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a bronze alloy identical to the bell material. At the second stage, acoustic calibration and diagnostics of the Tsar Bell itself were carried out on the territory of the
Kremlin. The work on the bell consisted, if we do without scientific terms, as if in "listening" to it for the presence of ultrasonic radiation of growing cracks. It was found that the condition of the Tsar Bell at the time of diagnosis is satisfactory, and in the near future it is not in danger of catastrophic destruction.
25:
563:(AE) method. To conduct the AE diagnostics of the bell, employees of the Research Institute of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics of Rostov State University were involved under the guidance of the head of the AE laboratory, Ph.D. S. I. Builo. On behalf of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky Academy, these works were provided by Colonel, Ph.D. A. I. Gnevko. Diagnostics of the Tsar Bell was carried out in two stages using an in-house hardware AE complex brought from Rostov-on-Don.
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432:, bells were not typically rung to indicate church services, but to announce important ceremonies and celebrations, and as an alarm in case of fire or enemy attack. One of the largest of the early bells was the original Tsar Bell, cast in the 16th century. Completed in 1600, it weighed 18,000 kilograms (40,000 lb) and required 24 men to ring its clapper. Housed in the original wooden
482:. After months of preparation, casting work commenced at the end of November 1734. The first attempt was not successful, and the project was incomplete when Ivan Motorin died in August, 1735. His son Mikhail carried on the work, and the second attempt at casting succeeded on November 25, 1735. Ornaments were added as the bell was cooling while raised above the casting pit through 1737.
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351:, the bell cracked during a fire after being completed and has never been rung. The bell is the largest bell in the world, weighing 201,924 kilograms (445,166 lb), with a height of 6.14 metres (20.1 ft) and diameter of 6.6 metres (22 ft), and thickness of up to 61 centimetres (24 in). The broken piece weighs 11,500 kilograms (25,400 lb).
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metals, which in the presence of moisture can cause noticeable electrochemical corrosion of the material inside the cracks. For a reliable assessment of the condition of the Tsar Bell in the future, it is necessary to periodically conduct a procedure for diagnosing the possible growth of cracks in its walls by non-destructive testing methods.
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At the first stage, the parameters and features of the AE radiation of the bell material were investigated. This part of the work was carried out on the territory of the F. E. Dzerzhinsky
Academy when testing specially made large-sized (more than 10 cm thick and weighing about 100 kg) samples made of
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In the mid-1980s, some deformation of the pedestal was noticed, as a result of which there were concerns about the possible growth of cracks in the bell. At the request of the
Minister of Culture of the USSR and in accordance with the instructions of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, the Military
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However, before the last ornamentation was completed, a major fire broke out at the
Kremlin in May 1737. The fire spread to the temporary wooden support structure for the bell, and fearing damage, guards threw cold water on it, causing eleven cracks, and a huge 10,432.6 kilograms (23,000 lb)
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Judging by some external signs, a slight deformation of the bell still continues. The "tradition" of pushing metal coins into the cracks of the bell is also alarming. And if earlier small coins had a composition close to the bell material, then the current ones are made of completely different
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To further monitor the condition of the bell cracks, Rostov residents were asked to make a multi-channel AE diagnostic system with the installation of a separate sensor at the top of each of the large cracks. However, for the permanent installation of AE receiving sensors on the bell, it was
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necessary to coordinate many different issues. For example, it was necessary to prove that a constantly working system listening to the bell would not be able to listen to anything else "wrong" around and so on. However, as a result of restructuring during
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researchers publicly performed an electronic reproduction of how the Tsar Bell would sound if it had not been damaged during casting. To simulate the sound of the bell, the team researched the bell's material characteristics and constructed a
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slab to break off. The fire burned through the wooden supports, and the damaged bell fell back into its casting pit. The Tsar Bell remained in its pit for almost a century. Unsuccessful attempts to raise it were made in 1792 and 1819.
69:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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The second Tsar Bell was cast in 1655, using the remnants of the former bell, but on a much larger scale. This bell weighed 100,000 kilograms (220,000 lb), but was again destroyed by fire in 1701.
