1318:, and the resulting increase in global temperatures, are possibly causing tropical diseases and vectors to spread to higher altitudes in mountainous regions, and to higher latitudes that were previously spared, such as the Southern United States, the Mediterranean area, etc. For example, in the Monteverde cloud forest of Costa Rica, global warming enabled Chytridiomycosis, a tropical disease, to flourish and thus force into decline amphibian populations of the Monteverde Harlequin frog. Here, global warming raised the heights of orographic cloud formation, and thus produced cloud cover that would facilitate optimum growth conditions for the implicated pathogen, B. dendrobatidis.
1327:
3587:
3611:
3599:
1447:
NIH-funded research has produced genetically modify mosquitoes that are unable to spread diseases such as malaria. An issue with this approach is global accessibility to genetic engineering technology; Approximately 50% of scientists in the field do not have access to information on genetically modified mosquito trials being conducted.
131:
Some examples of work include helping to develop new treatments for diseases, such as ivermectin for onchocerciasis (river blindness); showing how packaging can improve use of artemesinin-combination treatment (ACT) for malaria; demonstrating the effectiveness of bednets to prevent mosquito bites and
127:
in which disease endemic countries play a pivotal role. It has a dual mission of developing new tools and strategies against these diseases, and to develop the research and leadership capacity in the countries where the diseases occur. The TDR secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, but the work
1446:
Vectors are living organisms that pass disease between humans or from animal to human. The vector carrying the highest number of diseases is the mosquito, which is responsible for the tropical diseases dengue and malaria. Many different approaches have been taken to treat and prevent these diseases.
1278:
The so-called "exotic" diseases in the tropics have long been noted both by travelers, explorers, etc., as well as by physicians. One obvious reason is that the hot climate present during all the year and the larger volume of rains directly affect the formation of breeding grounds, the larger number
1291:
of diseases. It is possible also that higher temperatures may favor the replication of pathogenic agents both inside and outside biological organisms. Socio-economic factors may be also in operation, since most of the poorest nations of the world are in the tropics. Tropical countries like Brazil,
1500:
Educational campaigns can aid in the prevention of various diseases. Educating children about how diseases spread and how they can be prevented has proven to be effective in practicing preventative measures. Educational campaigns can yield significant benefits at low costs.
80:
Human exploration of tropical rainforests, deforestation, rising immigration and increased international air travel and other tourism to tropical regions has led to an increased incidence of such diseases to non-tropical countries. Of particular concern is the
3397:
2343:
49:. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for
100:
which disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, Central
America and North South America. It was established at the
3392:
3382:
2301:
2230:
2448:
69:
or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect bite, which causes transmission of the infectious agent through
3432:
2404:
2284:
1974:
3465:
3437:
2477:
3442:
2758:
2074:"Engaging scientists: An online survey exploring the experience of innovative biotechnological approaches to controlling vector-borne diseases"
3500:
3407:
1726:
3490:
2231:
Le TDR en un coup d’oeilLe TDR en un coup d’oeil – favoriser un eff ort mondial de recherche eff icace sur les maladies liées à la pauvreté
1664:
109:
3447:
3011:
2599:
1031:
Although leprosy and tuberculosis are not exclusively tropical diseases, their high incidence in the tropics justifies their inclusion.
2515:
2013:
Pounds, J. Alan et al. "Widespread
Amphibian Extinctions from Epidemic Deisease Driven by Global Warming." Nature 439.12 (2006) 161-67
2260:
2255:
1493:
Assisting with economic development in endemic regions can contribute to prevention and treatment of tropical diseases. For example,
3505:
3031:
2614:
2365:
2131:
1615:
1997:
2047:
3615:
3148:
2776:
2753:
1776:
1326:
968:
1266:. There are hundreds of different tropical diseases which are less known or rarer, but that, nonetheless, have importance for
3422:
3372:
3184:
3081:
2842:
2743:
2656:
1640:
1556:
996:
2245:
1892:
1688:
1300:
and the combat of transmissible diseases have achieved dramatic results in relation to the elimination or decrease of many
3255:
3026:
1330:
1747:
1497:
enable communities to invest in health programs that lead to more effective disease treatment and prevention technology.
