Trombone - Knowledge (XXG)

1718: 377: 3859:") or picking up an instrument of different length. Their parts were transposed according to which crook or length-of-instrument they used at any given time, so that a particular note on the staff always corresponded to a particular partial on the instrument. Trombones, on the other hand, have used slides since their inception. As such, they have always been fully chromatic, so no such tradition took hold, and trombone parts have always been notated at concert pitch (with one exception, discussed below). Also, it was quite common for trombones to double choir parts; reading in concert pitch meant there was no need for dedicated trombone parts. Note that while the fundamental sounding pitch (slide fully retracted) has remained quite consistent, the conceptual pitch of trombones has changed since their origin ( 2588: 2009:, sleeves (called "stockings") were developed to decrease friction that would impede the slide's motion. These were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes to slightly increase their diameter. The ends of inner slides on modern instruments are manufactured with a slightly larger diameter to achieve the same end. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. The slide section is connected to the bell section by the neckpipe and a U-bend called the bell or back bow. The joint connecting the slide and bell sections has a threaded collar to secure the connection. Prior to the early 20th century this connection was made with friction joints alone. 2465: 3157: 5493: 3339: 3233: 1151: 295: 2933:" notes and much lower pedal notes (first partials or fundamentals, which have a peculiar metallic rumbling sound). Slide positions are subject to adjustment, compensating for imperfections in the tuning of different harmonics. The fifth partial is rather flat on most trombones and usually requires a minute shortening of the slide position to compensate; other small adjustments are also normally required throughout the range. Trombonists make frequent use of alternate positions to minimize slide movement in rapid passages; for instance, 3577: 2386: 3569: 2519: 3731: 2129: 2395: 2674: 2377: 3461: 3768: 2550: 3121: 2433:, appearing on most band instruments, as well as most student and intermediate model trombones. Many improvements of the rotary valve, as well as entirely new and radically different valve designs, have been invented since the mid 20th century to give the trombone a more open, free sound than the tight bends in conventional rotary valve designs would allow. Many of these new valve designs have been widely adopted by players, especially in symphony orchestras. The Thayer 1672: 1509: 3878:. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts, with the second trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German 2648:) on the rim of the bell. Their sound is very even across dynamic levels but it can be difficult to play at louder volumes. While their bore sizes were considered large in the 19th century, German trombones have altered very little over the last 150 years and are now typically somewhat smaller than their American counterparts. Bell sizes remain very large in all sizes of German trombone and a bass trombone bell may exceed 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter. 2770: 2610: 3380: 3780:

largely cylindrical, which inhibits the production of the fundamental as a pedal tone pitch. Instead, trombonists use the higher harmonics of the instrument to produce pedal tones, giving them a bright and hollow tone quality. Some contemporary orchestral writing, movie or video game scoring, trombone ensemble and solo works will call for notes as low as a pedal C, B, or even double pedal B♭ on the bass trombone.

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originally seen as a gimmick, these plastic models have found increasing popularity of the last decade and are now viewed as practice tools that make for more convenient travel as well as a cheaper option for beginning players not wishing to invest so much money in a trombone right away. Manufacturers now produce large-bore models with triggers as well as smaller alto models.

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Europe, used rear-facing trombones with the bell pointing behind the player's left shoulder. These bands played a limited repertoire that consisted mainly of orchestral transcriptions, arrangements of popular and patriotic tunes, and feature pieces for soloists (usually cornetists, singers, and violinists). A notable work for wind band is Berlioz's 1840

4138:, p. 3: "Many modern musicians prefer to use the word 'sackbut' when referring to the Baroque trombone. All other instruments in constant use since the Baroque have changed more...In response to the number of times people including musicians, have asked if the sackbut is something like a trombone, I have stopped using this misleading word.". 1895:, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in brass quintets, quartets, and trios, and also in trombone trios, quartets, or choirs. The size of a trombone choir can vary from five or six to twenty or more members. Trombones are also common in swing, jazz, merengue, salsa, R&B, 2185:), a B♭ tenor trombone built with the wider bore and larger bell of a bass trombone that Sattler had earlier invented in 1821. Sattler's valve attachment added about 3 feet (0.9 m) of tubing to lower the fundamental pitch from B♭ to F, controlled by a rotary valve, and is essentially unchanged in modern instruments. 3739:

significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes in alternate positions. As an example, F

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than the melodic soprano line. The introduction of trombones into the orchestra allied them more closely with trumpets, and soon a tenor trombone replaced the alto. The Germans and Austrians kept alto trombone somewhat longer than the French, who preferred a section of three tenor trombones until after the

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and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the mid–20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore

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can differ substantially from American designs in many aspects. The mouthpiece is typically rather small and is placed into a slide section with a very long leadpipe of at least 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm). The whole instrument is typically made of gold brass. They are constructed using very

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Contrabass trombones in F typically have two independent valves, tuned either to C and D♭ combining to A, or in European models tuned to D and B♭ combining to A♭. Contrabass trombones in low B♭ usually have only one valve in F, although Miraphone make a model in C with two independent valves in G and

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Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing that are of unchanging diameter (the slide section must be cylindrical in order to function). Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450 inches (11.4 mm) (small bore) to 0.547

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One of the most significant changes was the development of the F-attachment trigger. Through the mid-20th century there was no need for orchestral trombonists to use instruments with the F attachment trigger. As contemporary composers such as Mahler began to write lower passages for the trombone, the

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With the rise of recorded music and music schools, orchestral trombone sections around the world began to have a more consistent idea of a standard trombone sound. In the 1940s, British orchestras abandoned the use of small bore tenors and G basses in favor of the American/German choice of large bore

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is smaller than the tenor trombone and almost always pitched in E♭ a fourth higher than the tenor, although examples pitched in F are occasionally found. Modern instruments are sometimes fitted with a valve to lower the pitch, either by a semitone to D (known as a "trill" valve), or by a fourth into

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opera cycle. Since the late 20th century however, it has largely been supplanted by a less cumbersome single-slide bass-contrabass instrument pitched in 12' F. With two valve attachments to provide the same full range as its predecessor, this design is effectively a modern bass trombone built down a

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Several makers have begun to market compact B♭/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short valved attachment that

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In 1811 Joseph Fröhlich wrote on the differences between the modern system and an old system where four diatonic slide positions were used and the trombone was usually keyed to A. To compare between the two styles the chart below may be helpful (take note for example, in the old system contemporary

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trombonist might choose a shallower cup for brighter tone and easier production of higher notes. Further, for certain compositions, these choices between two such performers could easily be reversed. Some mouthpiece makers now offer mouthpieces that feature removable rims, cups, and shanks allowing

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The mouthpiece is a separate part of the trombone and can be interchanged between similarly sized trombones from different manufacturers. Available mouthpieces for trombone (as with all brass instruments) vary in material composition, length, diameter, rim shape, cup depth, throat entrance, venturi

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in seventh, as well as providing alternate slide positions for other notes in long (sixth and seventh) positions. Because the attachment tubing increases the length of the overall instrument by one-third, the distances between slide positions must also be one-third longer when the valve is engaged,

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mixtures. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 in (18–23 cm) in

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The trombone's construction changed in the 20th century. Different materials were used, mouthpiece, bore, and bell dimensions increased, and different mutes and valves were developed. Despite the overall trend towards larger bore instruments, many European trombone makers prefer a slightly smaller

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Wind bands began during the French Revolution of 1791 and have always included trombones. They became more established in the 19th century and included circus bands, military bands, brass bands (primarily in the UK), and town bands (primarily in the US). Some of these, especially military bands in

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during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods. The replacement of cornetts with oboes and clarinets did not change the trombone's role as a support to the alto, tenor, and bass voices of the chorus (usually in ecclesiastical settings), whose moving harmonic lines were more difficult to pick out

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tubing usually has a larger bore through the attachment than through the rest of the instrument. A typical slide bore for an orchestral tenor trombone is 0.547 in (13.9 mm) while the bore in the attachment is 0.562 in (14.3 mm). The attachment tubing also incorporates a tuning

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and 10 in (24 and 25 cm). The bell may be made from two separate brass sheets or from one single piece of metal, hammered on a mandrel to shape it. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are

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Trombones have a short tuning slide in the U-shaped bend between the neckpipe and the bell, a feature designed by the French maker François Riedlocker in the early 19th century. It was incorporated into French and British designs, and later to German and American models, although German trombones

