176:
592:
495:
313:) under the Ministry of Heavy Industry, later the Ministry of Metallurgy and Machine Building. After 1948, although the Reșița Works remained the most important heavy industry producers in Romania, they were gradually marginalized as well, with a series of units being shut down: metal structures and bridges (1953-1958); petroleum extraction equipment (1954-1955); railroad switches (1955); transformers, electric equipment and medium-sized
548:
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616:
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483:
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47:
160:. However, there is no documentary evidence to support this claim. Since their opening, the development and fortunes of the works have been deeply entwined with the history of the city itself. An important element of their success was due to their relative self-sufficiency; over time, the works tended to use raw materials and energy sources produced on-site.
164:
39:
28:
376:; and the programs to develop rail transport, the naval fleet, the metallurgical, mining and chemical industries—was undertaken without a certain degree of involvement from the Reșița Works, whether by incorporating or producing machines and equipment. Additionally, their products were exported to nearly forty countries.
203:; this included the machine works, the old industrial platform of today's UCM Reșița, where the first St.E.G. workshops were also built between 1886 and 1891. By surface area, over 90% of the company properties were forests, but they also included iron, coal and copper mines; vineyards; roads; and limestone quarries.
218:; a factory for petroleum extraction equipment; an armaments factory; a factory for electric machinery; and a locomotives factory with a capacity of 100 units per year. Among the main products generated were steam locomotives, including repairs; mounted wheels, including axles; wheel bandages, metal bridges,
471:
and steam laminating workshop. In addition, two villas belonging to the UCM authorities are listed, as well as a number of those belonging to the UDR leadership. Although blast furnace #1 was demolished, the remaining one, representing the fifth generation of blast furnaces on the same site, was left
416:
became increasingly commonplace; finally, in June 2001, the government announced it would go to court to scrap the contract because of the nationwide "economic and social destabilization" risked by allowing the situation to continue. The process was restarted in 2003, and the following year, the
403:
in 1996. Its first privatization in 2000, undertaken by a government eager to be divested of a debt-ridden entity, was a failure. CSR's takeover by an
American company accused of failing to fulfill its promise of improving the plant led to labor unrest. This was exploited by the extremist
155:
and the concession for building and operating a railway network of some 5,000 km (3,100 mi), and was financed by one French and two
Austrian banks. A persistent legend holds that in the late 1880s, metal produced at Reșița was sent to France to be used in building the
123:
was the focus of activity, but machinery manufacturing gradually gained prominence, becoming the main occupation in the last quarter of the 19th century. For decades, the two complemented each other within the same integrated factory. Until 1855, the works belonged to the
296:
the company, along with 350 others. For over a year, it kept its former name but was gradually integrated into the new government structure. A decree issued in August 1949 led to its effective disaggregation by the end of the year, and its components were folded into two
309:(the machine production division). Thus, for the first time, the Reșița Works were divided in two. In September 1954, with the end of the SovRom period, they were reunited into one entity, the Reșița Metallurgical Works (
118:
proving inadequate for its industrial needs. The works trace their origins to July 3, 1771, when the first furnaces and forges were inaugurated, making it the oldest industrial factory in present-day
Romania. At first,
399:
in 1989, and CSR had begun to decline by 1993. In
December 1994, a demonstration of the 6,800 remaining workers and 30,000 Reșița residents brought about investments and new equipment. CSR became a
786:
372:, no significant economic development program on a national scale—including the program to develop the energy supply through thermoelectric and hydroelectric machines and equipment; the
718:
86:). They have played a crucial role in the industrial development both of the region and of Romania as a whole, and their evolution has been largely synonymous with that of their host city.
143:
In 1855, with the empire facing financial crisis and looking to sell, the works were bought by an international consortium, the
Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company (
456:, it regained the UCMR name in 1991, and underwent a privatization process starting in 1993. This concluded in 2003, when the state sold the remainder of its shares. Largely owned by a
472:
standing due to its symbolic significance in the city's cultural identity and contribution to the industrial landscape. By the early 1990s, the works had caused serious air, water and
1084:
464:
859:
996:
460:
company and with some 2500 employees, it is involved with machining operations on machine tools, welding, heat and thermochemical treatments and electroplating.
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258:. In terms of revenue and number of employees, the company was the largest in Romania, with the latter figure reaching 22,892 in 1948. In 1939, following the
810:
975:
715:
547:
336:
At the same time, significant technological advances were incorporated. Among the devices introduced were steam turbines and turbo generators; new
140:
pieces coming directly from the furnaces, rods forged from iron, hoops for cart wheels, tools, nails and utensils for agricultural and home use.