132:
malaria; and documenting how community-based and community-led programmes increases distribution of multiple treatments.
3637:
3120:
2847:
2395:
2265:
3267:
3160:
3071:
2884:
2872:
2781:
2470:
1571:
1047:
97:
2270:
3642:
3337:
3262:
3167:
2703:
938:
886:
763:
3322:
2306:
2240:
2235:
3459:
3454:
3021:
2728:
2686:
2650:
2557:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2250:
1586:
1172:
117:
101:
3603:
3297:
2996:
2708:
2604:
96:
In 1975 the
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) was established to focus on
2409:
1036:
People living with HIV are 19 (15–22) times more likely to develop active TB disease than people without HIV.
3568:
3495:
3327:
2275:
1870:
1787:
1240:
608:
177:
3066:
2296:
1606:
Farrar, Jeremy; Hotez, Peter J; Junghanss, Thomas; Kang, Gagandeep; Lalloo, David; White, Nicholas (2013).
1480:
over a bed (also known as a "bed net") to reduce nighttime transmission, since certain species of tropical
3647:
3591:
3563:
3342:
2552:
2463:
2225:
1971:
1301:
1144:
1130:
2251:
Malaria Rapid
Diagnostic Test Performance – results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 2- 2009
2023:
1923:
Hotez, P. J.; Molyneux, DH; Fenwick, A; Kumaresan, J; Sachs, SE; Sachs, JD; Savioli, L (September 2007).
1859:
3548:
3332:
2867:
2768:
2661:
2510:
1455:
1288:
1072:
1008:
944:
418:
193:
159:
58:
2911:
3523:
3307:
3172:
3138:
3086:
2906:
2852:
2808:
2698:
2636:
2525:
2520:
2338:
2266:
Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission
1350:
992:
758:
380:
371:
1706:
3533:
3528:
3302:
3101:
3091:
2926:
2535:
2355:
1581:
1181:
1090:
869:
726:
503:
350:
124:
82:
70:
2072:
Boëte, Christophe; Beisel, Uli; Reis Castro, Luísa; Césard, Nicolas; Reeves, R. Guy (2015-08-10).
45:, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing
3155:
2738:
2587:
2427:
2160:
LaBeaud, A. Desiree; Glinka, Allison; Kippes, Christopher; King, Charles
Harding (October 2009).
1566:
1540:
1228:
1195:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1076:
928:
618:
34:
1913:
Kenneth J. Ryan and C. George Ray, Sherris
Medical Microbiology Fourth Edition McGraw Hill 2004.
1656:
2415:
3317:
3312:
3240:
3189:
2963:
2943:
2931:
2891:
2862:
2830:
2748:
2641:
2609:
2505:
2442:
2422:, 17 September 2007 (available for download as video and audio files, as well as a text file).
2199:
2181:
2113:
2095:
1954:
1946:
1722:
1636:
1611:
1576:
1561:
1315:
1280:
1214:
679:
565:
548:
544:
346:
237:
227:
86:
50:
42:
2360:
1805:
3482:
3235:
3006:
2981:
2793:
2723:
2567:
2189:
2173:
2103:
2085:
1936:
1832:
1714:
1515:
1466:
1167:
948:
893:
857:
772:
434:
320:
250:
3543:
3245:
3048:
3041:
2976:
2916:
2798:
2788:
2718:
2691:
2676:
2631:
2621:
2572:
2419:
2139:
2001:
1978:
1837:
1810:
1692:
1523:
1342:
1334:
1232:
540:
245:
73:
blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many
1994:
3230:
3016:
2953:
2938:
2921:
2879:
2681:
2562:
2391:
2194:
2161:
2108:
2073:
1718:
1354:
1338:
1311:
1307:
1139:
1099:
984:
687:
555:
429:
364:
338:
334:
2226:
TDR at a glance – fostering an effective global research effort on diseases of poverty
1904:
The World Bank | Global
Partnership to Eliminate Riverblindness. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
57:. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or
3631:
3538:
3417:
3225:
3199:
3076:
3036:
3001:
2991:
2971:
2713:
2671:
2646:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2486:
2311:
1346:
1297:
1267:
1263:
1254:
Some tropical diseases are very rare, but may occur in sudden epidemics, such as the
1200:
1153:
910:
815:
711:
695:
683:
597:
391:
384:
3558:
2986:
2835:
2825:
2803:
2733:
2626:
2540:
2380:
1791:
1519:
1477:
1236:
1125:
1085:
876:
809:
801:
791:
740:
736:
356:
17:
1874:
2162:"School-Based Health Promotion for Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention in Children"
3553:
3250:
2948:
2857:
2820:
2177:
1888:
1685:
1462:
1259:
988:
861:
665:
574:
507:
395:
360:
310:
54:
46:
2428:"Neglected Tropical Diseases Burden Those Overseas, But Travelers Also At Risk"
2426:
NIH/National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2007, December 28).