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configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a stepwise conical effect. The most common dual-bore combinations are 0.481–0.491 in (12.2–12.5 mm), 0.500–0.508 in (12.7–12.9 mm), 0.508–0.525 in

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The higher in the harmonic series any two successive notes are, the closer they tend to be (as evidenced by the progressively smaller intervals noted above). A byproduct of this is the relatively few motions needed to move between notes in the higher ranges of the trombone. In the lower range,

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Instruments made mostly from plastic, including the pBone and the Tromba plastic trombone, emerged in the 2010s as a cheaper and more robust alternative to brass. Plastic instruments could come in almost any colour but the sound plastic instruments produce is different from that of brass. While

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During the first half of the 20th century the popularity of touring and community concert bands in the United States decreased. At the same time, the development of music education in the public school system made high-school and university concert bands and marching bands ubiquitous. A typical

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is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music, while notes below that are called for only rarely as they "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with A♭ or G being the bottom limit for most tenor trombonists. The trombone's tubing is

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Some trombones are tuned using a mechanism in the slide section instead of a tuning slide in the bell section. Having the tuning slide in the bell section (the more typical setup) requires two sections of cylindrical tubing in an otherwise conical part of the instrument, which affects the tone

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Since around 1925, when jazz music became popular, Germany has been selling "American trombones" as well. Most trombones made and/or played in Germany today, especially by amateurs, are built in the American fashion, as those are much more widely available, and thus far cheaper. However, some

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was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts in band music are nearly exclusively notated in bass clef. The rare exceptions are in contemporary works intended for high-level wind bands.

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and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' addition of a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenors and one bass. The majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone, and one tuba.

2894:(see below). Tenor trombones with C as their fundamental note were almost equally popular in the mid-19th century in Britain and France. As the trombone in its simplest form has neither crooks, valves nor keys to lower the pitch by a specific interval, trombonists use seven chromatic 1296:

musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions. Because of the relative scarcity of trombones, their solo parts were generally interchangeable with other instruments.

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or the tuba was added to the orchestra during the 19th century, bass trombone parts were scored in a higher register than previously. The bass trombone regained some independence in the early 20th century. Experiments with the trombone section included Richard Wagner's addition of a

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became a staple audition piece for the instrument. Aside from solo parts, Mozart's orchestration usually features a trio of alto, tenor and bass trombones, doubling the respective voices in the choir. The earliest known symphony featuring a trombone section is Symphony in C minor by

3747:(or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9-foot (2.7 m) B♭ tenor trombone, requiring a full 7 feet 4 inches (2.24 m) of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between B♭ 3813:, though generally simple with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone. Trills tend to be easiest and most effective higher in the harmonic series because the distance between notes is much smaller and slide movement is minimal. For example, a trill on B 1171:

and herald the arrival of important people to the city, an activity that signified wealth and strength in 16th-century German cities. These heralding trombonists were often viewed separately from the more skilled trombonists who played in groups such as the

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Trombones in slide and valve configuration have been made by a vast array of musical instrument manufacturers. For the brass bands of the late 19th and early 20th century, prominent American manufacturers included Graves and Sons, E. G. Wright and Company,

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Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are 0.500, 0.508, 0.525 and 0.547 in (12.7, 12.9, 13.3 and 13.9 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562 in (14.3 mm) for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a

3911:. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a 3655:

are corrected for by slightly adjusting the slide or by using an alternate position. Although much of Western music has adopted the even-tempered scale, it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play these notes in position, where they will have

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Trombonists were employed less by court orchestras and cathedrals, who had been providing the instruments. Military musicians were provided with instruments, and instruments like the long F or E♭ bass trombone remained in military use until around the

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that was designed to be set in a single position but later became the modern F-valve. The valve trombone appeared around the 1850s shortly after the invention of valves, and was in common use in Italy and Austria in the second half of the century.

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as the tenor but with a wider bore, a larger bell, and a larger mouthpiece. These features facilitate playing in the lower register of the instrument. Modern bass trombones have valves that allow a fully chromatic range down to the pedal register

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An accomplished performer today is expected to be proficient in reading parts notated in bass clef, tenor clef, alto clef, and (more rarely) treble clef in C, with the British brass-band performer expected to handle treble clef in B♭ as well.

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The sackbut appeared in the 15th century and was used extensively across Europe, declining in most places by the mid to late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert, and in liturgical settings. Its principal role was as the

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The trombone is a predominantly cylindrical tube with two U-shaped bends and a flared bell at the end. The tubing is approximately cylindrical but contains a complex series of tapers which affect the instrument's intonation. As with other

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Valve trombones in the mid-19th century did little to alter the make-up of the orchestral trombone section. While its use declined in German and French orchestras, the valve trombone remained popular in some countries, including Italy and

2835:. Although the contrabass has only appeared occasionally in orchestral repertoire and is not a permanent member of the modern orchestra, it has enjoyed a revival in the 21st century, particularly in film and video game soundtracks. 1654:

The trombone was improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of

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As with other traditional German and Austrian brass instruments, rotary valves are used to the exclusion of almost all other types of valve, even in valve trombones. Other features often found on German trombones include long

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depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design ("Preacher model") was marketed by

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A hybrid, "duplex" or "double" trombone is a design of trombone that has both a slide and a set of three valves for altering the pitch. It has been reinvented several times since first appearing in the 19th century by

1518: 3855:. Prior to the invention of valve systems, most brass instruments were limited to playing one overtone series at a time; altering the pitch of the instrument required manually replacing a section of tubing (called a " 1861:

In the 1900s the trombone and the tuba played bass lines and outlined chords to support improvisation by the higher-pitched instruments. It began to be used as a solo instrument during the swing era of the mid-1920s.

1381:. The date is uncertain but it is most probably from the peak of the composer's activity in the 1770s. The earliest confident date for introducing the trombone to the symphony is therefore Zimmermann's death in 1781. 3792:, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow or sound production. Every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando. 1717: 2573:

Mouthpiece selection is a highly personal decision. Thus, a symphonic trombonist might prefer a mouthpiece with a deeper cup and sharper inner rim shape in order to produce a rich symphonic tone quality, while a

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Single-valve B♭ bass trombones with an F attachment are still made but are now less common than two-valve bass trombones. They are essentially very large bore tenor trombones, and likewise cannot provide the low

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became less common as improvements in technique extended the upper range of the tenor, but it is regaining popularity for its lighter sonority. In British brass-band music the tenor trombone is treated as a B♭

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slide to tune the valve separately from the rest of the instrument, usually long enough to lower the pitch by a semitone when fully extended (from F to E on tenor and bass trombones, to reach the missing low B

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When the sackbut returned to common use in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that the instrument became known by its Italian name, "trombone". Its name remained constant in Italy

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trombone. Before 1850, bass trombone parts were mostly played on a slightly longer F-bass trombone (a fourth lower). The first valve was simply a fourth-valve, or in German "Quart-ventil", built onto a

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in particular, which is at the seventh partial (sixth overtone) is nearly always 31 cents, or about one third of a semitone, flat of the minor seventh. On the slide trombone, such deviations from

3504:. Tightening and loosening the lips will allow the player to "bend" the note up or down by a semitone without changing position, so a slightly out-of-position slide may be compensated for by ear. 2510:

In marching bands and other situations where the trombone may be more prone to damage, the confined traditional wrap is more common, since open wrap tubing protrudes behind the bell section.

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began to emerge among orchestral players. Open wrap F attachment tubing is shaped in a single loop free of tight bends, resulting in a freer response and more "open" sound through the valve.

2080: in (19–22 cm). The smallest sizes are found on jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common on orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be 2558:

aperture, venturi profile, outside design and other factors. Variations in mouthpiece construction affect the individual player's ability to make a lip seal and produce a reliable tone, the

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Baroque Solo and Homogeneous Ensemble Trombone Repertoire: A Lecture Recital Supporting and Demonstrating Performance at a Pitch Standard Derived from Primary Sources and Extant Instruments

3759:" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance. The addition of an F attachment allows for intermediate notes to be played with more clarity. 2541:(12.9–13.3 mm), 0.525–0.547 in (13.3–13.9 mm), 0.547–0.562 in (13.9–14.3 mm) for tenor trombones, and 0.562–0.578 in (14.3–14.7 mm) for bass trombones. 4950: 1061:, reading at concert pitch in bass clef, with higher notes sometimes being notated in tenor clef. They are pitched in B♭, an octave below the B♭ trumpet and an octave above the B♭ bass 1526: 2721:

sizes of around 0.450 in (11.4 mm), small bells of not more than 6 in (15 cm) in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the

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connected to additional tubing which lengthens the instrument. This extends the low range of the instrument and creates the option of using alternate slide positions for many notes.

