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benefit to the organism. If being eyeless and scaleless are linked in the genome, pressure to become eyeless will result in scaleless organisms, even if that brings them little benefit- assuming that any detriment from losing scales does not outweigh the benefit of losing eyes. Alternatively, lacking linkages in the genome might explain why some species are able to adapt to cave life without the loss of traits like eyes and pigment.
28:
213:, is the ultimate evolutionary implications to adaptation to life in caves. Scientists have debated if adaptation to cave life will ultimately lead to evolutionary stagnation, or a point at which evolutionary change becomes minimal. Some literature has suggested that once species adapt to cave life, there is a limit to the diversification and adaptation that they can undergo. Genera like the whip spider genus
231:, before readapting to surface life when conditions are favorable. This would suggest that caves are highly influential in the persistence of species, and the preservation of biodiversity. In fact, many of these lineages show similar rates of speciation and diversity even within these smaller habitats, as uniquely specialized colonists of another environmental niche, rather than an evolutionary trap.
178:, expression of the pax6 gene which regulates many of the eye associated genes in development, is greatly suppressed by other genetic signals. A current theory holds that beneficial traits that have been selected for, also often come with negative associations for these genes, resulting in a double positive for cave dwellers that would otherwise be selected against in surface populations.
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These genetic linkages may be a potential explanation for the loss of otherwise unrelated traits like scales, or the maintaining of pigment in some species. Some of these trait losses or gains may be due to these associations with genes that are actually selected for, rather than any evolutionary
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This evolutionary break however, has also been suggested to instead act as an evolutionary time capsule, an advantage to the survival of species. Due to the relatively stable nature of caves, some species have been suggested to endure periods of climatic instability, like the
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species must adapt to unique elements of subterranean life, like continual darkness, reduced season queues, and limited food availability. The reduction of characters like eyes and pigmentation is generally considered to be an evolutionary tradeoff in
128:, that allow them to navigate in this unconventional setting. Additionally, as a result of poor resource availability, these species tend towards low rates of metabolism and activity, to maximize what little energy input they are able to achieve.
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trend towards eyelessness, there are still many that maintain their eyes even in darkness, or even still some that retain pigmentation that are not well understood. Additionally, there are traits like reduction of scales in some
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adaptation of an animal to living in the constant darkness of caves, characterised by features such as loss of pigment, reduced eyesight or blindness, and frequently with attenuated bodies or appendages. The terms
155:, some populations may retain their eyes, while others have varying stages of eye loss, and can interbreed with one another. Other species like the cave amphipod also display this relationship of surface and
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point to the ability for species to remain mostly the same as their ancestral state, by taking to cave life. Another example of this type of ancestral state outside of caves would be the infamous
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species. While these characters, which are no longer useful to them in continual darkness, begin to be selected against, improved secondary sensory structures are selected for. Many
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Stern, David B.; Breinholt, Jesse; Pedraza-Lara, Carlos; López-Mejía, Marilú; Owen, Christopher L.; Bracken-Grissom, Heather; Fetzner, James W.; Crandall, Keith A. (October 2017).
456:"Parallel morphological evolution and habitat-dependent sexual dimorphism in cave- vs. surface populations of the Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae) species complex"
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Gainett, Guilherme; Ballesteros, Jesús A.; Kanzler, Charlotte R.; Zehms, Jakob T.; Zern, John M.; Aharon, Shlomi; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (December 2020).
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have been directly tied to changes in expression of key developmental genes, altering the expression of particularly vision associated genes entirely. In species like the
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Simon, Victor; Elleboode, Romain; Mahé, Kélig; Legendre, Laurent; Ornelas-Garcia, Patricia; Espinasa, Luis; Rétaux, Sylvie (2017-12-01).
572:"Rapid evolution of troglomorphic characters suggests selection rather than neutral mutation as a driver of eye reduction in cave crabs"
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found that reductive changes in freshwater cave crabs evolved at the same rate as constructive changes. This shows that both
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populations retaining a species relationship, adding to the complexity in understanding this unique evolutionary phenomenon.
805:"Caves as microrefugia: Pleistocene phylogeography of the troglophilic North American scorpion Pseudouroctonus reddelli"
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Klaus, Sebastian; Mendoza, José C. E.; Liew, Jia Huan; Plath, Martin; Meier, Rudolf; Yeo, Darren C. J. (2013-04-23).
