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antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near
Kaminia on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
233:
antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near
Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
265:". The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".
208:, and a hypothetical Trojan origin of the Etruscans does not enjoy the consensus of scholars specialising in Etruscan civilisation, even if it is cyclically re-proposed by Indo-European linguists and Orientalists without providing evidence. Etruscans called themselves Rasenna, which shows no resemblance to
203:
is connected with the arrival of the
Etruscans to Italy. For historical, archaeological, genetic, and linguistic reasons, a relationship between Etruscan and the Indo-European Anatolian languages (Lydian or Luwian) has not been accepted, just as the Lydian origin story reported by Herodotus is no
763:
Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by
Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age
232:
Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by
Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age
212:, and no archaeological or linguistic evidence have been found in Anatolia that might prove the eastern origin of the Etruscans, just as, after more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found in that Greek island that would support a migration from
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and later arrivals such as Greek. Finally, the Luwian seal is by no means sufficient to establish that it was spoken by the city's residents, particularly since it is an isolated example found on an easily transportable artifact.
291:
When one remembers that Luwian names in -ss and -nd- are rare in the
Northwestern corner of Anatolia, Anatolian hieroglyphs absent, and that archaeology suggests that a branch of the Greeks remained behind in this region, where
565:
Briquel's convincing demonstration that the famous story of an exodus, led by
Tyrrhenus from Lydia to Italy, was a deliberate political fabrication created in the Hellenized milieu of the court at Sardis in the early 6th cent.
861:
It's likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and
Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be
245:, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages, as already argued by German geneticist
134:
writing found in the ruins of Troy VIIb1. However, these arguments are not regarded as conclusive. No Trojan name is indisputably Luwian, and some are most likely not, for instance the seemingly
362:
motivate a more serious argument for the
Trojans having been Greek speakers. Putative etymologies for legendary names have also been used to argue that the Trojans spoke other languages such as
715:]. Monografie della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente 20, 1/1 (in Italian). Athens: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene. pp. 68–116.
127:
114:
which was widely spoken in
Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. Arguments in favor of this hypothesis include seemingly Luwian-origin Trojan names such as "
370:. These arguments have been countered on the basis that these languages would have been familiar to classical-era bards and could therefore be later inventions.
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237:
Moreover, a 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age
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175:(the people of which, Beekes contends, lived north of its classical era location) to Italy. Beekes asserts that the presence of a language related to
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998:
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However the site of Troy is devoid of Greek writings from the relevant historical period, and the current evidence points away from a Greek origin.
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326:. However, scholars unanimously interpret this as a poetic convention, and not as evidence that the Trojans were Greek speakers. For instance,
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in northwest Asia Minor. More specific evidence related to the Etruscan relation to Troy is the name Hittite record of the city of
93:. The identity of the language is unknown, and it is not certain that there was one single language used in the city at the time.
1551:
283:
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142:". Additionally, the exact connection between Troy and Arzawa remains unclear, and in some Arzawan states such as
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should be located, this may just add one more argument to the hypothesis that the "Trojans" called themselves "
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summarizes all the problems of the hypothesis of an east to west migration hypothesis on the origin of the
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879:"The Late Bronze Age Anatolia: The Origins of Trojans In the Context of Language and Culture"
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849:]. Translated by Waight, Caroline (I ed.). New York: Random House. p. 217.
191:, represents a remnant from those remaining after the migration from the Proto-Tyrsenian
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781:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect"
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553:. Oxford Companions (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 291–292.
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793:(39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673.
358:. Some scholars have suggested that Greek-origin names for Trojan characters in the
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Lemnos. Cultura, storia, archeologia, topografia di un'isola del nord-Egeo
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Lemnos. Culture, history, archeology, topography of a north Aegean island
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Proponents of an east to west migration hypothesis on the origin of the
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who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as
217:
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Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021).
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Die Reise unserer Gene: Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren
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Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2014).
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649:(2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
613:(2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.).
589:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 44.