3843:. Trills are most commonly found in early Baroque and Classical music for the trombone as a means of ornamentation, however, some more modern pieces will call for trills as well. 1847:

concert band trombone section consists of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, but using multiple players per part is common practice, especially in public-school settings.

957: 2144:. The valve attachment aids in increasing the lower range of the instrument, while also allowing alternate slide positions for difficult music passages. A valve can also make 3915:

effect. Mutes used in this way include the "hat" (a metal mute shaped like a bowler hat) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or

3206:. They are most often pitched in 12' F, although models are available in E♭ and occasionally 16' C and 18' B♭. The cimbasso is most commonly used in performances of late 1651:(snake decorations), the bell garland, and the wide bell flare. These features were widely copied during the 19th century and are still found on German made trombones. 1585:, which uses a trombone solo for the entire second movement. Toward the end of the 19th century, trombone virtuosi began appearing as soloists in American wind bands. 1184:

in the early 17th century. The 17th-century trombone had slightly smaller dimensions than a modern trombone, with a bell that was more conical and less flared. Modern

1344:; these movements are often extracted from the multi-movement works and performed as standalone alto trombone concerti. Examples include the Serenade in E♭ (1755) by 5326: 4759: 1690: 1681: 3020:, but the subsequent use and popularity of tenor trombones in the orchestra largely eclipsed their use until a modern revival that began in the late 20th century. 1263: 4727: 3839:) the notes can both be achieved in 1st position as a lip trill. Thus, the most convincing trills tend to be above the first octave and a half of the tenor's 3091:

The sopranino and piccolo trombones appeared in the 1950s as novelty instruments, and are even smaller and higher than the soprano. They are pitched in high E

1621:, was the first in a long line of distinguished professors of the trombone. Several composers wrote works for Queisser, including Mendelssohn's concertmaster 6242: 5553: 5442: 3802:'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those that cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect. 4930: 2820:

The contrabass trombone is the lowest trombone, first appearing in BB♭ an octave below the tenor with a double slide. This design was commissioned by

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label. Currently, B♭/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers Günter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the

3397:, it featured a tenor trombone slide and a bell that ended in a zoomorphic (serpent or dragon) head. It sounds like a cross between a trombone and a 1259: 1606: 1251: 1647:

Sattler had a great influence on trombone design, introducing a significantly larger bore (the most important innovation since the Renaissance),

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tenor trombone, to allow playing in low F. This valve was first built without a return spring, and was only intended to set the instrument in B

2729:. French tenor trombones were built in both C and B♭, altos in D♭, sopranos in F, piccolos in B♭, basses in G and E♭, and contrabasses in B♭. 1305:

The construction of the trombone did not change very much between the Baroque and Classical period, but the bell became slightly more flared.

6470: 5385: 5339: 5182: 5063: 5046: 4780: 4510: 4452: 4418: 1990:: a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance, greatly affecting the tone of the instrument. The slide section consists of a 1255: 3138:

were invented, trombones with valves instead of slides were adopted widely in orchestras, and remain popular in some parts of Europe and in

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The modern bass trombone usually has two valve attachments to provide all of the notes that are absent on an instrument with no valves (B♮

4298: 5477: 4067: 4839: 6480: 3343: 5359: 5307: 5288: 5265: 5246: 5201: 5163: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5079: 5034: 5015: 4996: 4977: 3965: 2865:). In Britain, the bass trombone in G was used in orchestras from the mid-19th century and survived into the 1950s, particularly in 1482:. Orchestral musicians adopted the tenor trombone, as it could generally play any of the three trombone parts in orchestral scores. 1185: 312: 274: 256: 194: 97: 3584:

As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to different

2464: 1994:, inner and outer slide tubes, and bracing, or "stays". The soldered stays on modern instruments replaced the loose stays found on 1207:. The trombone doubled voice parts in sacred works, but there are also solo pieces written for trombone in the early 17th century. 223: 3482:

1st-position was considered "drawn past" then current 1st). In the modern system, each successive position outward (approximately

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Although early instruments were pitched in G, F or E♭ below the tenor trombone, the modern bass trombone is pitched in the same B

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Tenor trombones, especially the larger bore symphonic models, commonly have a valve attachment which lowers the instrument from B

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Valve attachments are most commonly found on tenor and bass trombones, but they can appear on sizes from soprano to contrabass.

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bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. The bore expands through the bow to the bell, which is typically between 7 and

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is sometimes mistakenly credited with the trombone's introduction into the orchestra, having used it shortly afterwards in his

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Green, Helen (2011). "Defining the City 'Trumpeter': German Civic Identity and the Employment of Brass Instruments, c. 1500".

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is virtually impossible as the slide must move two positions (either 1st-to-3rd or 5th-to-3rd), however at an octave higher (B

6127: 5217: 3266: 2313:. The second valve, engaged together with the first, lowers the instrument to D (or less commonly, E♭) and provides the low B 132: 2670:

or F for extended passages. Since the mid-20th century, modern instruments use a trigger to engage the valve while playing.

3077:, and classical trumpeter Torbjörn Hultmark, who advocates for its use as an instrument for young children to learn music. 3044:

an octave above the tenor, and has seldom been used since its first known appearance in 1677 outside of trombone choirs in

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Trombone first position harmonic series, "where additional overtones may be used to stretch the upper range a bit higher."

1352:. The earliest known independent trombone concerto is probably the Concerto for Alto Trombone and Strings in B♭ (1769) by 1029:(a suffix meaning "large"), so the name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like the 830: 442: 2223:, providing a small loop of tubing that lowers the instrument by only a minor or major second, into D or D♭ respectively. 1617:

and its yearly exhibition also contributed to trombone education. At the Leipzig academy, Mendelssohn's bass trombonist,

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style popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional "Stadtpfeiffer" or

2956:, the trombone's upper range is theoretically open-ended. The practical top of the range is sometimes considered to be F 1731: 1353: 1167:, in bands sponsored by towns and courts. Trumpeters and trombonists were employed in German city-states to stand watch 1136:" long predates the invention of the slide and could refer to a natural trumpet as late as the early fifteenth century. 3795:

The trombone glissando can create remarkable effects, and it is used in jazz and popular music, as in the famous song "

175: 38: 6460: 6228: 5321: 3592:. In the first position (also called closed position) on a B♭ trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with B♭ 3338: 3156: 2160: 2136:

Modern trombones often have a valve attachment, an extra loop of tubing attached to the bell section and engaged by a

1656: 1636: 1631: 1610: 1423: 1639:'s tenor-bass trombone during the 1840s, leading to its widespread use in orchestras throughout Germany and Austria. 238: 147: 4616: 6194: 5539: 4735: 4279: 4242: 4055:

Le doctrinal du temps présent , compilé par maistre Pierre Michault, secrétaire du très puissant duc de Bourgoingne

3407: 3232: 3074: 1622: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1274: 2527:

quality. Placing the tuning mechanism in the cylindrical slide section allows the bell section to remain conical.

2219:, providing the first five or six positions from the tenor trombone slide. Some alto models have what is called a 1474:. In other countries, the trio of two tenor trombones and one bass became standard by about the mid-19th century. 1150: 234: 121: 6475: 6173: 4224: 3103:

respectively, one octave above the alto and soprano trombones. Owing to being essentially a slide variant of the

2934: 2891: 1336:

Early Classical composers occasionally included concertante movements with alto trombone as a solo instrument in

1306: 128: 83: 3743:(at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a B♭ trombone. The note E 3576: 2651:

Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were first seen in the mid 19th century, originally on the tenor B

154: 6168: 4195: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3707:(a major second higher) at the next partial are very high notes; a very skilled player with a highly developed 3318: 2570:

tendencies, the player's subjective level of comfort, and the instrument's playability in a given pitch range.

1856: 447: 294: 3568: 2945:

may be played in first or fifth position. Alternate positions are also needed to allow a player to produce a

2001:

The most distinctive feature of the trombone is the slide that lengthens the tubing and lowers the pitch (cf.