2246:
Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the kala-azar elimination programme
1755:
3179:
2901:
2418:, lecture by Professor Frank Cox on the history of tropical disease, given at
2261:
Quality
Practices in Basic Biomedical Research (QPBR) training manual: Trainee
2256:
Quality
Practices in Basic Biomedical Research (QPBR) training manual: Trainer
2090:
1529:
1511:
1469:
to strategic surfaces such as clothing, skin, buildings, insect habitats, and
1244:
1223:
1158:
914:
844:
704:
648:
631:
590:
414:
199:
113:
62:
38:
2185:
2099:
1950:
3277:
3096:
2666:
2547:
1494:
1186:
980:
976:
669:
657:
601:
512:
422:
342:
210:
133:
123:
TDR's vision is to foster an effective global research effort on infectious
74:
2203:
2117:
1958:
128:
is conducted throughout the world through many partners and funded grants.
53:
was to protect the health of colonial settlers, notably in India under the
1546:
Pharmacologic treatment (to treat disease after infection or infestation).
3143:
2896:
2530:
2500:
1941:
1924:
1481:
1284:
1067:
972:
918:
865:
852:
825:
653:
569:
314:
233:
204:
165:
153:
66:
2815:
1536:
1470:
1293:
1209:
840:
748:
184:
3110:
2339:
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases -TDR
1864:
1781:
787:
732:
675:
661:
531:
105:
2361:
WHO Operational research in tropical and other communicable diseases
1292:
which have improved their socio-economic situation and invested in
3272:
2327:
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases
2312:
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
1333:
for tropical diseases per 100,000 inhabitants. These include
1325:
1255:
821:
536:
138:
The current TDR disease portfolio includes the following entries:
27:
Disease prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions
3204:
2455:
1752:
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases
848:
527:
2459:
2241:
Monitoring and evaluation tool kit for indoor residual spraying
1526:
with water tablets to produce drinking water free of parasites.
2400:
2280:
1454:
Draining wetlands to reduce populations of insects and other
455:
104:, which is the executing agency, and is co-sponsored by the
3398:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
488:
467:
464:
449:
443:
286:
283:
274:
268:
440:
256:
473:
292:
259:
2386:
2281:
Mandell's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
2132:"WHO | Linking health to microfinance to reduce poverty"
1633:
Bilharzia : a history of imperial tropical medicine
2375:
2370:
1283:
and animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans (
2383:
from Maya Paradise, The Guatemala Information Web Site
2317:
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
796:
permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes
2344:
GIDEON-Global Infectious Disease Epidemiology Network
485:
476:
470:
461:
452:
446:
437:
295:
289:
271:
262:
253:
2322:
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
265:
3516:
3475:
3362:
3351:
3288:
3213:
3129:
3057:
2962:
2767:
2493:
482:
458:
280:
277:
2387:American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1458:, or introducing natural predators of the vectors.
2416:'Conquest and Disease or Colonisation and Health'
2302:Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2297:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1657:"Deforestation Boosts Malaria Rates, Study Finds"
1635:(1. paperback ed.). : Cambridge Univ Press.
1889:"Global Partnership to Eliminate Riverblindness"
37:that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and
2048:"Engineering malaria resistance in mosquitoes"
2471:
8:
2403:– National Center for Infectious Diseases –
1711:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
1532:to prevent transmission through human waste.
