37:
984:
1043:
909:
917:
1709:
931:. The firm designed an early iteration of the bridge in 1982, with a two lane dual carriageway on the top deck, and a light railway on the lower deck. The bridge was redesigned beginning in 1989 to account for the three lane dual highway and the heavier airport railway. The designers were inspired by the
1003:
The cables were constructed by an aerial spinning process. The process involved drawing wires from a constant-tension supply, and pulling loops of these wires from one anchorage to the other, passing through a 500-tonne cast-iron saddle on top of each bridge tower seating the cable. A total of 70,000
995:
of Tsing Yi side and another on a man-made island 120 metres (390 ft) off the coast of Ma Wan. Both towers are 206 metres (676 ft) above sea level and founded on relatively shallow bedrock. The towers are two-legged with trusses at intervals, in the form of portal beam design. The legs were
660:
for the bridge towers. The framework for each caisson was floated into place and sunk, and then filled with concrete underwater. The two caissons on the Ma Wan side weigh 4,500 tons each, while those on the Tsing Yi side (closer to shore) each weigh about 3,000 tons. Land reclamation was carried out
999:
The pulling force in the main suspension cables is taken up by large gravity anchorages located at both ends of the bridge. They are massive concrete structures deeply seated on bedrock on the landside of Tsing Yi and Ma Wan island. The total weight of concrete used in the Tsing Yi anchorage is
1018:
The approach span on the Tsing Yi side is similar in form and cross-section to the suspended deck, but is supported on piers instead by cables. The first span was assembled on the ground and raised into position using strand jacks. Further construction then proceeded in cantilever in smaller
974:
to model the wind conditions at the site. The model tests identified critical stages of erection that allowed the construction schedule of the bridge to be tailored to avoid the typhoon season. The comparison of model test results and the full scale monitoring will assist engineers to better
1054:
The Tsing Ma Bridge has become a scenic spot as well as a landmark. There is a visitor centre, the Lantau Link
Visitor Centre and Viewing Platform, located at the northwest corner of Tsing Yi Island, near the bridge's Tsing Yi end. From the Scenery Viewing Platform, one can also see the
716:
then switched on the bridge lights and drove across the span with other dignitaries. The celebration concluded with a 20-minute firework and laser show, featuring fire pouring from the length of the bridge, engineered by the
Pyromagic Productions company. Chief Executive-designate
639:
Numerous consortia bid on the contract to construct the bridge. Hyundai made the lowest bid but were disqualified for non-compliance with the financial requirements. A Japanese bid was ruled out for being too expensive. The Anglo
Japanese Construction Joint Venture, comprising
899:
on the bridge is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), subject to lowering in the event of road work or strong wind. Traffic may also be directed to the sheltered carriageways on the lower deck when there are very strong winds. There are no pavements on the bridge.
593:
The 41-metre-wide (135 ft) bridge deck carries six lanes of automobile traffic, with three lanes in each direction. The lower level contains two rail tracks and two sheltered carriageways used for maintenance access and traffic lanes when particularly severe
1011:, China into standard deck modules. A total of 96 modules, each 18 metres (59 ft) long and about 480 tonnes in weight, were prepared. These deck modules were brought to the site by specially designed barges and raised into the deck position by a pair of
759:
The first road accident on the Lantau Link occurred on the Tsing Ma Bridge on 23 May 1997. Two motorcyclists were injured in a collision with a lorry. The police warned the public not to rush to use the new bridges and highways to avoid causing chaos.
751:
The Lantau Link was opened to traffic on 22 May 1997 at 8:00 am. Cars queued for four hours before police opened the bridge. Snaking queues also formed at bus stations at 7:00 am as passengers sought to view the new infrastructure as well as the
590:, which also makes it the largest suspension bridge of this type. The bridge has a main span of 1,377 metres (4,518 ft) and a height of 206 metres (676 ft). The span is the longest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic.