384:; low B is only possible if the tuning slide of the F attachment is pulled out to E. For other trombones, see 2309:

The first valve is an F attachment the same as that found on a tenor trombone and extends the range down to C

2013:

were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. Many types of trombone also include one or more

6395: 6153: 6091: 6061: 5377: 4764: 3589: 3585: 3501: 3464:

Slide position chart (new system); most trombones are tenor trombones, like the valveless one in the middle.

3364: 3298: 3203: 2906: 2826: 2518: 2321:, where it serves to lower the F attachment to D and has no effect alone. More commonly the second valve is 1626: 1565: 1534: 1359: 1323: 616: 3730: 2263:, but it usually has a sufficiently long tuning slide to lower it into E as required, which will provide B♮ 2128: 1499: 6351: 6014: 4813: 4001: 3852: 3368: 3242: 3135: 2673: 2196: 2137: 1823: 1618: 1390: 1231: 1071: 1058: 1003: 161: 6465: 5760: 3767: 3460: 3045: 2878: 1227: 3851:

Unlike most other brass instruments in an orchestral setting, the trombone is not usually considered a

2385: 1188:

use the term "sackbut" to distinguish this earlier version of the trombone from the modern instrument.

1177: 340: 4840:"André Braun's Gamme et Méthode pour les Trombonnes: The Earliest Modern Trombone Method Rediscovered" 4796: 3393:

A distinctive form of tenor trombone was popularized in France in the early 19th century. Called the

6158: 5894: 5874: 5857: 5780: 5511: 5331: 1394: 143: 2549: 2039:

inches (18 and 22 cm). A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.

6372: 5675: 4543: 4031: 3919:). The "wah-wah" sound of a trombone with a harmon mute is featured as the voices of adults in the 3265:

produced the "Superbone", very similar to the earlier Conn. In 2013 Schagerl in collaboration with

3169: 3120: 2815: 2802: 2754: 2503:, first conceived by Californian instrument technician Larry Minick, around the same time that the 2394: 2345: 1807: 1791: 1560: 1074:, written in treble clef, and the alto trombone is written at concert pitch, usually in alto clef. 881: 864: 475: 5521: 3218:, but has also experienced a 21st-century revival in film, television and video game soundtracks. 3057:, it tends to be played by trumpet players. During the 20th century some soprano trombones—dubbed 2621:

German trombones have been built in a wide variety of bore and bell sizes. The traditional German

2376: 2325:, where it can be engaged separately to lower the instrument to G♭, or to D when both are engaged. 6490: 6274: 6252: 6148: 6112: 6046: 5920: 5750: 5608: 5583: 5211: 4702: 4169: 4118: 4005: 3952: 3712: 3652: 3428: 2866: 2567: 1975: 1827: 1614: 1443: 1192: 1176:

wind ensembles and the first orchestral ensembles, which performed in religious settings such as

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While the lowest note of the tenor trombone's range (excluding fundamentals or pedal notes) is E

1635:

in 1837, and Sachse's solo works remain popular in Germany. Queisser championed and popularized

1495: 1196: 6408: 4633: 3643:(a minor third higher) in first position, tend to be out of tune in regards to the twelve-tone 2898:. Each position progressively increases the length of the air column, thus lowering the pitch. 2491:

Originally, valve attachment tubing was always coiled tightly to keep within the bell section (

6315: 6269: 5812: 5635: 5399: 5391: 5381: 5355: 5335: 5303: 5284: 5261: 5242: 5197: 5178: 5159: 5132: 5113: 5094: 5075: 5059: 5030: 5011: 4992: 4973: 4776: 4772: 4516: 4506: 4448: 4414: 4410: 4306: 3977: 3644: 3356: 2769: 1803: 1799: 1743: 1735: 1590: 1317: 1268: 1200: 994:. As with all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips cause the 679: 610: 5498: 4442: 6086: 5998: 5690: 5562: 5465: 5415: 4768: 4524: 4159: 4149: 4110: 3661: 3469: 3262: 3258: 3086: 3035: 3029: 2910: 2786: 2782: 2750: 2504: 2434: 2408: 2362: 2141: 1967:, sound is produced by blowing air through pursed lips producing a vibration that creates a 1964: 1787: 1775: 1747: 1471: 1378: 1373: 1329: 1250:. He also employed a choir of four trombones to double the chorus in three of his cantatas ( 991: 545: 325: 305: 4376: 3687:(a major second higher)—do not require much adjustment for even-tempered intonation, but E♭ 2609: 6320: 6260: 6178: 5862: 5832: 5827: 5603: 5593: 5407: 5225: 4494: 3969: 3912: 3879: 3657: 3424: 3254: 3246: 3215: 3183: 3104: 3070: 3066: 3062: 2499:). In the early 1980s, American instrument manufacturers began producing instruments with 2301: 2110: 1819: 1815: 1759: 1491: 1479: 1451: 1311: 1204: 975: 320: 4405:

Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music

4053: 3639:

marks the sixth partial, or the fifth overtone. Notes on the next partial, for example A♭

2696:(snake decorations) on the slide and bell U-bows to help protect the tubing from damage. 5436: 4321: 4164: 6051: 5965: 5627: 5598: 5277: 3756: 3613: 3402: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3211: 3129: 2930: 2832: 2821: 2794: 2758: 2738: 2453: 2213:

alto trombone, a valve attachment usually lowers the instrument a perfect fourth into B

2122: 2002: 1987: 1863: 1831: 1779: 1697: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1435: 1427: 1345: 1050: 1007: 876: 5471: 4924: 3379: 3355:

The term "sackbut" refers to the early forms of the trombone commonly used during the

168: 6454: 6434: 6346: 6310: 6199: 6122: 6071: 6036: 5978: 5842: 5800: 5714: 5685: 5680: 5317: 5148: 4502: 4403: 4173: 4122: 3856: 3840: 3810: 3605: 3444: 3360: 3179: 3139: 2992: 2986: 2844: 2798: 2790: 2742: 2438: 2416: 2366: 2286: 2145: 2014: 1979: 1968: 1867: 1811: 1795: 1771: 1751: 1490:, almost to the exclusion of the slide instrument. Composers such as Giuseppe Verdi, 1431: 1349: 1293: 1284: 1243: 1239: 1066: 1054: 1042: 999: 995: 896: 840: 552: 492: 368: 89: 2700:

higher-end manufacturers such as Thein make modern iterations of the classic German

2199:

commissioned the first soprano trombone in B♭ with an F valve, built by Thein Brass.

1309:

was the first major composer to use the trombone in an opera overture, in the opera

6341: 6204: 6117: 6031: 6024: 6019: 5950: 5817: 5807: 5795: 5588: 4347: 3904: 3796: 3696: 3692: 3676: 3277: 3199: 3195: 3069:. A small number of contemporary proponents of the instrument include jazz artists 3001: 2997: 2881: 2717: 2480: 2449: 2445: 2430: 1783: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1586: 1364: 1337: 1173: 1160: 769: 419: 381: 794: 4114: 2716:

French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the

2626:

thin metal (especially in the bell section), and many have a metal ring called a

1688: 1525: 6439: 6377: 6294: 6289: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5369: 4490: 3629: 3621: 3432: 3420: 3398: 3250: 3207: 2726: 2006: 1439: 1168: 891: 669: 637: 627: 572: 497: 110: 4659: 3895: 2757:. Although trombones are usually constructed with a slide to change the pitch, 2579:

players to further customize and adjust their mouthpieces to their preference.

1593:

band and formed his own band, was one of the most famous of these trombonists.

6421: 6107: 6056: 6041: 5993: 5988: 5973: 5899: 5889: 5879: 5869: 5790: 5724: 5719: 5403: 5376:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Illustrator: Lennie Peterson. Lanham: 4520: 4022: 3871: 3776: 3708: 3314: 3302: 3286: 3187: 2243: 2151: 1739: 1709: 1555: 1546: 1038: 871: 846: 814: 784: 737: 694: 582: 577: 567: 512: 5374:

An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player

5058:

Bucina: The Historic Brass Society Series. Hillsdale, N.Y.: Pendragon Press.

