490:Saint John
2440:Saint Chad
2381:Resistance
2195:Macedonian
2084:'s variant
2082:Archbishop
1878:Canterbury
1750:Archangels
1647:4 November
1406:References
1106:corn dolly
948:Grötlingbo
893:St. Mary's
805:Gero Cross
650:iconoclasm
579:Calvinists
500:Ă–ja Church
492:Luke 23:49
445:Romanesque
418:Components
412:feast days
400:Saint John
328:Gero Cross
324:Romanesque
267:triumphans
203:True Cross
105:Derivation
75:rood cross
47:Lye Church
3067:Chrismons
3026:Preaching
2868:Quarterly
2838:Nestorian
2778:Gammadion
2761:Engrailed
2000:Ethiopian
1848:Byzantine
1828:Bulgarian
1510:. Oxford.
968:Stenkyrka
950:, Hamra,
910:Dinslaken
889:OsnabrĂĽck
627:Holy Week
594:Byzantine
583:Anglicans
565:from the
187:Old Norse
183:Old Irish
139:Old Saxon
65:in Saxony
53:in Sweden
3300:Swastika
3260:Shamrock
3188:Kolovrat
3178:Irminsul
3136:See also
3036:Lalibela
3016:Pectoral
3011:Necklace
3001:Memorial
2969:Heraldry
2959:Blessing
2818:Lorraine
2788:Jewelled
2634:Avellane
2372:Quadrate
2260:Novgorod
2230:Maronite
2155:Jeremiah
2135:Huguenot
1972:Crucifix
1950:Crosslet
1920:Cercelée
1868:Camargue
1838:Burgundy
1770:Armenian
1519:(1974).
1504:(1840).
1447:(1992).
1270:, "Rood"
1183:See also
1177:in 1840.
1041:, London
1035:, London
1025:, London
1019:, London
992:Kumlinge
942:, Fide,
860:basilica
656:and the
643:crucifix
616:Pulpitum
587:Lutheran
434:, France
404:cherubim
274:Position
262:Christus
220:swearing
209:and the
201:was the
199:Holyrood
191:crucifix
129:', from
95:medieval
87:crucifix
83:crucifix
27:Crucifix
3208:Mjölnir
3198:Lauburu
3168:Ichthys
3100:Labarum
3080:Chi Rho
3053:Wayside
3006:Mission
2930:Victory
2900:Templar
2858:Pierced
2848:Peñalba
2808:Lazarus
2798:Katanga
2769:Erminée
2550:Serbian
2400:Russian
2320:Fitchée
2300:Patonce
2270:Occitan
2205:Maltese
2095:Gnostic
2052:Fourchy
1940:Cossack
1908:Variant
1858:Calvary
1810:Bottony
1800:Bolnisi
1720:Alcoraz
1701:Crosses
1133:Studley
1122:May Day
1114:St Mary
1083:Pevsner
1077:, near
1033:Mayfair
975:Finland
928:Gotland
895:and in
798:Germany
690:Gotland
639:Passion
608:gallery
597:templon
559:chancel
555:screens
508:Gotland
443:In the
318:History
304:chancel
288:Gotland
155:'rod'.
133: *
116:, from
91:chancel
51:Gotland
3048:Summit
3021:Plague
2996:Mercat
2991:Market
2974:Nordic
2939:Voided
2712:Coptic
2692:Chouan
2672:Brigid
2390:Ringed
2362:Potent
2310:Pattée
2250:Nordic
2240:Moline
2220:Marian
2210:Marada
2062:Fylfot
2042:Forked
2030:Fitchy
2020:Fleury
1991:Double
1960:Fitchy
1930:Coptic
1898:Celtic
1819:Branch
1657:"Rood"
1605:
1579:
1554:
1535:
1490:
1463:
1433:
1252:
1136:priory
1079:Oxford
1012:London
956:Klinte
944:Fröjel
932:Alskog
921:Sweden
880:(from
771:Merzig
571:gilded
460:Gothic
396:Virgin
249:German
229:Hamlet
2979:Pisan
2954:Altar
2828:Neith
2742:Crown
2654:Black
2420:Salem
2342:Pommy
2290:Papal
2115:Greek
1219:Notes
996:Ă…land
982:Hauho
952:Hemse
748:Soest
746:) in
563:choir
241:Latin
167:death
152:ruoda
127:cross
93:of a
3229:Rota
3218:Rose
3148:Ankh
2986:High
2644:Aviz
2145:Iron
1649:2007
1603:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1116:and
936:Alva
813:the
803:the
631:Lent
612:Lent
581:and
567:nave
520:The
490:and
449:halo
398:and
178:cros
172:crĂşc
159:Rood
143:rĹŤda
135:rodo
114:pole
110:Rood
71:rood
3290:Sun
3127:Rho
3124:Tau
2600:Tau
1099:box
964:Ă–ja
960:Lye
940:Bro
926:On
908:in
901:in
891:in
887:in
876:in
870:in
864:in
854:in
848:in
841:in
817:in
807:in
788:in
769:at
765:in
688:on
561:or
527:In
506:on
504:Ă–ja
502:in
430:at
366:at
354:in
342:'s
330:in
298:In
286:on
226:'s
185:or
165:'s
122:rĹŤd
73:or
3374::
3065:,
1659:.
1635:.
1631:.
1575:.
1571:.
1527:.
1523:.
1482:/
1478:.
1459:.
1455:.
1429:.
1425:/
1421:.
1383:^
1031:,
1010:,
994:,
984:,
962:,
958:,
954:,
946:,
938:,
934:,
912:,
486:,
482:,
478:–
414:.
382:,
251::
247:,
243::
146:,
101:.
69:A
3122:/
2602:/
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1665:.
1651:.
1585:.
1560:.
1541:.
1496:.
1469:.
1439:.
1256:.
884:)
259:(
239:(
38:.
20:)
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