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with lighter colors. The lifespan of an adult khapra beetle is usually between five and ten days. The beetle prefers hot, dry conditions and can be found in areas where grain and other potential food is stored, such as pantries, malt houses, grain and fodder processing plants, and stores of used grain sacks or crates. The species is native to India, with a native range extending from Burma to
Western Africa. The khapra beetle is a
253:
2017, the beetle was recorded for the first time in Sri Lanka. The beetle was found in the packaging of one consignment of tea from Sri Lanka, which was transported to Russia. The Sri Lanka Tea Board expressed that the specimen may have remained in the shipping container following the use of the same container for a previous transport of grain, not of Sri Lankan origin. Infestations of
42:
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U.S. from countries with known infestations of the beetle. Khapra beetle infestation can spoil otherwise valuable trade goods and threaten significant economic losses if introduced to a new area. Handling or consuming contaminated grain and seed products can lead to health issues such as skin irritation and gastrointestinal distress.
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leaves present significant contact toxicity and multi-generational effects to Khapra beetles. Higher concentrations of extract led to higher mortality among the initial generation and subsequent offspring. Prolonged exposure to extreme cold and heat have demonstrated marginal impact, but most larvae
210:
in the world. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insect's ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and low-moisture food, and its resistance to many insecticides. There is a federal quarantine restricting the importation of rice into the
370:
from regions determined to be infested with the Khapra beetle. Any of these products shipped from regions in question must first be subject to a phytosanitary treatment, and a certificate stating the shipment has been inspected and found clean must be included with the product. Many North
African,
252:
on the east and west coast of the United States, but until this point have been successful in containing and eradicating the pest. US customs agents intercepted the beetle 100 times in 2011, "compared to three to six per year in 2005 and 2006, and averaging about 15 per year from 2007 to 2009". In
227:
The eggs of the khapra beetle are cylindrical with one end more rounded and the other more pointed, about 0.7 mm long and 0.25 mm broad, weighing about 0.02 mg. The pointy end has a number of spine-like projections. The eggs are initially a milky white but over several hours turn a
219:
Adult beetles are brownish and reddish, 1.6–3 mm long. Immature larvae are up to 5 millimeters long and are covered in dense, reddish-brown hair. The larval stage can last four to six weeks, but can be extended up to seven years. Males are dark brown or black, and females are slightly larger
345:
Efforts can be taken to prevent contaminated material from being shipped, sea shipping containers can be tracked, and containers can be decontaminated before reuse. There is increasing recognition that the global Khapra invasion is an emergency and requires national and international action.
279:. Indirect effects of its introduction are of greatest concern from a human perspective. Reduced grain seed viability and loss of stored grain seeds can threaten large-scale agriculture and international trade, hence the significant focus by multiple countries on limiting its expansion.
1152:
Athanassiou, Christos G., Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, and Maria C. Boukouvala. "Population Growth of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma
Granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on Different Commodities." Journal of Stored Products Research 69 (2016): 72–77. Elsevier. Web. 27 Mar.
1148:
Wilches, D., R. Laird, K. Floate, and P. Fields. "Effects of
Extreme Temperatures on the Survival of the Quarantine Stored-Product Pest, Trogoderma Granarium (Khapra Beetle)." 11th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 25 Mar.
1089:
Borzoui, Ehsan, Bahram Naseri, and
Foroogh Rahimi Namin. "Different Diets Affecting Biology and Digestive Physiology of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma Granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 62 (2015): 1–7. Elsevier. Web. 26 Mar.
358:’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has established restrictions on grain and cereal imports from regions known for Khapra beetle infestation since July 2011. These import regulations concern the import of rice,
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has been used to control the beetle in wheat stores in India. Neem powder repels many insects due to its strong odor, but generally does not kill insects. However, it is still useful in protecting crops from infestations.
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The khapra beetle has become established in many
Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Asian and African countries. It has also been discovered in North America. United States customs agents have discovered it in isolated
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Australia maintains Khapra beetle import restrictions on all types of seeds, nuts, spices, dried fruits and vegetables, and any unprocessed agricultural products. Any imports of these products require a
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and NSW. The department believes this report and the response to it has effectively kept
Khapras out of Australia and provided new information as to how to keep them out in the future.