41:regions. The diseases are less prevalent in
2447:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1972:Climate change brings malaria back to Italy
3433:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3359:
2478:
2464:
2456:
2405:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2307:Tropical Medicine and International Health
1052:
3393:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3383:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2193:
2107:
2089:
1940:
1610:(New ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders .
1287:), the largest number of possible insect
647:first stage: fever, headache, itchiness,
1925:"Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases"
1274:Relation of climate to tropical diseases
140:
3438:Health departments in the United States
2376:Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
2271:Use of Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Tests
1598:
3443:Council on Education for Public Health
2440:
1304:tropical diseases in their territory.
3501:Professional degrees of public health
3408:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
303:(snail fever, bilharzia, "schisto")
7:
3598:
3491:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
110:United Nations Development Programme
3610:
2759:Workers' right to access the toilet
2600:Human right to water and sanitation
2052:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
1929:The New England Journal of Medicine
1707:"Host-vector and multihost systems"
1667:from the original on 3 January 2018
1719:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00013-x
1686:UK 'faces tropical disease threat'
1450:Other prevention methods include:
25:
3032:Commercial determinants of health
2366:European Bioinformatics Institute
1042:Other neglected tropical diseases
142:Historical TDR disease portfolio
3609:
3597:
3586:
3585:
2615:National public health institute
901:10 million (active, 2018),
433:
249:
3012:Open-source healthcare software
2754:Sociology of health and illness
2356:WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases
1995:Climate link to African malaria
1895:from the original on 2008-03-24
969:Sexually transmitted infections
3373:Caribbean Public Health Agency
3185:Sexually transmitted infection
3082:Statistical hypothesis testing
2843:Occupational safety and health
2744:Sexual and reproductive health
2657:Occupational safety and health
1838:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1811:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1713:, Elsevier, pp. 121–149,
1557:Hospital for Tropical Diseases
903:2 billion (latent, 2018)
106:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
3027:Social determinants of health
1705:von Csefalvay, Chris (2023),
1331:Disability-adjusted life year
1241:Tick-borne encephalitis virus
858:low levels of blood platelets
98:neglected infectious diseases
3087:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
2848:Human factors and ergonomics
2396:Food and Drug Administration
1109:Treponema pallidum endemicum
1005:bacteria, parasite, viruses
771:extensive contact (probably
345:. In children, it may cause
61:. These insects may carry a
3268:Good manufacturing practice
3072:Randomized controlled trial
2178:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.009
1117:Treponema pallidum pallidum
1113:Treponema pallidum carateum
1105:Treponema pallidum pertenue
1048:neglected tropical diseases
558:(American trypanosomiasis)
3664:
3338:Theory of planned behavior
3263:Good agricultural practice
3168:Public health surveillance
3060:epidemiological statistics
2704:Public health intervention
2392:Treating Tropical Diseases
2371:open source drug discovery
2276:Manson's Tropical Diseases
1608:Manson's tropical diseases
939:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
887:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3581:
3460:World Toilet Organization
3455:World Health Organization
3022:Public health informatics
2729:Right to rest and leisure
2558:Globalization and disease
2166:The Journal of Pediatrics
2091:10.1186/s13071-015-0996-x
1587:Globalization and disease
1173:Strongyloides stercoralis
521:15.5 million (2015)
406:38.5 million (2015)
118:World Health Organization
102:World Health Organization
3506:Schools of public health
3298:Diffusion of innovations
2997:Health impact assessment
2709:Public health laboratory
2605:Management of depression
2236:TDR annual report – 2009
1322:Prevention and treatment
956:1.2 million (2015)
907:1.5 million (2018)
833:390 million (2020)
583:6.2 million (2017)
328:252 million (2015)
220:228 million (2018)
3569:Social hygiene movement
3496:Doctor of Public Health
3328:Social cognitive theory
3130:Infectious and epidemic
2912:Fecal–oral transmission
2078:Parasites & Vectors
2024:"Vector-borne diseases"
1871:Oxford University Press
1788:Oxford University Press
1535:Development and use of
1182:Foodborne trematodiases
915:cough with bloody mucus
778:throughout the tropics
717:throughout the tropics
609:African trypanosomiasis
403:throughout the tropics
325:throughout the tropics
217:throughout the tropics
87:reservoir host species.
