500:
46:
372:
33:
361:
680:, despite the fact that individual density in some caves can be high. The main threats are illegal and massive collecting and pollution of the caves. As a consequence, the species is included in the Slovenian
479:
Subsequent research by
Schmidt and other naturalists revealed further previously unknown cave inhabitants, which aroused considerable interest among cave researchers. For this reason, the discovery of
395:, when exploring new inner cave portions discovered some year before. He gave the specimen to count Earl Franz von Ho(c)henwart who was unable to determine the species, and gave it in turn to
931:
933:
Servizio di integrazione al catasto grotte nel Sito Natura 2000 SIC IT3340006 "Carso
Triestino e Goriziano" e ZPS IT3341002 "Aree Carsiche della Venezia Giulia". Relazione Finale
246:
is a true troglobite, adapted to subterranean life and unable to survive in the outside environment. As a result, it possesses typical troglobiotic features, such as elongated
708:, but the specific name is linguistically incorrect, and there are several spelling variants of the name of the person it was named after. Many sources therefore write it as
721:
The exact status of several subspecies is problematic to determine because specimens can differ significantly in physical characteristics even within the same population.
348:. The maximum period of activity of adults is still unknown. As usual in troglobites, environmental stability and the absence of sunlight have brought about the loss of
1180:
950:
1325:
1193:
1299:
1154:
688:(92/43/EEC). On this basis, 15 areas of conservation (pSCI) are established in Slovenia which include the majority of known localities.
294:") allows the animal to store wet air under its elytrae and use it for breathing in drier areas. Another typical feature is a specific
1402:
1417:
445:, both related to its typical slender thorax. The article represents the first formal description of a cave animal, since the
411:. Schmidt recognized the beetle as a new species and described it in the article under the name "Beitrag zu Krain's Fauna" (
906:
333:
so far showed that, as is the case in most specialised cave
Leptodirini, females lay a small number of relatively large
1247:
1089:
380:
1330:
1278:
1198:
1133:
1030:
45:
1397:
454:
305:
It lives predominantly in large and cold caves where the temperature does not exceed 12 °C (54 °F). Its
1291:
1146:
987:
809:
Deleurance-Glaucon, S. (1963). "Recherches sur les Coléoptères troglobies de la sous-famille des
Bathysciinae".
396:
180:
1369:
787:
Schmidt, Ferdinand J. (21 January 1832). "Beitrag zu Krain's Fauna. Leptodirus
Hochenwartii, n. g., n. sp".
295:
1412:
1047:
1252:
1094:
1407:
830:"Humidity responses and the role of Hamann's organ of cavernicolous Bathysciinae (Coleoptera Catopidae)"
488:
326:
164:
499:
1115:
669:
756:
1392:
944:
685:
677:
313:, both animal and vegetable origin, which come from outside environment via percolating water or
259:
40:
290:
completely and give the animal its peculiar round appearance. This adaptation (so-called "false
1351:
1260:
1206:
1185:
1102:
251:
1356:
1211:
878:
841:
431:
349:
310:
965:
1338:
553:
439:
684:
of threatened species (category R). Additionally, it is included in the Annex II of the
32:
1286:
1273:
1141:
1128:
533:
387:
The animal was first found in 1831 by Luka ÄŚeÄŤ, an assistant to the lamplighter in the
1015:
1386:
653:
484:
388:
334:
371:
1265:
1107:
529:
508:
461:
404:
267:
1070:
1312:
1167:
291:
127:
1238:
549:
400:
263:
220:
117:
883:
862:
846:
829:
408:
376:
203:
107:
77:
57:
1343:
1081:
1232:
1064:
966:"Archduke Ludwig Salvator and Leptodirus hohenwarti from Postonjska jama"
681:
645:
537:
525:
414:
392:
302:) on its antennae which helps the animal to perceive air humidity level.
224:
704:
The name is a source of some confusion; the beetle was originally named
325:, and carcasses of different cave animals. Even less is known about its
1364:
1304:
1159:
649:
637:
545:
541:
360:
345:
306:
287:
283:
270:(absence of eyes). However, the most striking features are the slender
228:
211:
1317:
1172:
907:"Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst hroščev (končno poročilo)"
458:
341:
271:
199:
97:
87:
67:
1041:
518:
359:
338:
322:
232:
207:
867:, a highly specialized cave Bathysciinae (Coleoptera, Catopidae)"
1120:
665:
318:
255:
196:
1045:
457:, was not recognized as a cave animal at the time. In 1856 the
446:
314:
247:
375:
Portraits of Franz von
Hochenwart and Ferdinand J. Schmidt (
352:, whereas seasonal rhythm is affected by rainfall patterns.
309:
is largely unknown, but the specimens were seen feeding on
344:
is reduced to only one, and the larvae do not feed before
483:(along with the olm) is considered the starting point of
988:"Leptodirus hochenwarti Schmidt, 1832 | Fauna Europaea"
656:(in Italy), where was originally found in Grotta Noè.