958:
as well as the possible effects of extreme typhoon wind speeds. A further objective was to provide dynamic response data at several key locations to compare with full scale data from the ongoing monitoring program, conducted by the
619:, Hong Kong's largest island, to the urbanised areas of the territory. Until this link opened in 1997, Lantau Island could only be accessed by water, and was completely rural. The Lantau Link was built as part of the
664:
The first steel deck segment was lifted into place in late 1994. The approach deck segments were constructed in
Britain and Dubai and then shipped to Hong Kong for assembling. The main span segments were built by
891:
There are no longer tolls on Lantau Link since 27 December 2020. Before, the fee of using Tsing Ma bridge for motorcycles, private cars, public double-decker buses and heavy goods vehicles are
1422:
744:
arranged special transport services for the event. More than 2,300 police officers were deployed, and the crowd control exercise was studied by the police for its relevance to the upcoming
1790:
1785:
1759:
1895:
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simulation of the typhoon wind climate. The full model was tested in different stages of construction in turbulent boundary layer flow, complete with the local
1559:
881:
966:
A 1 to 80 scale section model of the deck in the erection stage, and a 1 to 400 scale full aeroelastic model of the entire bridge were constructed. It is a
1592:
2066:
666:
2051:
1904:
1086:
1064:
1004:
galvanised wires of 5.38-millimetre (0.212 in) diameter were placed and adjusted to form the two 1.1-metre (3.6 ft) diameter main cables.
1930:
1965:
1426:
1081:
888:
are also installed on the bridge to record traffic conditions. The video is available at the government website. It is updated every two minutes.
568:
1935:
54:
745:
2056:
1474:
1114:
1050:
utilised the bridge until 2016. Because of complaints over traffic, organisers were forced to remove the bridge from the marathon course.
1023:
which allowed for a maximum thermal movement of ± 835 millimetres (32.9 in) was also provided and located inside the approach span.
1750:
1007:
The steelwork for the deck structure was fabricated in
Britain and Japan. After delivery, they were further processed and assembled in
2021:
1888:
1660:
996:
constructed with high-strength concrete of 50 MPa (concrete grade 50/20) strength, using a slipform system in a continuous operation.
741:
1026:
The bridge parapets are of a special design by Hong Kong standards, comprising high-tension steel strands anchored on metal posts.
763:
Two special bus routes came into operation on 24 May 1997 for passengers to view the Lantau Link. The X21 and X31 buses ran from
2041:
2000:
796:
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1533:
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in the U.K. and by Mitsui in Japan. The climbing cranes used to erect the tower portals were coincidentally also used on the
523:
422:
1091:
700:
The commemoration ceremony began with a flotilla of police and other government vessels passing beneath the bridge, before
661:
at both ends of the bridge. The more substantial reclamation on Ma Wan was used as a work platform for construction crews.
574:, and was the second longest at the time of its completion. The bridge was named after the two islands it connects, namely
2026:
1881:
1034:
The rock seawalls around the base of each bridge tower are capable of halting a 220,000 tonne ship moving at eight knots.
732:
was also closed to traffic from 7:40 to 8:20 pm, and a 20-minute fireworks display, costing HK$ 5 million, began at 8 pm.
436:
1563:
2031:
1174:
378:
47:
1832:
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studies were to demonstrate the safety of the structure under construction and once completed, both with respect to
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The opening ceremony was highly anticipated and attracted more than 100,000 spectators, most of them standing along
2036:
1585:
850:
701:
670:
649:
1076:
1800:
1181:
1281:
689:, of which the bridge is an integral part, was inaugurated on 27 April 1997 by former British Prime Minister
1940:
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502:
224:
209:
1795:
1626:
Y. L. Xu, J. M. Ko and Z. Yu. "Modal analysis of tower-cable system of Tsing Ma long suspension bridge".
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The bridge, together with other highway, bridge and tunnel connections in the area, are part of the
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understand the behaviour of long span bridges in wind and to improve current design methods.
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107:
1586:"Tuen Mun Road Traffic Incident – The Use of Vehicular Parapets and Proposed Way Forward"
1304:
Delfino, Brendan (28 April 1997). "Territory's new gateway opens in spectacular style".
693:. Security was extremely tight as Thatcher was considered one of the top targets of the
1980:
1850:
1815:
1780:
1720:
1696:
928:
819:
780:
276:
261:
97:
1423:"Parsons Brinckerhoff: Tsing Ma Control Area, Traffic Control and Surveillance System"
1210:
Davis, Chris (22 May 1997). "Engineering marvel becomes territory's latest landmark".
1042:
2015:
1960:
1407:
Flint, John; Lo, Clifford (24 May 1997). "Police issue warning after crash on Link".
936:
792:
729:
718:
641:
616:
495:
150:
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Metcalfe, Tim (29 April 1997). "Kvaerner's expertise in building spans the years".
932:
815:
800:
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713:
674:
481:
1537:
908:
1840:
1354:
Flint, John (17 April 1997). "Lantau link fireworks not for the faint-hearted".