3984:. In the 21st century, leading mainstream manufacturers of trombones include 2996:

B♭. The alto trombone was commonly used in the 16th to the 18th centuries in

1362:

used the trombone in operas (notably in scenes featuring the Commendatore in

6429: 6356: 6081: 6066: 5983: 5822: 5755: 5734: 5695: 5494:

Overview of trombones on the MIMO (Musical Instrument Museums Online) portal

5419: 5411: 4528: 3989: 3981: 3948: 3944: 3875: 3867: 3789: 3423:

of "trombone" and "bassoon", the "tromboon" was created by musical parodist

3401:, with a very wide dynamic range but a limited and variable range of pitch. 3322: 3227: 3005: 2946: 2689: 2437:

is offered on professional models from most trombone manufacturers, and the

1892: 1077:

A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player.

1046: 1015: 911: 886: 851: 835: 804: 744: 562: 527: 348: 330: 1605:

became a center of trombone pedagogy, and the instrument was taught at the

3443:. It appears in several humorous works of Schickele's fictional composer, 2901:

Extending the slide from one position to the next lowers the pitch by one

17: 6389: 6336: 6076: 5925: 5700: 5460: 3497: 3363:

eras, with a characteristically smaller, more cylindrically proportioned

3151: 3017: 3013: 2902: 2746: 2563: 2159:

The valve attachment was originally developed by German instrument maker

1991: 1734:

the trombone maintained its important place in the orchestra in works by

1422:

Trombones were included in operas, symphonies, and other compositions by

1341: 1289: 1212: 819: 779: 754: 699: 689: 502: 482: 424: 380:

Range of the tenor trombone. Ranges marked "F" are only possible with an

6220: 3788:

The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true

6284: 5915: 5884: 5852: 5837: 5785: 5729: 5708: 5613: 5577: 4757:

Baines, Anthony C.; Myers, Arnold; Herbert, Trevor (2001). "Trombone".

4017: 3921: 3916: 3755:(the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce " 3440: 3350: 3054: 2914: 2761:

instead use the set of three valves common on other brass instruments.

2109:

built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid

1995: 1983: 1916: 1602: 1487: 1466: 1247: 1218: 1145: 1106: 1030: 1011: 824: 789: 764: 759: 714: 709: 674: 592: 522: 487: 414: 404: 360: 2047:

Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different

998:. Nearly all trombones use a telescoping slide mechanism to alter the 5945: 5940: 5935: 5847: 5621: 5056:

The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents.

3993: 3908: 3394: 3388: 3009: 2722: 2559: 1181: 1034: 929: 906: 724: 664: 647: 557: 532: 409: 5531: 5478:

Sources for the Prescribed Sheet Music for the ABRSM practical exams

2704:, as well as American-style trombones with German features like the 241:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1838:

tenors and B♭ basses. French orchestras did the same in the 1960s.

6403: 5955: 5930: 5641: 5468:

by Will Kimball, Professor of Trombone at Brigham Young University

5395: 3766: 3729: 3575: 3567: 3459: 3436: 3378: 3337: 3306: 3276: 3231: 3155: 3119: 3048:. Built with mouthpiece, bore and bell dimensions similar to the B 2768: 2672: 2608: 2586: 2548: 2517: 2463: 2255:

resulting in only six positions available on the F slide, to low C

2150: 2127: 2048: 1716: 1164: 1149: 1122: 901: 809: 799: 704: 659: 642: 632: 622: 507: 1891:

The trombone can be found in symphony orchestras, concert bands,

5744: 3165: 2737:

The most frequently encountered types of trombone today are the

2575: 2429:

The most common type of valve seen for valve attachments is the

2121:

For trombones with three or more valves instead of a slide, see

1062: 774: 749: 719: 684: 597: 517: 6224: 5535: 5435: 2917:. The lowest note of the standard instrument is therefore an E 3289:" and "trombone", also known as the "marching trombone", is a 3257:" in the 1940s with a short four-position slide. In the 1970s 2242:

It provides access to the otherwise missing notes between the

1896: 1154:

Renaissance era tenor sackbut (replica by Frank Tomes, London)

206: 104: 63: 6210:

List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers

3285:

The "flugabone" (or sometimes "flugelbone"), portmanteau of "

3061:—were made as novelties or for use by jazz players including 1033:, in contrast to the more conical brass instruments like the 4261:"Albrechtsberger, J.G.: Concerto per trombone alto ed archi" 3699:

higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament. E♭

3301:

of the trombone, rather than the conical bore of either the

2745:, though as with many other instrument families such as the 1670: 1507: 1191:

Composers who wrote for trombone during this period include

5455: 5450: 5279:

The World of Medieval & Renaissance Musical Instruments

5230:

Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire

4401:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004).

3734:

Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.

2132:

Trombone with F attachment slide position second harmonics.

1010:

is an exception, using three valves similar to those on a

5474:

from Music Acoustics at the University of New South Wales

2335:

without lowering the valve to E with a long tuning slide.

1262:), and used three trombones and a cornett in the cantata 1105:

During the Renaissance, the equivalent English term was "

5258:

The World of Baroque & Classical Musical Instruments

3297:

wrapped into a compact flugelhorn shape. It retains the

1721:

Newsboy Military Band Member with Trombone, Toledo, Ohio

4027:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

3087:

Soprano trombone § Sopranino and piccolo trombones

2272:

Tenor trombones without a valve are sometimes known as

2094: in (27 cm) or more, with most being between 1109:". The word first appears in court records in 1495 as " 230: 42: 5300:

The World of Romantic & Modern Musical Instruments

4867: 4865: 3309:, and thus is similar in playing characteristics to a 1368:) and in sacred music. The prominent solo part in the 1234:

used trombones on a few occasions. Bach called for a

3478:. It was first described by Andre Braun circa 1795. 3269:

announced a larger bore variant with rotary valves.

1238:, which may have been a form of the closely related 1049:. The most frequently encountered trombones are the 6417: 6388: 6365: 6329: 6303: 6259: 6187: 6141: 6100: 6007: 5964: 5908: 5773: 5569: 4034: – Set of available musical works for trombone 4004:, Schilke, S.E. Shires, Thein, Wessex, Willson and 2403:Trombone valve attachments. Standard rotary valve, 2155:

Tenor trombone with a traditional wrap F attachment

1163:part in a dance band. It was also used, along with 433: 393: 367: 355: 339: 311: 304: 135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5276: 5147: 4402: 3000:to strengthen the alto voice, particularly in the 2259:. Thus, the F attachment cannot provide the low B♮ 4953:with ascending Bb/C rotor. Wayback.archive-it.org 4225:"Albrechtsberger; Mozart, L.: Trombone Concertos" 3383:Bell of a buccin, Museu de la Música de Barcelona 4989:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4370: 4368: 4158:(PhD dissertation). Louisiana State University. 3107:, they are played primarily by trumpet players. 2300:). This allows the player to produce a complete 5327:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2929:. Most experienced trombonists can play lower " 1465:The trombone trio was combined with one or two 5522:"Choosing Alternate Positions for Bebop Lines" 5110:The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697–1811 4348:"The Evolution of the Jazz Trombone: Part One" 2949:to or from a higher note on the same partial. 2677:Tuning slide of a trombone with a traditional 6236: 5547: 5146:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997). 4617:"Contrabass Trombone in Bb with Double Slide" 3173: 951: 8: 5150:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments 4447:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 15–. 4243:"Haydn, M.: Concerto per Trombone Alto in D" 3974:H. N. White Company/King Musical Instruments 3190:. The modern cimbasso first appeared as the 2749:, the trombone has been built in sizes from 2678: 2627: 2195:In the early 2010s Torbjörn Hultmark of the 2164: 1700:; played by The Indestructible Military Band 287: 5206:. This source is now considered unreliable. 3907:can be used with the trombone to alter its 2633: 2522:In-slide tuning on a Conn 70H bass trombone 2250:in first position, and the second partial E 2170: 996:air column inside the instrument to vibrate 98:Learn how and when to remove these messages 26: 6243: 6229: 6221: 5554: 5540: 5532: 5091:The Trombone: The Instrument and its Music 4931:University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3580:Trombone seventh position harmonic series. 3496:inches ) will produce a note which is one 2441:particularly from European manufacturers. 1389:Symphony in E♭ (1807) by Swedish composer 958: 944: 457: 5158:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4728:"Korg UK takes on distribution of Tromba" 4444:The Renaissance Sackbut and Its Use Today 4163: 3751:(the fundamental in first position) and E 3016:began writing for alto trombone in their 2613:Kruspe Virtuosa tenor trombone bell with 1125:as early as 1478. The French equivalent " 1021:The word "trombone" derives from Italian 275:Learn how and when to remove this message 257:Learn how and when to remove this message 195:Learn how and when to remove this message 4814:"FB124 Bb Flugabone (Marching Trombone)" 4107:Journal of the Royal Musical Association 3894: 3866:Trombone parts are typically notated in 3863:Baroque A tenor = modern B-flat tenor). 3506: 3164:The cimbasso covers the same range as a 2964:. The range of the C tenor trombone is F 2140:operated by the left hand by means of a 1906: 363:in English until the early 18th century. 32:This is an accepted version of this page 4910: 4898: 4773:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40576 4092: 4044: 3004:. Early 19th century composers such as 2346:Contrabass trombone § Construction 1879:bore than their American counterparts. 1393:features an independent trombone part. 465: 28: 5209: 4377:"The German Trombone, by Jay Friedman" 4280:"A. Zimmermann: Symphonies (Ehrhardt)" 3771:Trombone slide position "pedal tones". 3468:The modern system has seven chromatic 3313:. A similar marching trombone is the " 3182:scores, and originally referred to an 2591:Trombone "pBone" made from ABS plastic 1707: 1582:Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale 1544: 1403:Symphony No. 6 in F major ("Pastoral") 1348:and Divertimento in D major (1764) by 1315:(1767). He also used it in the operas 286: 5446:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. 5131:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 5047:Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart 4871: 4603: 4299:"Biography of Joachim Nikolas Eggert" 4135: 4080: 3608:higher than the previous partial), B♭ 3321:, wrapped and held vertically like a 3178:first appeared in early 19th century 1632:Concertino for Trombone and Orchestra 1502:scored for a valve trombone section. 1006:used by other brass instruments. The 7: 5177:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4501:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: 4409:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3596:(one octave higher than the pedal B♭ 1998:(medieval precursors to trombones). 133:adding citations to reliable sources 59:Brass instrument played with a slide 5354:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5196:. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. 5194:Die Instrumentation: Teil 8 Posaune 4688: 4594:, p. 73, "independent valves". 4591: 4579: 4567: 4165:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.2799 3870:, though sometimes also written in 3799:" by David Rose and his orchestra. 1982:and closely related to that of the 1537:, 1st movement (composed 1893–1896) 5451:International Trombone Association 4320:Bernotas, Bob (7 September 2015). 3194:in the 1880s and has three to six 2052:diameter, with most being between 1102:(large), meaning "large trumpet". 57: 5027:Instrumentation and Orchestration 4375:Friedman, Jay (8 November 2003). 4148:Lewis, Horace Monroe (May 1975). 3966:Boston Musical Instrument Company 2287:Bass trombone § Construction 1226:During the later Baroque period, 79:This article has multiple issues. 5283:. New York: The Overlook Press. 5260:. New York: The Overlook Press. 4203:Historical Brass Society Journal 4068:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3249:. Jazz trombonist and machinist 3202:and a predominantly cylindrical 2468:F attachment tubing: open wrap, 2393: 2384: 2375: 2304:upwards from the pedal register. 2021:inches (13.9 mm) (large or 1915: 1708:Problems playing this file? See 1686: 1545:Problems playing this file? See 1523: 293: 211: 109: 68: 5302:. London: David & Charles. 4732:Musical Instrument Professional 3344:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 3342:Alto, tenor and bass sackbuts, 3134:In the 19th century as soon as 3081:Sopranino and piccolo trombones 2452:valves instead of a slide; see 1899:, and New Orleans brass bands. 341:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 120:needs additional citations for 87:or discuss these issues on the 6420:part relation with additional 6128:Drum and bugle corps (classic) 5488:NPR story about trombone bands 5472:Acoustics of Brass Instruments 5044:Blüme, Friedrich, ed. (1962). 4844:Historic Brass Society Journal 4634:"Bb contrabass slide trombone" 4570:, p. 10, "alto trombone". 4544:"The Soprano Trombone Project" 4499:The Technique of Orchestration 4441:Fischer, Henry George (1984). 3500:lower when played in the same 2683:snake ornament, by Thein Brass 1870:were early trombone soloists. 1: 6304:Dynamic intonation adjustment 6133:Drum and bugle corps (modern) 5156:Cambridge Companions to Music 5093:. London: Faber & Faber. 5074:. London: Faber & Faber. 4991:. London: Faber & Faber. 4972:. London: Faber & Faber. 4582:, p. 55, "F-attachment". 4542:Salmon, Jane (23 June 2016). 4025: – Style of Gospel music 3947:in the 1920s, also under the 3934:puts the instrument in B♭ is 1385:Transition to Romantic period 443:List of classical trombonists 359:Originated mid 15th century, 6471:Continuous pitch instruments 6418:Physical just-intoned string 4734:. 2 May 2013. Archived from 4701:Flynn, Mike (20 June 2013). 4691:, p. 34, "closed wrap". 4115:10.1080/02690403.2011.562714 3695:higher) is almost exactly a 3405:wrote for the buccin in his 3124:Valve (tenor) trombone in B♭ 2890:and is usually treated as a 2801:in B♭ with F and G♭ valves, 1354:Johann Georg Albrechtsberger 5520:Antonio J. García. (1997). 5510:Christian E. Waage (2009). 5324:, eds. (2001). "Trombone". 4801:Kanstul Musical Instruments 4676:The Online Trombone Journal 4660:"Larry David Minick Passes" 4196:"The Soprano Trombone Hoax" 3671:The next higher partials—B♭ 2805:in F with D and B♭ valves. 2553:A tenor trombone mouthpiece 2161:Christian Friedrich Sattler 1637:Christian Friedrich Sattler 1611:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy 1059:non-transposing instruments 237:the claims made and adding 6507: 6330:Just intonation in one key 6270:Fretless string instrument 6195:Pitch of brass instruments 5239:Talking about the Trombone 5216:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4968:Adey, Christopher (1998). 4888:. Oxford University Press. 4658:Tanner, K (January 1999). 4155:in the Works of J. S. Bach 3683:(a major second higher), D 3427:by replacing a trombone's 3386: 3348: 3293:instrument, essentially a 3225: 3149: 3127: 3084: 3027: 2984: 2960:, or more conservatively D 2892:non-transposing instrument 2842: 2813: 2444:Some trombones have three 2360: 2343: 2317:. The second valve can be 2284: 2163:in the late 1830s for the 2120: 1978:is similar to that of the 1974:The detachable cup-shaped 1883:trigger became necessary. 1854: 1288:. All were examples of an 1143: 1098:(trumpet) plus the suffix 1090:"Trombone" comes from the 385: 6481:Marching band instruments 6316:Fretted string instrument 5466:Trombone History Timeline 5129:A History of the Trombone 4797:"Model 955 Bb Flugelbone" 3535: 3509: 2905:. Thus, each note in the 2877:The tenor trombone has a 1874:20th-century construction 1643:19th-century construction 1407:Symphony No. 9 ("Choral") 1399:Symphony No. 5 in C minor 1307:Christoph Willibald Gluck 438: 400: 374: 351:sounded by lip vibration) 292: 5483:Two Frequencies Trombone 5461:British Trombone Society 5378:Rowman & Littlefield 5330:(2nd ed.). London: 5298:Montagu, Jeremy (1981). 5275:Montagu, Jeremy (1976). 