1222:
1054:
757:"Importance of discovery of the first cave beetle
672:, due to its limited range and slow reproduction,
337:which take a long time to develop. The number of
430:after the donor, and also gave it the common
8:
1042:
949:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
472:, currently recognized as a subspecies of
31:
20:
882:
863:"The fine structure of Hamann's organ in
845:
624:) are only found in Slovenia, and three (
498:
426:(which means "slender-necked (beetle)")
418:) which appeared in the Carniolan paper
370:
734:
697:
942:
7:
1370:7C60B05E-536C-440B-9A1F-C82BC4C0881A
1292:a82c24bf-ca2f-4479-9a49-687c8cd37344
1147:ddac23e7-f6dc-45c5-9ba0-bda1b4a055fc
925:
923:
900:
898:
896:
894:
828:Lucarelli, M.; Sbordoni, V. (1977).
804:
802:
782:
780:
778:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
561:Leptodirus hochenwartii hochenwartii
871:International Journal of Speleology
834:International Journal of Speleology
607:Leptodirus hochenwartii velebiticus
580:Leptodirus hochenwartii reticulatus
464:Viktor Motchoulski described a new
861:Accordi, F.; Sbordoni, V. (1977).
14:
1016:no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002
939:(in Italian). Udine. p. 232.
598:Leptodirus hochenwartii croaticus
552:are currently recognized in this
589:Leptodirus hochenwartii pretneri
570:Leptodirus hochenwartii schmidti
44:
905:Vrezec A.; et al. (2007).
1:
413:Contribution to the fauna of
1035:(1992). European Commission
517:is the only species in the
381:National Museum of Slovenia
274:, hence the specific name (
1434:
1012:Slovenian official gazette
616:Of those, two subspecies (
455:Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
1403:Beetles described in 1832
329:. The only study done on
210:contains only the single
170:
163:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
976:(2). Ljubljana: 289–298.
964:Mader, Brigitta (2003).
453:), described in 1768 by
1418:Monotypic beetle genera
1224:Leptodirus hochenwartii
884:10.5038/1827-806X.9.2.8
847:10.5038/1827-806X.9.2.9
759:Leptodirus hochenwartii
706:Leptodirus Hochenwartii
676:is considered rare and
515:Leptodirus hochenwartii
397:Ferdinand JoĹľef Schmidt
391:system in southwestern
365:Leptodirus hochenwartii
244:Leptodirus hochenwartii
216:Leptodirus hochenwartii
174:Leptodirus hochenwartii
811:Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool.
755:Polak, Slavko (2005).
668:has not evaluated its
511:
384:
368:
282:=neck), and the domed
1032:EU Habitats directive
930:Stoch, Fabio (2009).
865:Leptodirus hohenwarti
686:EU Habitats Directive
503:Approximate range of
502:
489:scientific discipline
422:in 1832. He named it
374:
367:in an 1871 lithograph
363:
1287:Fauna Europaea (new)
1142:Fauna Europaea (new)
636:) are only found in
156:L. hochenwartii
670:conservation status
239:Biology and ecology
914:Natura 2000 Report
771:. Mallorca: 71–80.
512:
495:Taxonomy and range
385:
369:
1398:Beetles of Europe
1380:
1379:
1352:Open Tree of Life
1207:Open Tree of Life
1048:Taxon identifiers
789:Illyrisches Blatt
642:L. h. reticulatus
640:. The subspecies
420:Illyrisches Blatt
258:, the absence of
254:, the absence of
188:
187:
145:
1425:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1176:
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1163:
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1150:
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1137:
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1124:
1123:
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1098:
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1073:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
984:
978:
977:
970:Acta Carsologica
961:
955:
954:
948:
940:
938:
927:
918:
917:
911:
902:
889:
888:
886:
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851:
849:
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819:
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797:
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784:
773:
772:
752:
722:
719:
713:
702:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
565:
451:Proteus anguinus
356:Research history
350:circadian rhythm
311:organic material
286:which cover the
176:
143:
49:
48:
35:
21:
16:Genus of beetles
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1339:Observation.org
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
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1264:
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1205:
1197:
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1127:
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1078:
1069:
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1050:
1040:
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1019:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
986:
985:
981:
963:
962:
958:
941:
936:
929:
928:
921:
916:(in Slovenian).
909:
904:
903:
892:
860:
859:
855:
827:
826:
822:
808:
807:
800:
786:
785:
776:
754:
753:
736:
731:
726:
725:
720:
716:
703:
699:
694:
674:L. hochenwartii
662:
609:
600:
591:
582:
573:
563:
505:L. hochenwartii
497:
481:L. hochenwartii
474:L. hochenwartii
468:species, named
358:
331:L. hochenwartii
241:
219:. It is a true
184:
178:
172:
159:
142:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1274:Fauna Europaea
1270:
1257:
1244:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1129:Fauna Europaea
1125:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1076:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1004:
979:
956:
919:
890:
877:(2): 153–165.