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have a role in advancing reductive changes (e.g smaller eyes) and constructive changes (e.g larger claws), making
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748:"Phylogenetic evidence from freshwater crayfishes that cave adaptation is not an evolutionary dead-end"
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397:"Comparing growth in surface and cave morphs of the species Astyanax mexicanus: insights from scales"
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Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (December 2017).
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Bryson, Robert W.; Prendini, Lorenzo; Savary, Warren E.; Pearman, Peter B. (2014-01-16).
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513:"Systemic paralogy and function of retinal determination network homologs in arachnids"
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Balázs, Gergely; Biró, Anna; Fišer, Žiga; Fišer, Cene; Herczeg, Gábor (November 2021).
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adaptations subject to strong factors that affect an organism's morphology.
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display impressive and exaggerated sensory elements, like greatly elongated
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species can be highly variable. While some species like the
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or hypogeic, are often used for cave-dwelling organisms.
223:, which greatly resembles fossils of the same lineage.
151:can vary within a species. In species like the
704:"Why Coelacanths Are Almost "Living Fossils"?"
209:One point of contention in the discussion of
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98:. The first Troglobiont to be described was
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144:fish that have yet to be well explained.
295:Culver, David C.; Pipan, Tanja (2007),
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702:Cavin, Lionel; Alvarez, Nadir (2022).
637:"The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders"
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131:While general trends are maintained,
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66:Troglomorphism occurs in molluscs,
708:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
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205:Caves as Evolutionary "Dead Ends"
187:National University of Singapore
185:A 2012 study by a team from the
874:"The Olm and Other Troglobites"
377:from the original on 2024-05-24
325:from the original on 2018-06-27
309:10.1016/b0-12-226865-2/00262-5
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347:"The Evolution of Cave Life"
301:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
163:Mechanisms of Troglomorphism
108:Morphology of Troglomorphism
303:, Elsevier, pp. 1–19,
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530:10.1186/s12864-020-07149-x
662:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1
414:10.1186/s13227-017-0086-6
345:Romero, Aldemaro (2011).
297:"Subterranean Ecosystems"
809:BMC Evolutionary Biology
721:10.3389/fevo.2022.896111
641:BMC Evolutionary Biology
78:, crustaceans, insects,
101:Leptodirus hochenwartii
830:10.1186/1471-2148-14-9
588:10.1098/rsbl.2012.1098
90:are classed as either
82:, amphibians (notably
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460:Ecology and Evolution
33:Texas cave salamander
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821:2014BMCEE..14....9B
653:2017BMCEE..17..105G
466:(21): 15389–15403.
363:10.1511/2011.89.144
261:"FishBase Glossary"
241:List of troglobites
351:American Scientist
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889:Animal morphology
764:10.1111/evo.13326
758:(10): 2522–2532.
472:10.1002/ece3.8233
318:978-0-12-226865-6
16:(Redirected from
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68:velvet worms
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229:Pleistocene
92:trogloxenes
57:troglofauna
49:troglobitic
883:Categories
647:(1): 105.
523:(1): 811.
381:2023-05-10
357:(2): 144.
329:2023-03-01
271:19 October
247:References
221:Coelacanth
216:Paracharon
172:morphology
53:stygofauna
839:1471-2148
772:0014-3820
752:Evolution
730:2296-701X
671:1471-2148
596:1744-9561
539:1471-2164
480:2045-7758
423:2041-9139
407:(1): 23.
371:0003-0996
195:evolution
191:selection
76:myriapods
72:arachnids
857:24428910
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689:28431496
614:23345534
557:33225889
498:34765185
441:29214008
375:Archived
323:archived
265:Archived
235:See also
126:antennae
61:hypogean
848:3902065
817:Bibcode
781:5656817
680:5399839
649:Bibcode
622:7024721
605:3639761
548:7681978
489:8571603
432:5710000
401:EvoDevo
42:is the
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476:ISSN
437:PMID
419:ISSN
367:ISSN
313:ISBN
273:2016
193:and
80:fish
843:PMC
825:doi
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760:doi
716:doi
675:PMC
657:doi
600:PMC
584:doi
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