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952:
948:
896:
810:
The Tsing Ma Bridge is an important gateway to Lantau Island. It is part of the
784:
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declined to attend as he said he would rather meet with officials in
Guangdong.
686:
612:
583:
384:
219:
36:
1500:
Clarke, Rachel (25 October 1997). "Construction 'Oscars' go to Tsing Ma span".
1319:
Wallen, David; Lo, Alex (30 April 1997). "Firework harmony hopes up in smoke".
1645:
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since opening. The control area's traffic management system was developed by
69:
56:
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ceremony. Three boating accidents occurred during the bridge inauguration.
895:
10, $ 15, $ 30 and $ 40 respectively, charged both directions. The normal
1008:
575:
537:
453:
1387:
Delfino, Brendan (23 May 1997). "Woman injured as hundreds cross link".
1339:
Lee, Stella (29 April 1997). "Spotlight on crowd control for handover".
1873:
862:
858:
823:
595:
1708:
1151:"10 Tallest Bridges in the World | Top Weird,Odd and Cool lists"
1000:
200,000 tonnes, and Ma Wan
Anchorage has 250,000 tonnes of concrete.
866:
645:
579:
457:
685:
Construction was finished in May 1997. It cost HK$ 7.2 billion. The
708:
aircraft flew above the concrete towers. Thatcher, Chief
Secretary
1369:
Lo, Alex (26 April 1997). "Long march home faces fireworks fans".
1041:
982:
915:
907:
652:, won the job. Construction work on the bridge began in May 1992.
1172:
Evaluation of typhoon induced fatigue damage for Tsing Ma Bridge
987:
Cable band for Tsing Ma Bridge undergoing dimensional inspection
783:, linking the islands of Tsing Yi and Ma Wan. It is part of the
627:(off the north coast of Lantau) to replace the older, congested
258:
190:
1877:
1732:
1248:
Wallis, Keith (25 October 1994). "Tsing Ma milestone reached".
1019:
sections, using derrick cranes stationed on the deck level. An
1067:
located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the bridge.
921:
827:
733:
587:
181:
53 metres (174 ft) (official shipping height restriction)
1452:
1652:
Tsing Ma Bridge description from City
University, Hong Kong
1115:"Tsing Ma Bridge height debacle costing Hong Kong billions"
598:
strike Hong Kong and the bridge deck is closed to traffic.
611:
The Tsing Ma Bridge is the most prominent element of the
542:
528:
1591:. Legislative Council Panel on Transport. 16 July 2003.
845:
under the Tsing Ma
Control Area Ordinance (Cap. 498) in
1630:. Volume 19, Issue 10, October 1997, pp. 857–867.
869:. Special regulations and by-laws apply in the area.
486:
1015:
gantries that could manoeuvre along the main cable.
623:, which ultimately served to provide Hong Kong with
1766:
1449:"Surveillance cameras of Transportation Department"
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1760:Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System
1299:
1297:
1295:
1282:"Security tight for Thatcher's bridge opening"
1889:
1744:
615:, an infrastructure project built to connect
441:
427:
8:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1190:
1188:
882:Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System
1382:
1380:
1243:
1241:
1133:"Section 4: Road Tunnels and Control Areas"
1896:
1882:
1874:
1751:
1737:
1729:
667:Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company
465:
20:
1276:
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1108:
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920:Tsing Ma bridge viewed from Ma Wan under
288:Anglo Japanese Construction Joint Venture
1689:
1513:
1511:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1230:"Gammon begins bridge under the water".
1225:
1223:
1221:
1087:List of tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong
1065:Airport Core Programme Exhibition Centre
728:, which was closed to road traffic. The
1609:"'Gateway to China' plan moves ahead".
1560:"Tsing Ma Bridge Anchorages, Hong Kong"
1102:
1082:List of longest suspension bridge spans
1063:. The bridge can also be seen from the
849:. The control area has been managed by
814:, which connects the Lantau Link, the
756:, which was still under construction.
409:
7:
1598:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1195:"Work starts on Tsing Ma contract".
582:. It has two decks and carries both
1931:Hong Kong–Shenzhen Western Corridor
625:a brand new airport at Chek Lap Kok
14:
880:, the bridge is monitored by the
826:. The rail line is shared by the
2067:1997 establishments in Hong Kong
1707:
1518:"New bridge a dream come true".