3564:Germ theory of disease
3343:Transtheoretical model
1438:
1145:Dracunculus medinensis
1131:Mycobacterium ulcerans
3448:Public Health Service
3333:Social norms approach
3323:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
2769:Preventive healthcare
2662:Pharmaceutical policy
2511:Chief Medical Officer
1867:UK English Dictionary
1784:UK English Dictionary
1631:Farley, John (2003).
1484:feed mainly at night.
1442:Vector-borne diseases
1329:
1224:Flavivirus Infections
1073:Ancylostoma duodenale
680:endocrine disfunction
230:, vomiting, headache
194:Plasmodium falciparum
3524:Sara Josephine Baker
3423:Public Health Agency
3308:Health communication
3173:Disease surveillance
3139:Asymptomatic carrier
3121:Statistical software
2809:Preventive nutrition
2637:Medical anthropology
2526:Environmental health
1942:10.1056/NEJMra064142
1489:Community approaches
1351:lymphatic filariasis
759:Mycobacterium leprae
611:(sleeping sickness)
381:Wuchereria bancrofti
372:Lymphatic filariasis
3638:Infectious diseases
3534:Carl Rogers Darnall
3529:Samuel Jay Crumbine
3303:Health belief model
3156:Notifiable diseases
3092:Regression analysis
2927:Waterborne diseases
2516:Cultural competence
2410:Tropicology Library
1748:"Disease portfolio"
1582:Waterborne diseases
1539:to promote disease
1461:The application of
1258:hemorrhagic fever,
1091:Trichuris trichiura
751:(Hansen's disease)
684:cardiac disfunction
638:sub-Saharan Africa
518:sub-Saharan Africa
504:Onchocerca volvulus
351:learning difficulty
143:
125:diseases of poverty
18:Tropical infections
3132:disease prevention
3067:Case–control study
2739:Security of person
2588:Health care reform
2000:2006-06-16 at the
1977:2016-03-05 at the
1691:2006-06-15 at the
1572:Neglected diseases
1567:Infectious disease
1439:
1281:natural reservoirs
1229:Yellow fever virus
1196:Neurocysticercosis
1077:Necator americanus
929:TB-HIV coinfection
879:(TB, consumption)
720:4–12 million
688:kidney dysfunction
619:Trypanosoma brucei
598:enlarged esophagus
496:(river blindness)
359:, kidney failure,
343:blood in the urine
141:
43:temperate climates
3643:Tropical diseases
3625:
3624:
3577:
3576:
3487:Higher education
3318:Positive deviance
3313:Health psychology
3289:Health behavioral
3216:safety management
3190:Social distancing
2964:Population health
2944:Smoking cessation
2892:Pharmacovigilance
2863:Injury prevention
2831:Infection control
2749:Social psychology
2699:Prisoners' rights
2642:Medical sociology
2610:Public health law
2506:Biological hazard
2401:Travelers' Health
2381:Tropical diseases
2172:(4): 590–592.e1.
1935:(10): 1018–1027.
1841:. Merriam-Webster
1814:. Merriam-Webster
1806:"Schistosomiasis"
1777:"Schistosomiasis"
1728:978-0-323-95389-4
1577:List of epidemics
1562:Tropical medicine
1467:insect repellents
1316:greenhouse effect
1252:
1251:
1215:Sarcoptes scabiei
1027:
1026:
839:fever, headache,
625:T. b. rhodesiense
566:Trypanosoma cruzi
545:visual impairment
321:freshwater snails
92:Health programmes
75:do not have cures
51:tropical medicine
31:Tropical diseases
16:(Redirected from
3655:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3588:
3483:Health education
3360:
3214:Food hygiene and
3195:Tropical disease
3007:Infant mortality
2982:Community health
2858:Controlled Drugs
2794:Health promotion
2724:Right to housing
2568:Health economics
2480:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2412:. In Portuguese.