1089:
579:
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147:
or St.E.G.). Aside from the Reșița Works, this company also owned land and mining, metalworking and railway properties in the Banat and
192:
1024:
1004:
906:
839:
591:
530:
425:, it has been known as TMK Reșița since 2006. It produces tubular billets, heavy round profiles and blooms, and started putting out
270:'s one-tenth share in Reșița. Together with other incursions into Romanian industry, this move seriously undermined the attempts of
567:
195:, including the Banat, a 1920 royal decree transformed St.E.G.'s Romanian holdings into the Steel Works and Domains of Reșița (
31:
506:
384:
On April 1, 1962, the works were again split into two separate entities meant to operate in tandem: the Reșița Steel Works (
1035:
290:
278:
226:; electric machinery and equipment such as motors, generators and transformers; petroleum extraction equipment, including
184:
71:
744:
432:
UCMR was under the control of various ministries, its name being changed in 1973 to Reșița
Machine Building Enterprise (
277:
to maintain an independent foreign policy. Subsequently, commercial and technical management ended up in the hands of
199:; U.D.R. or U.D.R.I.N.) company. A "workshops directorate" belonging to the company was built on the left bank of the
917:
878:
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255:
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mills; a foundry; a forge; a factory for bridges and metal structures; a factory for mounted wheels; an old
70:. Founded in 1771 and operating under a single structure until 1948 and then from 1954 to 1962, during the
211:
669:
468:
405:
125:
104:
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632:
200:
787:"Turnul Eiffel 'Made in Reșița, România'. Falsa legendă urbană care încă umflă orgoliul multor români"
603:
554:
518:
345:
615:
558:
482:
453:
396:
274:
247:
962:
895:
Modern
Romania: The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation
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1000:
902:
835:
749:
426:
353:
341:
100:
467:: the UCM locomotive factory, and from the CSR, blast furnace #2, the brick factory and the
672:, at the Association for Industrial Archaeology in Romania site; accessed February 14, 2012
814:
722:
369:
357:
326:
271:
223:
219:
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and an institute for research and planning hydroelectric equipment in Reșița. After the
348:; hydroelectric units including hydraulic turbines, generators and rotation regulators;
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337:
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267:
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445:
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in 2007. By 2011, the number of employees had fallen to 800, from 10,400 in 1990.
59:
976:"Ultimul furnal din spaţiul intracarpatic, muzeul ţinut captiv de conducerea TMK"
947:
699:
408:, which took control of regular demonstrations where slogans against joining the
932:
791:
727:
537:
457:
368:. At the same time, steam locomotives were phased out. During four decades of a
365:
243:
207:
206:
Starting in the 1920s, the works had the following divisions: blast furnaces; a
246:
and gear reducers; and armaments, such as artillery, gun carriages, 75 mm
1017:
Pushing back the
Boundaries: the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe
251:
133:
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1037:
898:
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235:
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46:
476:, making Reșița among the most severely polluted areas of Eastern Europe.
17:
860:"Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița, colosul industrial anihilat de capitalism"
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317:(1957); mounted wheels (1959); moveable bridges and cranes (after 1973);
231:
227:
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111:
108:
82:), the latter renamed in 1973 as the Reșița Machine Building Enterprise (
163:
38:
436:; ICMR). Between 1969 and 1973, it was the hub of Reșița Plants Group (
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67:
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152:
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and other rail equipment; metal frames for buildings and factories;
27:
330:
174:
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132:, which exercised control through the Banat Mining Directorate in
63:
45:
37:
26:
637:
413:
463:
Four industrial elements of the Reșița Works are listed as
356:; equipment for the chemical and metallurgical industries;
103:, which then ruled the Banat, was interested in developing
58:
are two companies, TMK Reșița and UCM Reșița, located in
817:
at the Reșița City Hall site; accessed
February 14, 2012
585:
1996 postage stamp commemorating 225 years of operations
74:
they were known respectively as the Reșița Steel Works (
963:
716:"Disputa pentru un patrimoniu de 17 milioane de franci"
670:
Protecţia patrimoniului industrial al Banatului Montan
145:
K.u.K Oberprivillegierte Staatseisenbahn Gesellschaft
440:), which also included a metal structures plant in
250:antitank and antiaircraft guns; coastal artillery;
950:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
935:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
920:at the TMK Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
881:at the TMK Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
702:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
107:in the province, and began building furnaces for
573:Visit by Ceaușescu to the machine factory (1978)
773:, Nr. 327, May 2010; accessed February 13, 2012
982:, 5 September 2011; accessed February 14, 2012
866:, 13 February 2011; accessed February 14, 2012
434:Întreprinderea de Construcții de Mașini Reșița
388:; CSR) and the Reșița Machine Building Plant (