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653:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405–422.
341:
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Troy and the Trojan War: a Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College
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summarized some of the arguments in favor of this hypothesis:
927:"The End of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia and the Aegean"
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which is supposedly the etymology of both and the story of
739:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.).
843:
A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe
743:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102.
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in northeastern Greece and 70 km from Troas in Turkey),
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place their original homeland adjacent to ancient Troy.
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A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
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261:) "developed on the continent in the course of the
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741:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
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550:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
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686:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28–46.
445:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 117–122.
18:
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1633:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
682:Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?".
617:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672.
507:Sociolinguistics of the Luvian language
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883:Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi
354:similarly portrays Arabs as speaking
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509:(PhD Thesis). University of Chicago.
146:, Luwian was spoken alongside both
14:
684:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations
171:claims the Etruscans sailed from
443:The Trojans and their Neighbours
1552:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
931:American Journal of Archaeology
300:" and spoke some form of Greek.
284:American Journal of Archaeology
478:. In Mellink, Machteld (ed.).
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1557:Center for the Greek Language
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521:"The Origin of the Etruscans"
476:"The language of the Trojans"
273:Another proposed language is
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148:pre-Indo-European languages
85:was the language spoken in
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841:; Trappe, Thomas (2021) .
707:Ficuciello, Lucia (2013).
106:One candidate language is
498:Yakubovich, Ilya (2008).
482:. Bryn Mawr Commentaries.
925:Mellaart, James (1958).
314:Ancient Greek literature
16:Ancient language of Troy
1588:Greek language question
401:Indo-European languages
892:10.17498/kdeniz.567117
877:Şaraplı, Onur (2019).
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348:speakers and that the
308:In ancient Greek Epics
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659:10.1002/9781118834312
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1583:Eteocypriot language
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330:points out that the
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1322:
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1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
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1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
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1254:
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1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
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1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:Arcadocypriot
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1113:
1110:
1106: 300 BC
1100:
1097:
1087:
1086:Ancient Greek
1084:
1074:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
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1019:
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983:
982:
979:
968:
964:
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948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
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910:
906:
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898:
893:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:9780593229422
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
831:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
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800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
782:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:9780195170726
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
732:
729:
724:
718:
714:
710:
703:
700:
695:
693:9781780238623
689:
685:
678:
675:
670:
668:9781444337341
664:
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656:
652:
648:
642:
639:
634:
628:
624:
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616:
612:
606:
603:
598:
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587:The Etruscans
584:
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562:
560:9780191016752
556:
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543:
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459:
454:
448:
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437:
435:
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429:
422:
417:
416:Trojan script
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
373:
371:
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365:
361:
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353:
352:
347:
343:
340:portrays its
339:
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333:
329:
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321:
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288:
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268:
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154:
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137:
133:
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117:
113:
109:
101:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
74:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1751:
1627:
1501:Romanization
1351:Romano-Greek
1341:Mariupolitan
1289:
1279:Katharevousa
1277:
1270:
1127:(since 1453)
1125:Modern Greek
1022:Graeco-Aryan
934:
930:
882:
860:
846:
842:
833:
790:
784:
762:
740:
731:
712:
708:
702:
683:
677:
650:
641:
614:
605:
586:
573:
564:
549:
542:
534:
531:
515:
506:
479:
442:
359:
349:
335:
317:
316:such as the
311:
303:
290:
282:
272:
236:
231:
209:
196:
158:
105:
82:
80:
1764:Cappadocian
1608:Place names
1482:Orthography
1291:Misthiotika
1285:Cappadocian
1099:Koine Greek
1080: 1600
1067: 2900
1060:Proto-Greek
937:(1): 9–33.