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to withstand the pressure of the molten metal. Obtaining the necessary metals proved a challenge, for in addition to the parts of the old bell, an additional 525 kilograms (1,157 lb) of
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to solicit technical help from the master craftsmen there. However, a bell of such size was unprecedented, and Münnich was not taken seriously. In 1733, the job was assigned to local
559:) was commissioned in 1986 to carry out a complex of works on the restoration and preservation of the Tsar Bell. The actual condition of its cracks was assessed using the
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After becoming
Empress, Anna ordered that the pieces be cast into a new bell with its weight increased by another hundred tons, and dispatched the son of Field Marshal
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to compute the component frequencies of the bell when rung. For the first public performance, a stack of twelve speakers installed below the campanile on the
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575:, further assessment of the bell was deprioritized; the discussion and coordination of issues surrounding its preservation have since been delayed.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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A pit 10 metres (33 ft) deep was dug (near the location of the present bell), with a clay form, and walls reinforced with
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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and placed on a stone pedestal. The broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for
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It was recast in 1735 by the Moscow bell-founder
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Blair, C. (September 1987). "Review of "The Bells of Russia. History and
Technology" by Edward V. Williams".
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in the Moscow
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The Tsar Bell with humans for perspective – broken piece is around the left, out of view
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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876:(in Russian). Rostov-on-Don: SFU Publishing House. pp. 136–142.
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of the sound was approximately 81 Hz. The American disk jockey
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Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces
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and his son Mikhail, based on their experience in casting a
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campus played the digital simulation of the Tsar Bell. The
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Slobig, Zachary (January–February 2017). "The Tsar Bell".
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Annotated Bibliography of African American Carillon Music
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It has never been in working order, suspended, nor rung.
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Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles
844:"Acoustic-Emission Diagnostics of the Tsar Bell's State"
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Monitoring of cracks of the Tsar-bell by AE device. 1986
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to this template: there are already 928 articles in the
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The Moscow Kremlin: history of Russia's unique monument
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that modeled the shape of the bell. The team then used
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924:"Recasting the Tsar Bell, Interview with John Granzow"
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Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals",
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a machine-translated version of the Russian article.
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1311:Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches
104:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
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331:The present bell is sometimes referred to as
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1023:. Publishing House "Russkaya Zhizn" (1980).
354:The bell is decorated with relief images of
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1395:Monument to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich
555:Academy named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky (now
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848:Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:. MacMillan Publishing Company (1973).
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632:and the reproduction of the Tsar Bell.
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2216:Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg
550:AE diagnostics of the Tsar-bell. 1986
542:AE sensors inside the Tsar Bell. 1986
343:The Tsar Bell is located between the
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2210:Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers
1296:Church of the Deposition of the Robe
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16:World's heaviest bell, cast in 1735
589:University of California, Berkeley
474:and 72 kilograms (159 lb) of
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760:. International Pub. p. 42.
587:In the spring of 2016, a team of
583:Computational simulation of sound
313:on display on the grounds of the
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1471:Kremlin Presidium (Building 14)
1390:Monument to Minin and Pozharsky
1007:The Kremlin: Citadel of History
385:needs additional citations for
317:. The bell was commissioned by
975:University of Michigan Library
816:"Dragons and Hot-Air Balloons"
757:Guide-book to the Soviet Union
116:{{Translated|ru|Царь-колокол}}
114:You may also add the template
1:
2242:Freedom Bell, American Legion
1818:Russian Orthodox bell ringing
1281:Cathedral of the Annunciation
928:Berkeley Center for New Media
902:Berkeley Center for New Media
642:Russian Orthodox bell ringing
2221:Liberty Bell Memorial Museum
1947:Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris
814:Ley, Willy (December 1961).
492:occupation of Moscow in 1812
2156:Saarlouiser Glockengießerei
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1400:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
1359:Grand Kremlin Public Garden
1276:Cathedral of the Assumption
955:. Vol. 10, no. 1.