779:The Tsing Ma Bridge crosses the
673:a decade earlier, as well as at
35:
2052:Suspension bridges in Hong Kong
2001:Duplicate Tsing Yi South Bridge
1613:. 27 November 1992. p. 62.
1113:Heaver, Stuart (17 June 2017).
797:Hong Kong International Airport
543:
529:
508:
1981:Tseung Kwan O Cross Bay Bridge
1833:Northwest Tsing Yi Interchange
1536:. Cityu.edu.hk. Archived from
1153:. Weirdly Odd. 1 December 2010
991:There is one tower located on
795:, and eventually leads to the
487:
442:
428:
205:
195:6 (upper deck), 2 (lower deck)
186:
16:Suspension bridge in Hong Kong
1:
1936:Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
1425:. Pbworld.com. Archived from
2057:Railway bridges in Hong Kong
1562:. Geo-Design. Archived from
1137:2017 Annual Transport Digest
171:1,377 metres (4,518 ft)
1288:. 27 April 1997. p. 4.
1234:. 30 July 1992. p. 26.
927:The bridge was designed by
851:Tsing Ma Management Limited
395:No (Since 27 December 2020)
316:; 27 years ago
298:; 32 years ago
2083:
1522:. 28 May 1992. p. 35.
1199:. 28 May 1992. p. 35.
2022:Bridges completed in 1997
1911:
1092:List of road–rail bridges
702:Government Flying Service
554:
464:
417:
404:
34:
1926:New Clear Water Bay Road
1801:Ngong Shuen Chau Viaduct
1611:South China Morning Post
1520:South China Morning Post
1502:South China Morning Post
1409:South China Morning Post
1389:South China Morning Post
1371:South China Morning Post
1356:South China Morning Post
1341:South China Morning Post
1321:South China Morning Post
1306:South China Morning Post
1286:South China Morning Post
1265:South China Morning Post
1250:South China Morning Post
1232:South China Morning Post
1212:South China Morning Post
1197:South China Morning Post
1119:South China Morning Post
1077:List of bridges in China
423:Traditional Chinese
1941:Island Eastern Corridor
1177:26 January 2020 at the
1139:. Transport Department.
437:Simplified Chinese
163:41 metres (135 ft)
2042:Landmarks in Hong Kong
1966:Rambler Channel Bridge
1786:Sha Tin Heights Tunnel
1676:22.35139°N 114.07417°E
1628:Engineering Structures
1051:
1030:Ship impact protection
988:
947:The objectives of the
924:
913:
621:Airport Core Programme
360:; 27 years ago
342:; 27 years ago
89:Trains, motor vehicles
70:22.35139°N 114.07417°E
1996:Tsing Yi South Bridge
1991:Tsing Yi North Bridge
1821:West Tsing Yi Viaduct
1811:East Tsing Yi Viaduct
1045:
986:
919:
911:
843:Tsing Ma Control Area
754:North Lantau New Town
695:Irish Republican Army
544:Cing1 maa5 daai6 kiu4
530:Ching1 ma5 daai6 kiu4
509:Ciang1 ma1 tai4 kiau2
2027:Bridges in Hong Kong
1905:Bridges in Hong Kong
1863:North Lantau Highway
1828:Cheung Tsing Highway
935:in Scotland and the
886:Surveillance cameras
805:North Lantau Highway
567:. It is the world's
200:Rail characteristics
122:Hong Kong Government
2032:Route 8 (Hong Kong)
1971:Stonecutters Bridge
1946:Kap Shui Mun Bridge
1921:Cheung Tsing Bridge
1856:Kap Shui Mun Bridge
1806:Stonecutters Bridge
1796:Lai Chi Kok Viaduct
1791:Eagle's Nest Tunnel
1681:22.35139; 114.07417
1672: /
1429:on 20 February 2013
1061:Kap Shui Mun Bridge
961:Highways Department
943:Wind tunnel testing
878:Kap Shui Mun Bridge
654:Gammon Construction
135:Highways Department
133:(under contract to
75:22.35139; 114.07417
66: /
1956:Lai Chi Kok Bridge
1916:Ap Lei Chau Bridge
1481:on 9 December 2017
1052:
1048:Hong Kong Marathon
989:
925:
914:
855:Delcan Corporation
812:Route 8 expressway
787:, which links the
671:HSBC Main Building
358:27 April 1997
293:Construction start
41:View from Tsing Yi
2037:Road-rail bridges
2009:
2008:
1871:
1870:
1837:
1776:Tsing Sha Highway
1727:
1726:
1717:Succeeded by
1704:Hong Kong Route 8
1534:"Tsing Ma Bridge"
691:Margaret Thatcher
572:suspension bridge
569:16th-longest span
558:
557:
550:
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524:Yale Romanization
475:Standard Mandarin
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329:Construction cost
154:suspension bridge
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1951:Kwun Tong Bypass
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1566:on 20 April 2013
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979:Major components
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726:Castle Peak Road
677:in the interim.