220:. Linguist
89:during the
40:c. 1300 BCE
1855:Trojan War
1839:Categories
1518:Literature
1487:Diacritics
1230:Pamphylian
1221:Macedonian
1202:Northwest
1119: 330
1093: 800
423:References
391:Dardanians
334:epic poem
97:Hypotheses
56:Unattested
1801:Alphabets
1770:Lycaonian
1704:Kalasmaic
1682:Languages
1531:Byzantine
1508:Greeklish
1379:Phonology
1356:Tsakonian
1309:Himariote
1159:Mycenaean
1135:Varieties
1082:–1100 BC)
1069:–1600 BC)
967:193089026
951:0002-9114
909:240494784
901:1308-6200
226:Etruscans
169:Herodotus
161:Etruscans
140:Alaksandu
70:ISO 639-3
1758:Isaurian
1747:Pisidian
1613:Proverbs
1452:Linear B
1394:teaching
1150:Central
1108:–AD 330)
1095:–300 BC)
825:34559560
585:(2000).
524:Archived
474:(1986).
406:Linear B
381:Ahhiyawa
374:See also
364:Thracian
324:Achaeans
298:Akhaiwoi
294:Ahhiyawa
193:urheimat
177:Etruscan
126:, and a
120:Wilusiya
116:Kukkunni
1742:Sidetic
1689:Hittite
1593:Exonyms
1526:Ancient
1492:Braille
1462:History
1421:Ancient
1414:Grammar
1386:Ancient
1361:Yevanic
1319:Italiot
1304:Cypriot
1272:Demotic
1216:Locrian
1211:Epirote
1206:Achaean
1186:Homeric
1143:Ancient
1052:Periods
816:8462907
795:Bibcode
346:Spanish
332:Spanish
281:in the
218:Etruria
210:Truwiša
197:Truwiša
189:Lemnian
118:" and "
1752:Trojan
1737:Carian
1732:Milyan
1727:Lycian
1722:Luwian
1699:Lydian
1694:Palaic
1536:Modern
1390:accent
1346:Pontic
1336:Maniot
1299:Cretan
1263:Modern
1154:Aeolic
1121:–1453)
965:
959:500459
957:
949:
907:
899:
862:known.
853:
823:
813:
755:
719:
690:
665:
629:
593:
557:
530:. In:
449:
368:Lydian
356:French
259:Minoan
251:Basque
239:Latins
214:Lemnos
201:Aeneas
181:Lemnos
138:name "
124:Arzawa
108:Luwian
102:Luwian
27:Region
1714:Luwic
1571:Other
1426:Koine
1400:Koine
1240:Koine
1198:Doric
1194:West
1181:Ionic
1176:Attic
1172:East
963:S2CID
955:JSTOR
905:S2CID
845:[
711:[
503:(PDF)
500:"3.6"
360:Iliad
319:Iliad
275:Greek
269:Greek
173:Lydia
163:like
136:Greek
130:with
110:, an
1860:Troy
1499:and
947:ISSN
897:ISSN
851:ISBN
821:PMID
753:ISBN
717:ISBN
688:ISBN
663:ISBN
627:ISBN
591:ISBN
566:BCE.
555:ISBN
447:ISBN
342:Arab
257:and
144:Mira
128:seal
87:Troy
81:The
31:Troy
1772:(?)
1766:(?)
1760:(?)
1754:(?)
939:doi
887:doi
811:PMC
803:doi
745:doi
655:doi
619:doi
366:or
312:In
216:to
37:Era
1841::
1116:c.
1103:c.
1090:c.
1077:c.
1064:c.
961:.
953:.
945:.
935:62
933:.
929:.
917:^
903:.
895:.
881:.
869:^
859:.
819:.
809:.
801:.
789:.
783:.
771:^
761:.
751:.
661:.
625:.
581:;
563:.
535:59
505:.
488:^
461:^
431:^
253:,
228::
1667:e
1660:t
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1396:)
1392:/
1388:(
1114:(
1101:(
1088:(
1075:(
1062:(
1000:e
993:t
986:v
969:.
941::
911:.
889::
827:.
805::
797::
791:7
747::
725:.
696:.
671:.
657::
635:.
621::
599:.
455:.
75:–
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