2208:
2207:
2197:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:on June 17, 2013
2138:. Archived from
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:. Archived from
1860:"Onchocerciasis"
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1833:"Onchocerciasis"
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1790:. Archived from
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1754:. Archived from
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1702:
1696:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1622:
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1603:
1516:water filtration
1505:Other approaches
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1168:Strongyloidiasis
1059:Causative Agent
1053:
1037:
1032:
949:airborne disease
894:airborne disease
773:airborne disease
495:
494:
491:
490:
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21:
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3573:
3544:Margaret Sanger
3512:
3471:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3290:
3284:
3256:Safety scandals
3215:
3209:
3131:
3125:
3059:
3053:
3049:Social medicine
3042:Race and health
2977:Child mortality
2958:
2917:Open defecation
2799:Human nutrition
2789:Family planning
2777:Behavior change
2763:
2719:Right to health
2632:Maternal health
2622:Health politics
2573:Health literacy
2489:
2484:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2420:Gresham College
2352:
2335:
2293:
2222:
2217:
2215:Further reading
2212:
2211:
2159:
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2145:
2143:
2130:
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2125:
2071:
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2066:
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2017:
2012:
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2002:Wayback Machine
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1693:Wayback Machine
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1600:
1595:
1553:
1524:water treatment
1507:
1491:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429: 1000–1500
1426:
1424:
1420:
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1406:
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1396:
1394:
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1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1343:schistosomiasis
1335:trypanosomiasis
1324:
1279:and variety of
1276:
1233:West Nile virus
1044:
1035:
1030:
959:251,000 (2018)
781:209,000 (2018)
765:M. lepromatosis
741:enlarged spleen
596:heart failure,
589:fever, swollen
541:lymphadenopathy
481:
436:
432:
317:(blood flukes)
252:
248:
246:Schistosomiasis
223:405,000 (2018)
197:and four other
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3661:
3659:
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3357:
3352:Organizations,
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3058:Biological and
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3017:Multimorbidity
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:Vector control
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:School hygiene
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Sanitary sewer
2919:
2914:
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2894:
2889:
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2880:Patient safety
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2563:Harm reduction
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2543:
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2508:
2503:
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2430:. ScienceDaily
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2350:External links
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2064:
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2015:
2006:
2004:20 March 2006.
1986:
1984:6 January 2007
1964:
1915:
1906:
1880:
1877:on 2022-08-29.
1851:
1824:
1797:
1794:on 2020-04-12.
1768:
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1503:
1490:
1487:
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1440:
1431:
1425:
1423: 900–1000
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:onchocerciasis
1339:chagas disease
1323:
1320:
1314:caused by the
1312:global warming
1308:Climate change
1275:
1272:
1250:
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1226:
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1161:
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1150:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:Dracunculiasis
1136:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1100:Treponematoses
1096:
1095:
1093:
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1081:
1079:
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1064:
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1060:
1057:
1043:
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1038:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:sexual contact
1006:
1003:
1000:
985:trichomoniasis
965:
964:
962:
960:
957:
954:
951:
945:sexual contact
942:
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925:
924:
921:
908:
905:
899:
896:
891:
883:
880:
873:
872:
855:
837:
834:
831:
830:tropical Asia
828:
812:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
785:
782:
779:
776:
769:
755:
752:
745:
744:
737:enlarged liver
729:
724:
723:24,200 (2015)
721:
718:
715:
709:
701:
698:
692:
691:
690:, coma, death
673:
652:second stage:
645:
642:
641:11,000 (2015)
639:
636:
628:
615:
612:
605:
604:
602:enlarged colon
594:
587:
584:
581:
580:South America
578:
572:
562:
559:
556:Chagas disease
552:
551:
534:
525:
522:
519:
516:
510:
508:filarial worms
500:
497:
430:Onchocerciasis
426:
425:
412:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:filarial worms
377:
374:
368:
367:
365:bladder cancer
354:
335:abdominal pain
332:
331:4,400–200,000
329:
326:
323:
318:
307:
304:
242:
241:
240:, coma, death
231:
224:
221:
218:
215:
207:
190:
187:
181:
180:
175:
174:Annual deaths
172:
169:
162:
156:
151:
148:
93:
90:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3660:
3649:
3648:Global health
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3550:
3547:
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3542:
3540:
3539:Joseph Lister
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3419:
3418:Health Canada
3416:
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3405:
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3365:
3363:Organizations
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3309:
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3206:
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3201:
3200:Vaccine trial
3198:
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3188:
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3183:
3181:
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3170:
3169:
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3145:
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3128:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Relative risk
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Health equity