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127:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
86:will aid in categorization.
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2081:Pieter and François Hemony
1286:Cathedral of the Archangel
966:Ng, Tiffany (2018-11-26).
898:"Revisiting the Tsar Bell"
249:6.14 metres (20.1 ft)
61:Machine translation, like
1917:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
1291:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
790:10.1017/S0003581500025944
434:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
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38:the corresponding article
2151:John and William Rufford
1907:Great Bell of Dhammazedi
1420:Alexander Garden Obelisk
1255:Tsarina's Golden Chamber
818:. For Your Information.
522:) that was never fired.
146:
1430:Iberian Gate and Chapel
1385:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1316:Saint Basil's Cathedral
1260:State Historical Museum
1142:Konstantino-Eleninskaya
777:The Antiquaries Journal
606:finite element analysis
430:Russian Orthodox Church
241:6.6 metres (22 ft)
125:For more guidance, see
2231:National Bell Festival
2061:Gillett & Johnston
1957:
1892:Bell of King Seongdeok
1877:List of heaviest bells
1854:Bolognese bell ringing
1804:
1554:Bell tower / Campanile
820:Galaxy Science Fiction
732:Holy Trinity Monastery
654:List of heaviest bells
597:University of Michigan
551:
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499:Auguste de Montferrand
276:
2236:Ringing organizations
1859:Veronese bell ringing
1177:Srednyaya Arsenalnaya
991:– via DeepBlue.
872:Builo, S. I. (2017).
842:Builo, S. I. (2004).
754:Radó, Sándor (1928).
730:, Jordanville, N.Y.:
614:fundamental frequency
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319:Empress Anna Ivanovna
297:), also known as the
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184:55.75083°N 37.61833°E
98:copyright attribution
2126:Glockengießerei Otto
2091:Franciscus Illenfeld
1466:Robespierre Monument
1235:Grand Kremlin Palace
1230:State Kremlin Palace
1172:Uglovaya Arsenalnaya
1127:Vtoraya Bezymyannaya
1122:Pervaya Bezymyannaya
1019:Tropkin, Alexander.
505:, the tenor bell at
394:improve this article
262:Completion date
2226:Liberty Bell Museum
2136:Petit & Fritsen
1922:Japanese Peace Bell
1832:Full circle ringing
1813:Ellacombe apparatus
593:Stanford University
507:Liverpool Cathedral
503:full circle ringing
339:General description
254:Beginning date
180: /
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2086:Christopher Hodson
1344:Ivanovskaya Square
701:bell in the world.
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106:interlanguage link
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1989:World Peace Bells
1887:Bell of Good Luck
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1451:Ascension Convent
1435:Lenin's Mausoleum
1369:Manezhnaya Square
883:978-5-9275-2369-6
822:. pp. 79–89.
741:978-0-88465-044-7
683:Bell of Good Luck
561:acoustic emission
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80:main category
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34:You can help
30:
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2271:Broken bells
2247:
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2208:
2056:Vanden Gheyn
1983:
1976:
1959:Petersglocke
1952:Olympic Bell
1932:Liberty Bell
1927:Justice Bell
1902:Freedom Bell
1842:Call changes
1751:Servant bell
1659:Bicycle bell
1549:Bell pattern
1539:Bellfounding
1414:
1240:Terem Palace
1102:Borovitskaya
1089:Kremlin Wall
1020:
1006:
986:. Retrieved
961:
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944:
932:. Retrieved
918:
906:. Retrieved
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722:Slobodskoy,
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695:Henan, China
691:Pingdingshan
673:
648:Liberty Bell
621:
602:polygon mesh
586:
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468:rammed earth
465:
457:Ivan Motorin
442:
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427:
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403:
392:Please help
387:verification
384:
353:
342:
332:
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327:
306:
302:
298:
289:Царь–колокол
280:
278:
212:Ivan Motorin
147:Царь–колокол
102:edit summary
93:
73:
43:
35:
2188:Whitechapel
2164: [
2121:Olsen Nauen
2116:John Murphy
2071:Miles Graye
2022: [
1977:Temple Bell
1942:Mingun Bell
1746:Ship's bell
1727:Jingle bell
1693:Crotal bell
1683:Church bell
1599:Strike tone
1579:Campanology
1564:Bell shrine
1559:Bell-ringer
1522:terminology
1410:Tsar Cannon
1332:and gardens
1197:Oruzheynaya
1132:Petrovskaya
1117:Tainitskaya
699:functioning
679:metric tons
610:UC Berkeley
573:Perestroika
520:Tsar Pushka
406:August 2016
349:bell bronze
333:Kolokol III
321:, niece of
232:Bell bronze
187: /
2286:1735 works
2265:Categories
2178:Hugh Watts
1971:Swan Bells
1630:Altar bell
1544:Bell-gable
1339:Red Square
1245:The Armory
1182:Troitskaya
1167:Nikolskaya
1162:Senatskaya
1081:Red Square
1029:B0010XM7BQ
1000:References
988:2022-06-28
973:(Report).