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Illustrated identification keys for
Trogoderma granarium, T. glabrum, T. inclusum and T. variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and other Trogoderma associated with stored products
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Borzoui et al., (2015) “Different Diets
Affecting Biology and Digestive Physiology of the Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma Granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae).”
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stating the product is inspected and cleaned. Countries of origin in question for this policy include much of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.
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206:, which originated in South Asia, is one of the world's most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. It is considered one of the 100 worst
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flour and cracked wheat kernels were found to support significantly more larvae and adult beetles than other grain products, whereas polished
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per year. As a result, the department immediately began tracking, tracing, inspecting, containing, and treating for the beetles across the
224:, predominantly living in close association with humans. Information regarding the beetle's behavior in non-human environments is limited.
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395:, and India are subject to these regulations. An amendment to the Khapra beetle import regulations was passed in December 2014, adding
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http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/khapra-beetle/fact-sheet/eng/1328541793480/1328541924086
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and rice diets reduced female fertility and adult weight of the individuals, while increasing the duration of the larval stage.
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The type of product in which the beetle is transported can contribute to its ability to take hold in a new environment. Whole
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Wilches
Correal, Diana Maria (2016). "Effects of extreme temperatures on the survival of the quarantine stored-product pest,
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Athanassiou, Christos G.; Kavallieratos, Nickolas G.; Boukouvala, Maria C. (2016). "Population growth of the khapra beetle,
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who identified the insects as Khapras. If this was already a widespread infestation - or if it was about to become one -
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Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia,
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APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, Maryland, p. 1-1
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Ali, Abid; Ahmad, Farooq; Biondi, Antonio; Wang, Yusha; Desneux, Nicolas (2012-03-25). "Potential for using
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Ali, Abid; Ahmad, Farooq; Biondi, Antonio; Wang, Yusha; Desneux, Nicolas (2012-03-25). "Potential for using
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provides the most optimal environment for breeding and development of individuals. Conversely,
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The khapra beetle's physiology is significantly impacted by its diet. Borzoi et al. found that
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were found to have survived extremes well beyond the threshold needed to kill adult beetles.
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The Khapra beetle does not present any direct ecological threats to an environment as an
707:"200 million reasons to take global action on sea containers to keep khapra beetle out!"
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Documents from EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization)
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Research into natural pest management methods has found that extracts from
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Trogoderma granarium (TROGGA)[Documents]| EPPO Global Database
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leaf extracts against two major stored grain pests, the khapra beetle
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leaf extracts against two major stored grain pests, the khapra beetle
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http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/beetles/khapra_beetle.htm
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Canadian Food Inspection Agency Trogoderma Granarium Factsheet (
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at Center for Environmental and Regulatory Information Systems
445:"How to Get Rid of Cabinet Beetles | MyGetRidOfGuide.com"
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784:"Australian Biosecurity Awards 2020 Round 2 award recipients"
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Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on different commodities".
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https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=APHIS-2013-0079-0004
602:
Hadaway, A.B. (1956) "The biology of the dermestid beetles
550:
University of Florida Featured Creatures - Khapra Beetle (
1205:, USDA APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service)
637:"One of the world's 'most feared' pests found in Chicago"
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494:
University of Florida Food & Agricultural Services
1047:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
793:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
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680:"Khapra Beetle and Future of Sri Lankan Tea Export"
282:In August 2020 unknown insects were found in a new
899:(khapra beetle) and on its associated bacteria".
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699:
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1215:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
507:"'Most feared' pest found in shipment at O'Hare"
371:Middle East, and South Asian countries, such as
1166:Habitus of male and female, genitalia of male.
1021:USDA - Countries Infested with Khapra Beetle (
655:"Russia restricts tea supplies from Sri Lanka"
577:International Union for Conservation of Nature
8:
1217:United States National Agricultural Library
1198:(International Plant Protection Convention)
471:New Pest Response Guidelines: Khapra Beetle
294:, Australia. The buyers reported it to the
1223:
1182:PestTracker Invasive Insect: Khapra beetle
975:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
948:"7 CFR § 319.75-2 - Regulated articles. 1"
329:is the most effective treatment. Powdered
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40:
31:
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712:International Plant Protection Convention
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1118:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
971:United States Department of Agriculture
858:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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356:United States Department of Agriculture
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1483:877eb678-5d37-4da5-a035-a8a86198b66f
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745:Journal of Stored Products Research
309:would lose hundreds of millions of
612:Bulletin of Entomological Research
419:to the list of regulated nations.