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Health system
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Global health
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
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2973:
2972:Biostatistics
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2904:
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2800:
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2783:
2780:
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2778:
2775:
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2760:
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2747:
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2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Right to food
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
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2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
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2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:Mental health
2645:
2643:
2640:
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2635:
2633:
2630:
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2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
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2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Housing First
2593:
2589:
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2584:
2583:Health system
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:Health policy
2576:
2574:
2571:
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2564:
2561:
2559:
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2554:
2551:
2549:
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2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Public health
2481:
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2462:
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2171:
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2141:
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2110:
2105:
2101:
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2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
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1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1758:on 2008-01-13
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1617:9780702051012
1613:
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1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:water filters
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1476:The use of a
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1417: 800–900
1411: 700–800
1405: 600–700
1399: 500–600
1393: 400–500
1387: 300–400
1381: 200–300
1375: 100–200
1363: no data
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:leishmaniasis
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:public health
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1268:public health
1265:
1264:Marburg virus
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Taenia solium
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1194:
1193:
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1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Leptospirosis
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
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1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
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1049:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
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1004:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
946:
943:
941:
940:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:chronic cough
909:
906:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:mycobacteria
889:
888:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:
867:
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859:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
818:
817:
816:Aedes aegypti
813:
811:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
768:mycobacteria
767:
766:
761:
760:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:Phlebotominae
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
697:
696:Leishmaniasis
694:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
672:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
644:3,500 (2015)
643:
640:
637:
635:tsetse flies
634:
633:
629:
626:
622:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
586:7,900 (2017)
585:
582:
579:
577:kissing bugs
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
493:
431:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:elephantiasis
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:Brugia timori
388:
386:
385:Brugia malayi
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
300:
247:
244:
243:
239:
235:
232:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
195:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:Complications
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
161:
157:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
139:
136:
135:
129:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
89:
88:
84:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3559:Radium Girls
3554:Typhoid Mary
3241:Microbiology
3194:
3111:
3103:
2987:Epidemiology
2885:Organization
2836:Oral hygiene
2826:Hand washing
2804:Healthy diet
2734:Right to sit
2627:Labor rights
2432:. Retrieved
2169:
2165:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2135:
2126:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2054:. 2017-10-23
2051:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2009:
1989:
1982:The Guardian
1981:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1883:
1875:the original
1863:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1792:the original
1780:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1751:
1742:
1732:, retrieved
1710:
1700:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1660:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1607:
1601:
1499:
1492:
1478:mosquito net
1463:insecticides
1449:
1445:
1306:
1277:
1253:
1237:dengue virus
1126:Buruli ulcer
1086:Trichuriasis
1045:
937:
902:
885:
877:Tuberculosis
851:, vomiting,
820:
814:
810:dengue virus
802:Dengue fever
788:skin lesions
764:
757:
703:
651:
630:
624:
617:
564:
515:black flies
502:
390:
379:
357:Liver damage
339:bloody stool
337:, diarrhea,
309:
209:
198:
192:
137:
130:
122:
95:
83:habitat loss
79:
71:subcutaneous
30:
29:
3616:WikiProject
3356:and history
3236:Engineering
2949:Vaccination
2821:Food safety
2028:www.who.int
1961:. 17804846.
1512:water wells
1435: ≥1500
1260:Lassa fever
1046:Additional
995:, HIV, and
989:hepatitis B
919:weight loss
862:hypotension
727:skin ulcers
666:hemiparesis
593:, headache
591:lymph nodes
575:Triatominae
415:lymphoedema
400:mosquitoes
361:infertility
347:poor growth
311:Schistosoma
234:yellow skin
214:mosquitoes
203:species of
150:When added
134:TDR history
55:British Raj
47:hibernation
39:subtropical
3632:Categories
3369:Caribbean
3246:Processing
3180:Quarantine
3102:Student's
2902:Sanitation
2536:History of
2434:2007-12-28
2146:2020-05-04
2084:(1): 414.