5256:Montagu, Jeremy (1979). 5173:Herbert, Trevor (2006). 5127:Guion, David M. (2010). 5072:Anatomy of the Orchestra 5070:Del Mar, Norman (1983). 5054:Carter, Stewart (2011). 5025:Blatter, Alfred (1997). 5008:The Trumpet and Trombone 4987:Baines, Anthony (1980). 4703:"pBone plastic trombone" 3472:on a tenor trombone in B 3319:King Musical Instruments 2267:in a very long position. 1857:List of jazz trombonists 1018:has valves and a slide. 448:List of jazz trombonists 39:latest accepted revision 6366:Retunable to a just key 5456:Online Trombone Journal 5443:Encyclopædia Britannica 5237:Maxted, George (1970). 5089:Gregory, Robin (1973). 5010:. London: Ernest Benn. 4951:Yamaha Catalog YSL-350C 4765:Oxford University Press 4058:(in French). p. 16 3715:can go even higher to G 3564:Partials and intonation 3281:Flugabone in B♭ by Olds 3236:Holton TR-395 Superbone 3136:brass instrument valves 3038:is usually pitched in B 2827:Der Ring des Nibelungen 2708:and snake decorations. 2352:A♭, which combine to E. 1948:second slide brace/stay 1842:20th-century wind bands 1726:20th-century orchestras 1627:Friedrich August Belcke 1574:19th-century wind bands 1566:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1418:19th-century orchestras 1057:. These are treated as 6486:Orchestral instruments 6352:Long-string instrument 5979:Marching baritone horn 5512:"Slide Position Chart" 5241:. London: John Baker. 5050:. Kassel: Bärenreiter. 4970:Orchestral Performance 4923:Palm, Paul W. (2010). 4884:Myers, Arnold (2001). 3900: 3853:transposing instrument 3772: 3735: 3581: 3573: 3465: 3384: 3346: 3282: 3237: 3174: 3161: 3160:A modern cimbasso in F 3125: 2806: 2684: 2679: 2628: 2618: 2592: 2554: 2523: 2477: 2207:Although rare on the E 2197:Royal College of Music 2165: 2156: 2133: 1951:first slide brace/stay 1909:Basic trombone anatomy 1824:Ralph Vaughan Williams 1722: 1675: 1619:Karl Traugott Queisser 1589:, who played with the 1512: 1391:Joachim Nicolas Eggert 1232:George Frideric Handel 1155: 1072:transposing instrument 979: 6164:Classical trombonists 5761:Double bell euphonium 5192:Kunitz, Hans (1959). 5112:. Gordon and Breach. 5108:Guion, David (1988). 5029:. Belmont: Schirmer. 5006:Bate, Philip (1978). 4066:– via Gallica, 3992:, Courtois, Edwards, 3898: 3770: 3733: 3579: 3571: 3463: 3456:Basic slide positions 3382: 3341: 3280: 3235: 3159: 3123: 3111:Trombones with valves 3046:Moravian Church music 2909:can be lowered by an 2824:in the 1870s for his 2772: 2694:Schlangenverzierungen 2680:Schlangenverzierungen 2676: 2612: 2590: 2552: 2521: 2467: 2344:Further information: 2285:Further information: 2154: 2131: 1855:Further information: 1720: 1674: 1649:Schlangenverzierungen 1601:In the Romantic era, 1597:19th-century pedagogy 1535:Mahler's 3rd Symphony 1511: 1228:Johann Sebastian Bach 1153: 1065:. The once common E♭ 6373:Keyboard instruments 5350:Wick, Denis (1984). 5332:Macmillan Publishers 3938:when the trigger is 3367:, and a less-flared 3317:" first produced by 3192:trombone basso Verdi 2472:; traditional wrap, 1942:water key/spit valve 1625:, Ernst Sachse, and 1395:Ludwig van Beethoven 1324:Iphigénie en Tauride 1266:. Handel used it in 129:improve this article 5232:. Paris: Delagrave. 4838:Weiner, H. (1993). 4309:on 8 November 2014. 4151:The Problem of the 4032:Trombone repertoire 3170:contrabass trombone 2923:– a tritone below B 2867:British brass bands 2816:Contrabass trombone 2810:Contrabass trombone 2605:Germany and Austria 2600:Regional variations 2566:, the instrument's 2180:tenor-bass trombone 1971:in the instrument. 1911: 1808:Dmitri Shostakovich 1792:Sergei Rachmaninoff 1561:contrabass trombone 1246:in some liturgical 1129:" appears in 1466. 982:, Italian, French: 882:Electronic keyboard 467:Musical instruments 461:Part of a series on 395:Related instruments 289: 29:Page version status 6461:B-flat instruments 6275:Pedal steel guitar 6113:British brass band 5984:Marching euphonium 5751:Subcontrabass tuba 5352:Trombone Technique 4760:Grove Music Online 4548:Jane Salmon (blog) 4505:. pp. 148–9. 4278:Threasher, David. 4052:Michault, Pierre. 3953:Yamaha Corporation 3901: 3773: 3736: 3709:facial musculature 3582: 3574: 3466: 3385: 3347: 3283: 3238: 3210:Italian operas by 3162: 3126: 2807: 2685: 2619: 2593: 2562:of that tone, its 2555: 2524: 2478: 2157: 2134: 1907: 1868:J. J. Johnson 1828:Heitor Villa-Lobos 1723: 1676: 1629:. David wrote his 1615:Paris Conservatory 1513: 1444:Gioacchino Rossini 1217:) and in Germany ( 1193:Claudio Monteverdi 1178:St Mark's Basilica 1169:in the city towers 1156: 988:musical instrument 611:String instruments 222:possibly contains 35: 6448: 6447: 6218: 6217: 6174:Euphonium players 5563:Brass instruments 5387:978-1-538-15966-8 5341:978-1-56159-239-5 5184:978-0-300235-75-3 5064:978-1-57647-206-4 4782:978-1-56159-263-0 4707:Jazzwise Magazine 4512:978-0-130-40772-6 4454:978-0-87099-412-8 4420:978-0-19-816504-0 4297:Kallai, Avishai. 4153:Tromba Da Tirarsi 3645:equal temperament 3561: 3560: 2117:Valve attachments 1965:brass instruments 1960: 1959: 1804:Arnold Schoenberg 1800:Ottorino Respighi 1744:Leonard Bernstein 1691: 1664:Twentieth century 1591:John Philip Sousa 1528: 1424:Felix Mendelssohn 1318:Orfeo ed Euridice 1236:tromba di tirarsi 1201:Giovanni Gabrieli 1186:period performers 1117:" is similar to " 968: 967: 546:Brass instruments 456: 455: 285: 284: 277: 267: 266: 259: 224:original research 205: 204: 197: 179: 102: 47:14 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 6498: 6476:Jazz instruments 6321:Wind instruments 6245: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6169:Jazz trombonists 6149:(all) Trumpeters 6087:Axial flow valve 5999:Contrabass bugle 5556: 5549: 5542: 5533: 5447: 5439: 5437:"Trombone" 5423: 5365: 5345: 5313: 5294: 5282: 5271: 5252: 5233: 5226:Lavignac, Albert 5221: 5215: 5207: 5188: 5169: 5153: 5142: 5123: 5104: 5085: 5051: 5040: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4763:(8th ed.). 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4495:Grantham, Donald 4487: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4408: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4305:. Archived from 4294: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4194:Weiner, Harold. 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4167: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4049: 4028: 3899:A plunger in use 3831: 3830: 3818: 3817: 3662:harmonic seventh 3507: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3477: 3476: 3408:Messe solennelle 3299:cylindrical bore 3259:Maynard Ferguson 3177: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3053: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3036:soprano trombone 3030:Soprano trombone 3024:Soprano trombone 2969: 2968: 2940: 2939: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2921: 2889: 2888: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2718:Second World War 2682: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2497:traditional wrap 2435:axial flow valve 2409:axial flow valve 2397: 2388: 2379: 2363:Axial flow valve 2236: 2235: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2142:lever or trigger 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 1919: 1912: 1887:Contemporary use 1788:Sergei Prokofiev 1776:Olivier Messiaen 1748:Benjamin Britten 1696:1908 ragtime by 1693: 1692: 1673: 1530: 1529: 1510: 1472:Second World War 1379:Anton Zimmermann 1330:Echo et Narcisse 1301:Classical period 1242:, to double the 960: 953: 946: 458: 306:Brass instrument 299:A tenor trombone 297: 290: 280: 273: 262: 255: 251: 248: 242: 239:inline citations 215: 214: 207: 200: 193: 189: 186: 180: 178: 137: 113: 105: 94: 72: 71: 64: 21: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6419: 6413: 6396:overtone series 6393: 6390:Flageolet tones 6384: 6361: 6325: 6299: 6261:Just intonation 6255: 6249: 6219: 6214: 6183: 6154:Jazz trumpeters 6137: 6096: 6092:Harmonic series 6008:Parts/technique 6003: 5960: 5904: 5863:Soprano helicon 5833:Baroque trumpet 5828:Natural trumpet 5769: 5720:Alto/Tenor horn 5604:Fanfare trumpet 5565: 5560: 5526:GarciaMusic.com 5507: 5505:Slide positions 5499:Merriam Webster 5434: 5431: 5426: 5388: 5368: 5362: 5349: 5342: 5316: 5310: 5297: 5291: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5249: 5236: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5172: 5166: 5145: 5139: 5126: 5120: 5107: 5101: 5088: 5082: 5069: 5043: 5037: 5024: 5018: 5005: 4999: 4986: 4980: 4967: 4963: 4961:Further reading 4958: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4513: 4489: 4488: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4346:Wilken, David. 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4061: 4059: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4026: 4014: 3970:E. A. Couturier 3961: 3931: 3893: 3880:Robert Schumann 3849: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3786: 3765: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3667: 3658:just intonation 3650: 3642: 3638: 3627: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590:harmonic series 3566: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3470:slide positions 3458: 3453: 3425:Peter Schickele 3417: 3391: 3377: 3353: 3336: 3331: 3275: 3255:valide trombone 3230: 3224: 3184:upright serpent 3154: 3148: 3132: 3118: 3113: 3105:piccolo trumpet 3099: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3075:Christian Scott 3071:Wycliffe Gordon 3067:Dizzy Gillespie 3063:Louis Armstrong 3050: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3026: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2907:harmonic series 2896:slide positions 2886: 2885: 2875: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2818: 2812: 2767: 2765:Slide trombones 2759:valve trombones 2735: 2714: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2607: 2602: 2585: 2547: 2533: 2516: 2487: 2462: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2389: 2381: 2380: 2369: 2359: 2348: 2334: 2316: 2312: 2302:chromatic range 2299: 2295: 2289: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2232: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2166:Tenorbaßposaune 2126: 2119: 2111:sterling silver 