84:Întreprinderea de Construcții de Mașini Reșița
828:The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989
753:, 7 November 2010; accessed February 18, 2012
700:UCM Reșița - evoluția și dezvoltarea istorică
512:Machine workers during nationalization (1948)
50:The historic blast furnace #2, completed 1962
8:
1019:, p.162. Manchester University Press, 1999,
795:, September 19, 2016; accessed March 7, 2018
745:"Furnalul de la Govăjdie, lăsat în paragină"
661:
659:
657:
655:
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78:) and as the Reșița Machine Building Plant (
329:and related devices (1977); and locomotive
1085:Historic monuments in Caraș-Severin County
874:
872:
541:announcement of a new blast furnace (1962)
731:, 11 May 2006; accessed February 14, 2012
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993:The Environment in Eastern Europe: 1990
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417:state sold it off. A subsidiary of the
597:Reșița coats of arms: interwar period
7:
390:Uzina Constructoare de Mașini Reșița
80:Uzina Constructoare de Mașini Reșița
305:(the iron extraction division) and
260:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
256:Brandt 60 and 120 mm LR Gun-mortars
197:Uzinele de Fier și Domeniile Reșița
169:Uzinele de Fier și Domeniile Reșița
380:Split and subsequent privatization
193:union of Transylvania with Romania
25:
1080:Companies of Caraș-Severin County
32:Dormition of the Theotokos Church
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590:
578:
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136:. By 1815, they were producing
1:
1090:Companies established in 1771
386:Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița
311:Combinatul Metalurgic Reșița
187:produced by the Reșița Works
114:in Reșița in 1769, those at
76:Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița
167:Share of the Reșița Works (
1116:
1095:Steel companies of Romania
279:Reichswerke Hermann Göring
151:, a locomotive factory in
767:"Furnalul de la Govăjdia"
183:had its armor plates and
34:flanked by blast furnaces
668:Ioana Irina Iamandescu,
448:, a mechanical plant in
268:Československá Zbrojovka
948:Capacităţi de producţie
344:and bogies; electrical
307:Sovrom Utilaj Petrolier
128:of what had become the
42:The steel works in 1970
438:Grupul de Uzine Reșița
289:In June 1948, the new
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181:Mareșal tank destroyer
172:
51:
43:
35:
444:, a machine plant in
406:Greater Romania Party
397:Communist regime fell
374:nuclear power program
178:
166:
105:extractive metallurgy
95:Beginnings and growth
49:
41:
30:
965:, p.900; 902-03; 922
524:Steel workers (1950)
364:and large hydraulic
1047: /
559:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
454:Romanian Revolution
210:plant; steelworks;
171:), issued June 1926
813:2011-06-05 at the
721:2017-09-05 at the
633:Galați steel works
553:Workers welcoming
465:historic monuments
342:diesel locomotives
321:equipment such as
189:
173:
52:
44:
36:
1051:45.295°N 21.903°E
991:Robert Atkinson,
765:Daniel I. Iancu,
750:Evenimentul Zilei
555:Nicolae Ceaușescu
354:marine propulsion
220:railroad switches
101:Habsburg monarchy
16:(Redirected from
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974:Oana Bejenariu,
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858:Oana Bejenariu,
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609:Communist period
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500:Diesel generator
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392:; UCMR or UCM).
327:turbo generators
301:joint ventures,
291:Communist regime
224:moveable bridges
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815:Wayback Machine
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723:Wayback Machine
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370:planned economy
362:hydraulic pumps
360:equipment like
358:fluid mechanics
338:air compressors
315:electric motors
287:
285:Nationalization
216:machine factory
130:Austrian Empire
97:
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410:European Union
401:public company
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350:Diesel engines
323:steam turbines
319:thermal energy
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238:, pump units,
191:Following the
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366:servo motors
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294:nationalized
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244:crown blocks
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158:Eiffel Tower
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121:metalworking
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56:Reșița Works
55:
53:
1054: /
621:Present day
488:Gear wheels
303:Sovrommetal
264:Nazi regime
252:naval mines
1069:Categories
1042:21°54′11″E
1039:45°17′42″N
446:Caransebeș
266:took over
236:drill bits
66:region of
18:UCM Reșița
899:NYU Press
897:, p.301.
832:Routledge
830:, p.255.
450:Timișoara
232:couplings
228:pumpjacks
138:cast iron
62:, in the
995:, p.51.
980:Adevărul
901:, 2005.
864:Adevărul
834:, 2004.
811:Archived
792:Adevărul
728:Adevărul
719:Archived
627:See also
538:Scînteia
469:puddling
346:bushings
333:(1981).
275:Carol II
234:, heavy
126:Treasury
112:smelting
109:iron ore
999:, 1991
918:Profile
879:History
808:Istoric
423:OAO TMK
419:Russian
248:Vickers
242:parts,
212:rolling
149:Bohemia
134:Oravița
90:History
68:Romania
1075:Reșița
1023:
1003:
905:
838:
561:(1968)
427:blanks
331:bogies
299:SovRom
262:, the
254:; and
208:coking
153:Vienna
60:Reșița
644:Notes
458:Swiss
442:Bocșa
421:firm
116:Bocșa
64:Banat
1021:ISBN
1001:ISBN
997:IUCN
903:ISBN
836:ISBN
638:FAUR
557:and
414:NATO
412:and
395:The
352:for
272:King
179:The
99:The
54:The
185:gun
1071::
978:,
893:,
871:^
862:,
846:^
789:,
769:,
747:,
725:,
677:^
652:^
340:;
325:,
281:.
230:,
20:)
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