25:
1209:Species Profile - Khapra Beetle (
1170:Khapra beetle at Pestproducts.com
952:LII / Legal Information Institute
808:"EPPO Quarantine Pest Data Sheet"
716:Food and Agriculture Organization
75:
505:Staff report (23 August 2011).
1194:Diagnostic Protocol 3 (2012):
608:Trogoderma versicolor (Creutz)
1:
272:supported lower populations.
1050:. 2015-12-20. Archived from
292:Australian Capital Territory
1196:Trogoderma granarium Everts
604:Trogoderma granarium Everts
1550:
762:10.1016/j.jspr.2016.05.001
1529:Beetles described in 1898
1524:Agricultural pest insects
1126:10.1007/s10340-012-0426-1
866:10.1007/s10340-012-0426-1
425:phytosanitary certificate
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72:Scientific classification
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62:
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1164:Dermestidae of the World
905:University of Lethbridge
303:agriculture in Australia
1109:Journal of Pest Science
849:Journal of Pest Science
928:Cite journal requires
350:Policy and regulations
299:Agriculture Department
243:As an invasive species
228:pale yellowish color.
1203:Hungry Pests Campaign
820:on November 23, 2008.
417:Palestinian Authority
1351:Fauna Europaea (new)
1267:Trogoderma granarium
1237:Trogoderma granarium
1211:Trogoderma granarium
1102:and the rice weevil
1100:Trogoderma granarium
1075:Banks, H. J. (1994)
1041:"Home Khapra beetle"
897:Trogoderma granarium
842:and the rice weevil
840:Trogoderma granarium
740:Trogoderma granarium
570:Trogoderma granarium
409:United Arab Emirates
307:economy of Australia
200:Trogoderma granarium
181:Trogoderma granarium
65:Trogoderma granarium
49:Adult Khapra beetle
18:Trogoderma granarium
901:Lethbridge, Alberta
469:Stibick, J. (2007)
268:, maize, and whole
257:are indeed common.
1175:2013-09-24 at the
1104:Sitophillus oryzae
1003:www.aphis.usda.gov
844:Sitophillus oryzae
511:chicagotribune.com
477:2008-09-20 at the
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1491:Open Tree of Life
1229:Taxon identifiers
643:. 24 August 2011.
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163:T. granarium
27:Species of insect
16:(Redirected from
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447:. Archived from
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277:invasive species
208:invasive species
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266:pearl barley
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187:Everts, 1898
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1519:Dermestidae
1442:NatureServe
1390:iNaturalist
1261:Wikispecies
1120:: 359–366.
1096:Datura alba
1045:Australian
860:: 359–366.
836:Datura alba
791:Australian
756:BV: 72–77.
686:19 December
664:16 December
413:South Sudan
373:Afghanistan
366:seeds, and
222:synanthrope
215:Description
139:Dermestidae
1513:Categories
1058:2021-01-27
1008:2020-07-12
981:2021-01-27
903:, Canada:
724:2021-01-27
659:Daily News
584:2021-01-27
455:2012-09-08
431:References
150:Trogoderma
129:Coleoptera
109:Arthropoda
63:Larvae of
1447:2.1014609
1134:1612-4758
874:1612-4758
770:0022-474X
393:Sri Lanka
364:safflower
360:chickpeas
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1408:11598254
1275:BioLib:
1252:Q1314339
1246:Wikidata
1173:Archived
1142:18512759
913:90360053
882:18512759
754:Elsevier
475:Archived
368:soybeans
305:and the
288:Canberra
135:Family:
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
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1369:1095979
1070:Sources
389:Morocco
311:dollars
296:federal
145:Genus:
125:Order:
119:Insecta
115:Class:
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262:barley
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1149:2017.
1138:S2CID
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1090:2017.
999:(PDF)
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405:Qatar
385:Syria
381:Egypt
1468:NCBI
1429:ITIS
1377:GISD
1364:GBIF
1312:EPPO
1286:BOLD
1278:9728
1130:ISSN
1081:ISBN
934:help
870:ISSN
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688:2017
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401:Oman
377:Iran
354:The
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