853:
840:(2): 167–177.
820:
798:
774:
761:Schmidt, 1832"
733:
732:
730:
727:
724:
723:
714:
696:
695:
693:
690:
661:
658:
614:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
567:
534:Inner Carniola
496:
493:
357:
354:
240:
237:
202:in the family
186:
185:
179:
168:
167:
161:
160:
153:
151:
147:
146:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
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105:
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100:
95:
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81:
80:
75:
71:
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65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1430:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Postojna Cave
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
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1213:
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1187:
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1005:
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989:
983:
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975:
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926:
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872:
868:
866:
857:
854:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
813:(in French).
812:
805:
803:
799:
794:
791:(in German).
790:
783:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
760:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
728:
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707:
701:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
654:Trieste Karst
651:
647:
644:are found in
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
608:
605:
599:
596:
590:
587:
581:
578:
571:
568:
562:
559:
558:
557:
555:
551:
548:) south. Six
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:
516:
510:
506:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
485:biospeleology
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
436:drobnovratnik
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Postojna Cave
382:
378:
373:
366:
362:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
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328:
324:
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269:
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257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
236:
234:
231:and, partly,
230:
226:
223:, endemic to
222:
218:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
193:
182:
177:
175:
169:
166:
165:Binomial name
162:
158:
157:
152:
149:
148:
144:Schmidt, 1832
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
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109:
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69:
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63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1408:Cave beetles
1223:
1055:
1031:
1026:
1020:(in Slovene)
1011:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
992:fauna-eu.org
991:
982:
973:
969:
959:
932:
913:
874:
870:
864:
856:
837:
833:
823:
814:
810:
795:. Ljubljana.
792:
788:
768:
764:
758:
717:
709:
705:
700:
673:
663:
660:Conservation
641:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:hochenwartii
617:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
574:Motschoulsky
569:
560:
530:Dinaric Alps
521:
514:
513:
509:Dinaric Alps
504:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
462:entomologist
450:
443:Enghalskäfer
442:
435:
428:hochenwartii
427:
423:
419:
412:
405:entomologist
386:
364:
330:
327:life history
304:
300:Hamann organ
299:
279:
275:
268:anophthalmia
243:
242:
215:
214:
191:
190:
189:
173:
171:
155:
154:
138:
137:
24:
18:
1313:iNaturalist
1168:iNaturalist
817:(5): 1–172.
652:and in the
634:velebiticus
540:) north to
528:to western
470:L. schmidti
292:physogastry
128:Leptodirini
114:Subfamily:
1387:Categories
1056:Leptodirus
997:10 October
729:References
710:hohenwarti
678:vulnerable
550:subspecies
522:Leptodirus
466:Leptodirus
424:Leptodirus
401:naturalist
278:=slender,
264:integument
221:troglobite
192:Leptodirus
139:Leptodirus
118:Cholevinae
98:Coleoptera
78:Arthropoda
25:Leptodirus
1393:Leiodidae
1071:Q12033027
945:cite book
664:Although
630:croaticus
583:J. MĂĽller
409:Ljubljana
377:Ljubljana
225:Slovenian
204:Leiodidae
150:Species:
108:Leiodidae
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1239:Q2300017
1233:Wikidata
1079:BioLib:
1065:Wikidata
1014:(2002).
682:Red list
646:Slovenia
626:pretneri
622:schmidti
538:Slovenia
524:. It is
415:Carniola
393:Slovenia
346:moulting
296:receptor
252:antennae
229:Croatian
104:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1365:ZooBank
1357:7775190
1331:1457097
1305:4445665
1212:3344193
1199:1457096
1186:1396079
1160:4445662
1121:3485312
650:Croatia
638:Croatia
610:Pretner
601:Pretner
576:, 1856)
564:Schmidt
546:Croatia
542:Velebit
532:, from
526:endemic
507:in the
459:Russian
432:Slovene
342:instars
307:ecology
288:abdomen
284:elytrae
262:in the
260:pigment
235:caves.
233:Italian
212:species
181:Schmidt
134:Genus:
124:Tribe:
94:Order:
88:Insecta
84:Class:
1344:565591
1318:133909
1279:121627
1253:656828
1173:133907
1134:121624
1095:656827
1082:260338
765:Endins
612:, 1970
603:, 1955
594:, 1926
592:MĂĽller
585:, 1906
566:, 1832
440:German
339:larval
317:’ and
280:deiros
276:leptos
272:thorax
266:, and
206:. The
200:beetle
183:, 1832
1266:8XT43
1181:IRMNG
1108:8X7J3
937:(PDF)
910:(PDF)
692:Notes
554:range
519:genus
487:as a
434:name
407:from
323:guano
319:birds
298:(the
256:wings
208:genus
195:is a
1326:NCBI
1300:GBIF
1248:BOLD
1194:NCBI
1155:GBIF
1090:BOLD
999:2017
951:link
666:IUCN
632:and
620:and
438:and
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