2058:2020-05-04
2033:2020-05-04
1899:2008-03-24
1845:2016-01-21
1818:2016-01-21
1762:2009-08-01
1734:2023-03-05
1695:, BBC News
1642:0521530601
1593:References
1530:Sanitation
1495:microloans
1482:mosquitoes
1369: ≤100
1245:Zika virus
1159:Leptospira
1013:worldwide
977:gonorrhoea
898:worldwide
866:hemorrhage
845:joint pain
826:mosquitoes
819:and other
714:sandflies
705:Leishmania
649:joint pain
513:Simuliidae
200:Plasmodium
171:Frequency
114:World Bank
3549:John Snow
3476:Education
3466:Full list
3354:education
3278:ISO 22000
3231:Chemistry
3144:Epidemics
3097:ROC curve
2907:Emergency
2687:Radiation
2667:Pollution
2651:Ministers
2548:Euthenics
2285:this site
2186:0022-3476
2100:1756-3305
1951:0028-4793
1514:, and/or
1187:Trematoda
1062:Comments
1050:include:
981:chlamydia
971:(notably
913:, fever,
708:protozoa
670:paralysis
658:confusion
627:protozoa
621:gambiense
549:blindness
423:hydrocele
315:flatworms
228:tiredness
211:Anopheles
67:bacterium
3592:Category
3291:sciences
3226:Additive
2897:Safe sex
2868:Medicine
2782:Theories
2553:Genomics
2531:Eugenics
2521:Deviance
2501:Auxology
2443:cite web
2333:Websites
2291:Journals
2204:19773005
2118:26259589
1998:Archived
1975:Archived
1959:17804846
1893:Archived
1689:Archived
1665:Archived
1551:See also
1541:immunity
1537:vaccines
1471:bed nets
1285:zoonosis
1262:and the
1068:Hookworm
1056:Disease
1023:various
1020:various
973:syphilis
853:diarrhea
792:numbness
743:, death
654:insomnia
632:Glossina
570:protozoa
238:seizures
205:protozoa
164:Primary
158:Primary
154:Pathogen
147:Disease
116:and the
63:parasite
35:diseases
3604:Commons
3517:History
3414:Canada
3389:Europe
2873:Nursing
2853:Hygiene
2816:Hygiene
2541:Liberal
2494:General
2195:3104726
2109:4530488
1661:npr.org
1510:Use of
1465:and/or
1456:vectors
1302:endemic
1294:hygiene
1289:vectors
1210:Scabies
953:Africa
836:40,000
749:Leprosy
731:fever,
532:papules
528:itching
226:fever,
185:Malaria
166:endemic
3404:India
3379:China
3251:Safety
2932:Worker
2202:
2192:
2184:
2116:
2106:
2098:
1957:
1949:
1865:Lexico
1782:Lexico
1725:
1639:
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1433:
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1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
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1361:
936:HIV +
923:death
841:muscle
733:anemia
676:anemia
662:ataxia
168:areas
160:vector
112:, the
59:vector
3429:U.S.
3273:HACCP
3222:Food
3114:-test
3106:-test
2692:Light
2677:Water
2394:U.S.
2220:Books
1671:4 May
1522:, or
1256:Ebola
1002:2000
933:1999
882:1999
870:shock
822:Aedes
806:1999
754:1975
700:1975
614:1975
561:1975
537:edema
499:1975
376:1975
306:1975
189:1975
3205:WASH
3161:List
3149:List
2682:Soil
2449:link
2200:PMID
2182:ISSN
2114:PMID
2096:ISSN
1993:BBC
1955:PMID
1947:ISSN
1723:ISBN
1673:2018
1637:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1075:and
849:rash
843:and
784:few
762:and
623:and
409:few
389:and
349:and
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2672:Air
2283:or
2190:PMC
2174:doi
2170:155
2136:WHO
2104:PMC
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