2104: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2026: 1933:slide lock ring 1910: 1905: 1889: 1876: 1859: 1853: 1844: 1820:Igor Stravinsky 1816:Richard Strauss 1760:George Gershwin 1728: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1682:"Miss Trombone" 1677: 1671: 1666: 1645: 1623:Ferdinand David 1607:Musikhochschule 1599: 1576: 1552: 1551: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1514: 1508: 1496:Bedřich Smetana 1492:Giacomo Puccini 1480:First World War 1452:Robert Schumann 1420: 1415: 1413:Romantic period 1387: 1372:section of his 1303: 1275:Israel in Egypt 1205:Andrea Gabrieli 1197:Heinrich Schütz 1148: 1142: 1121:", attested in 1088: 1083: 1002:instead of the 964: 935: 934: 925: 917: 916: 867: 857: 856: 827:aka Kettledrums 740: 730: 729: 613: 603: 602: 548: 538: 537: 478: 452: 429: 389: 379: 378: 346: 335: 300: 281: 270: 269: 268: 263: 252: 246: 243: 228: 216: 212: 201: 190: 184: 181: 138: 136: 126: 114: 73: 69: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6504: 6502: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6453: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6392:(harmonics) or 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5628:Soprano cornet 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Pocket trumpet 5596: 5591: 5586: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5430: 5429:External links 5427: 5425: 5424: 5386: 5366: 5360: 5347: 5340: 5318:Sadie, Stanley 5314: 5308: 5295: 5289: 5272: 5266: 5253: 5247: 5234: 5228:, ed. (1927). 5222: 5202: 5189: 5183: 5170: 5164: 5143: 5137: 5124: 5118: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5080: 5067: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5022: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4984: 4978: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4943: 4929:(DMA thesis). 4915: 4903: 4891: 4876: 4861: 4830: 4788: 4781: 4749: 4719: 4693: 4681: 4650: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4534: 4511: 4467: 4453: 4433: 4419: 4393: 4364: 4338: 4326:All About Jazz 4312: 4289: 4270: 4252: 4234: 4215: 4186: 4140: 4128: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4013: 4010: 3960: 3957: 3930: 3927: 3917:toilet plunger 3892: 3889: 3848: 3845: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3804: 3785: 3782: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3665: 3664:as well for A♭ 3648: 3640: 3636: 3625: 3624:higher), and F 3617: 3614:perfect fourth 3609: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3416: 3413: 3403:Hector Berlioz 3387:Main article: 3376: 3373: 3349:Main article: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3329:Other variants 3327: 3311:valve trombone 3295:valve trombone 3291:marching brass 3274: 3271: 3267:James Morrison 3253:invented his " 3226:Main article: 3223: 3220: 3150:Main article: 3147: 3144: 3140:military bands 3130:Valve trombone 3128:Main article: 3117: 3116:Valve trombone 3114: 3112: 3109: 3085:Main article: 3082: 3079: 3028:Main article: 3025: 3022: 2985:Main article: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2941: 2874: 2873:Tenor trombone 2871: 2862: 2843:Main article: 2840: 2837: 2833:perfect fourth 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2766: 2763: 2734: 2731: 2713: 2710: 2702:Konzertposaune 2623:Konzertposaune 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2584: 2581: 2546: 2543: 2532: 2529: 2515: 2512: 2485: 2461: 2458: 2454:valve trombone 2402: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2123:valve trombone 2118: 2115: 2044: 2041: 2005:). During the 2003:valve trombone 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1888: 1885: 1875: 1872: 1864:Jack Teagarden 1852: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1832:William Walton 1780:Darius Milhaud 1727: 1724: 1705: 1698:Henry Fillmore 1695: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1644: 1641: 1598: 1595: 1575: 1572: 1542: 1532: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1500:Antonín Dvořák 1462:, and others. 1460:Richard Wagner 1456:Giuseppe Verdi 1448:Franz Schubert 1436:Charles Gounod 1428:Hector Berlioz 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1386: 1383: 1346:Leopold Mozart 1302: 1299: 1203:and his uncle 1141: 1138: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1051:tenor trombone 1025:(trumpet) and 1008:valve trombone 966: 965: 963: 962: 955: 948: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 877:Clavicytherium 874: 868: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 838: 833: 828: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 741: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 614: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 549: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 454: 453: 451: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 431: 430: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 401: 398: 397: 391: 390: 376: 375: 372: 371: 365: 364: 357: 353: 352: 343: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 317: 315: 313:Classification 309: 308: 302: 301: 298: 283: 282: 265: 264: 247:September 2024 219: 217: 210: 203: 202: 117: 115: 108: 103: 77: 76: 74: 67: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6503: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6347:Tromba marina 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6200:Brass section 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Brass quintet 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:Hand-stopping 6035: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Slide trumpet 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5801:Tenor cornett 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Baritone horn 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5361:0-19-322378-3 5357: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5322:Tyrrell, John 5319: 5315: 5311: 5309:0-7153-7994-1 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5290:0-87951-045-5 5286: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5267:0-87951-089-7 5263: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5248:0-212-98360-1 5244: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5203:3-7330-0009-9 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5165:0-521-56522-7 5161: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5138:9780810874459 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5119:2-88124-211-1 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5100:0-571-08816-3 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5081:0-520-05062-2 5077: 5073: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5036:0-534-25187-0 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5017:0-510-36413-6 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4998:0-571-11571-3 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4979:0-571-17724-7 4975: 4971: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4919: 4916: 4913:, p. 43. 4912: 4907: 4904: 4901:, p. 40. 4900: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4874:, p. 93. 4873: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4831: 4819: 4815: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4750: 4738:on 5 May 2013 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4606:, p. 61. 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4503:Prentice Hall 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4434: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4397: 4394: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4265:Stretta Music 4262: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4247:Stretta Music 4244: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4223:March, Ivan. 4219: 4216: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4095:, p. 59. 4094: 4089: 4086: 4083:, p. 22. 4082: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3959:Manufacturers 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903:A variety of 3897: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3698: 3694: 3678: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3633: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3606:perfect fifth 3591: 3587: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3479: 3471: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3445:P. D. Q. Bach 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3381: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:rotary valves 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180:Italian opera 3176: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3153: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:slide cornets 3056: 3047: 3037: 3031: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2993:alto trombone 2988: 2987:Alto trombone 2981:Alto trombone 2980: 2978: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2846: 2845:Bass trombone 2839:Bass trombone 2838: 2836: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2649: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2439:Hagmann valve 2436: 2432: 2422: 2418: 2417:Hagmann valve 2414: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2368: 2367:Hagmann valve 2364: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2050: 2042: 2040: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2015:rotary valves 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:baritone horn 1977: 1972: 1970: 1969:standing wave 1966: 1954:bell lock nut 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927:counterweight 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Jean Sibelius 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Maurice Ravel 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:Gustav Mahler 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Aaron Copland 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1699: 1683: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1536: 1520: 1519:Trombone solo 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:Franz Berwald 1429: 1425: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350:Michael Haydn 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 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