656:constructed the
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340:22 May 1997
332:HK$ 7.14 billion
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1986:Tsing Ma Bridge
1976:Ting Kau Bridge
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1846:Tsing Ma Bridge
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912:Ma Wan abutment
906:
874:Ting Kau Bridge
872:Along with the
836:Airport Express
832:Tung Chung line
789:New Territories
777:
742:KCR Corporation
712:, and Governor
706:Royal Air Force
683:
650:Trafalgar House
637:
629:Kai Tak Airport
609:
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563:is a bridge in
561:Tsing Ma Bridge
450:Literal meaning
413:Tsing Ma Bridge
383:87,764 (2016) (
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1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
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1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1528:
1519:
1504:. p. 4.
1501:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
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1457:. Retrieved
1453:the original
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1411:. p. 4.
1408:
1391:. p. 4.
1388:
1373:. p. 5.
1370:
1364:
1358:. p. 5.
1355:
1349:
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1323:. p. 3.
1320:
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1308:. p. 1.
1305:
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1252:. p. 4.
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1214:. p. 1.
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1155:. Retrieved
1145:
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933:Forth Bridge
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818:expressway,
816:West Kowloon
809:
801:Chek Lap Kok
778:
765:Tai Kok Tsui
762:
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714:Chris Patten
699:
684:
681:Inauguration
675:Canary Wharf
663:
638:
635:Construction
610:
592:
588:rail traffic
560:
559:
503:Romanization
482:Hanyu Pinyin
460:Great Bridge
168:Longest span
18:
1841:Lantau Link
1679: /
1667:114°04′27″E
1013:strand jack
993:Wok Tai Wan
968:Monte-Carlo
953:aerodynamic
949:wind tunnel
897:speed limit
785:Lantau Link
687:Lantau Link
613:Lantau Link
385:Lantau Link
355:Inaugurated
253:Electrified
220:Track gauge
73: /
61:114°04′27″E
48:Coordinates
2016:Categories
1664:22°21′05″N
1646:Structurae
1485:4 December
1459:29 October
1098:References
972:topography
884:(WASHMS).
710:Anson Chan
607:Background
373:Statistics
365:1997-04-27
347:1997-05-22
58:22°21′05″N
1654:(archive)
956:stability
922:dense fog
775:Operation
769:Tsuen Wan
565:Hong Kong
112:Hong Kong
2062:Tsing Yi
1593:Archived
1570:29 April
1544:29 April
1433:29 April
1175:Archived
1157:29 April
1071:See also
1009:Dongguan
803:via the
746:Handover
658:caissons
596:typhoons
576:Tsing Yi
538:Jyutping
454:Tsing Yi
400:Location
273:Designer
245: in
1768:Route 8
1475:"plaza"
1038:Tourism
863:Ontario
859:Toronto
824:Sha Tin
738:Citybus
642:Costain
602:History
363: (
345: (
321:1997-05
319: (
303:1992-05
301: (
268:History
240:⁄
94:Crosses
86:Carries
2047:Ma Wan
1836:
904:Design
867:Canada
740:, and
648:, and
646:Mitsui
617:Lantau
580:Ma Wan
458:Ma Wan
337:Opened
210:tracks
147:Design
104:Locale
1596:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
496:Hakka
191:lanes
160:Width
118:Owner
1572:2013
1546:2013
1487:2018
1461:2004
1435:2013
1159:2013
1059:and
1046:The
893:HK$
876:and
834:and
822:and
791:and
767:and
704:and
586:and
584:road
578:and
443:青马大桥
429:青馬大橋
392:Toll
257:1.5
29:青馬大橋
1643:at
857:of
830:'s
828:MTR
799:on
734:MTR
208:of
206:No.
189:of
187:No.
2018::
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349:)
323:)
305:)
247:)
242:8
238:3
235:+
233:8
229:(
214:2
137:)
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