934:11 January
908:11 January
724:Archpriest
624:(2016), a
307:Royal Bell
222:Tower Bell
175:37°37′06″E
172:55°45′03″N
40:in Russian
2161:Schilling
2101:Marinelli
2066:Grassmayr
2019:Bergholtz
1984:Tsar Bell
1912:Great Tom
1823:Blagovest
1741:Mini-ring
1698:Dead bell
1673:Call bell
1652:Bianzhong
1645:Bell tree
1609:Zvonnitsa
1425:Red Porch
1415:Tsar Bell
1378:Monuments
1208:buildings
1157:Spasskaya
1152:Tsarskaya
1147:Nabatnaya
798:1758-5309
709:Citations
665:Footnotes
622:New Forms
620:composed
618:DJ Spooky
455:masters,
281:Tsar Bell
141:Tsar Bell
120:talk page
72:Consider
1994:Kentucky
1979:(Boston)
1794:Carillon
1790:Chiming
1722:Handbell
1703:Doorbell
1678:Cat bell
1640:Babendil
1635:Aluphone
1534:Bell-cot
1269:Churches
636:See also
630:carillon
516:Voltaire
463:cannon.
228:Material
208:Designer
200:Location
96:provide
2202:Related
2146:Rudhall
2131:Paccard
2111:Meneely
2106:McShane
2096:Juutila
1897:Big Ben
1806:Canpanò
1688:Cowbell
1574:Bourdon
1330:Squares
1187:Kutafya
1077:Kremlin
677:At 116
480:mixture
453:foundry
445:Münnich
366:History
356:baroque
285:Russian
118:to the
100:in the
42:.
2183:Warner
2173:Taylor
2041:Cockey
1717:Ghanta
1710:Dōtaku
1666:Bonshō
1569:Belfry
1444:Former
1094:Towers
1027:
1013:
880:
796:
738:
681:, the
595:; and
472:silver
461:bronze
360:Alexey
246:Height
2168:]
2076:Hatch
2026:]
1799:Chime
1625:Agogô
1618:Types
1583:index
1513:Bells
971:(PDF)
660:Notes
449:Paris
305:, or
238:Width
63:DeepL
1763:Suzu
1734:Kane
1589:Peal
1529:Bell
1092:and
1079:and
1025:ASIN
1011:ISBN
936:2017
910:2017
878:ISBN
794:ISSN
736:ISBN
646:The
628:for
626:duet
476:gold
311:bell
279:The
265:1735
257:1733
218:Type
94:must
92:You
56:View
979:hdl
786:doi
685:in
447:to
396:by
65:or
2267::
2166:de
2024:sv
926:.
900:.
860:^
852:40
850:.
846:.
828:^
800:.
792:.
782:67
780:.
693:,
689:,
591:;
509:.
325:.
301:,
291:;
287::
1585:)
1581:(
1505:e
1498:t
1491:v
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
981::
938:.
912:.
886:.
788::
419:)
413:(
408:)
404:(
390:.
283:(
129:.
122:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
