1163:
1319:
797:
718:. Given the larger sized cars that made mechanical placements easier, conventional motors replaced the linear motor in order to reduce capital costs (the linear motor requires an aluminum "fourth rail" for the entire line). However, due to changes in the laws governing the operation of GO trains on the freight railways they ran on, GO was able to improve its schedules without having to build any new infrastructure. ALRT was cancelled in 1985 in favour of conventional heavy rail technology. UTDC later played an important part in this build-out in spite of these changes, and GO eventually built its own twin-track line to
1027:
524:
1152:
654:, the Minister of Transportation and Communications. The site included a 1.9 km (1.2 mi) oval test track that included at-grade, elevated and ramped sections, switches, and the automatic control centre. Phase III of the ICTS program ended on 31 January 1980 when testing on the prototype was completed at the Millhaven site; by this point the government had invested about $ 57.2 million, of a total $ 63 million spent on the product by the government and its industrial partners.
1327:
722:. Construction of the exclusive guideway had already begun in the early 1980s for GO ALRT, which was then modified shortly after to allow for conventional GO Train service. Work on the exclusive track from Pickering to Whitby was completed in 1988, followed by an extension to Oshawa in 1995 with limited service, which was shortly after pushed back up to all day two-way service, allowing for further expansion of Lakeshore East GO train service.
904:
508:
153:
927:. Lavalin purchased the company for CAD$ 50 million, less than the $ 70 million spent on the UTDC by the government up to 1981. The sale was very controversial at the time: $ 39 million of several non-performance payments had to be made because of the early problems on the ICTS that had to be paid out by the government. Soon after, Hawker Siddeley announced that it was selling its remaining interest in CC&F to Lavalin as well.
1141:
782:
963:
742:
would not open, "phantom cars" that would appear mid-line and cause the collision avoidance systems to turn on and freeze trains in place in spite of having a driver. A host of other problems seriously delayed scheduled operations. In
Toronto, the Scarborough RT became a subject of ridicule, often closing in heavy snows. Most of the problems with the Toronto and Vancouver systems were worked out by the time the
40:
546:(PRT) concept of automated car-like cabs that would pick up and drop off passengers as individual units and then link up into longer trains for travel at high speed between stations. A number of companies in the U.S. were in the process of developing systems for UMTA, and many of these companies submitted a proposal for the ICTS project.
841:. Hawker Siddeley had already developed a number of rail vehicles, and with its partnership with UTDC these became the favoured products for a number of contracts in Ontario. In addition to the ICTS, UTDC now had a product portfolio that spanned everything from streetcars to subways to traditional heavy rail passenger cars and hoppers.
605:. There were also technical problems; in testing, the complex systems needed to switch trains on the magnetic tracks froze up, and would require a re-design. With Krauss-Maffei's financial support gone, and daunting technical problems remaining to be solved, the maglev project died. A test track being constructed on the grounds of the
1455:
The decision to keep the city's streetcars wasn't a simple one. The TTC's
Presidents' Conference Committee streetcars were in urgent need of replacement, but no successor was in development. As a result, the province established the Ontario Transportation Development Corporation (later re-named Urban
942:'s television services, and many other businesses that were unrelated to its core engineering strengths. By the early 1990s this aggressive expansion plan led to a massive debt load and serious financial difficulties. In 1991, Lavalin's bankers put it under pressure to be acquired by its chief rival,
879:
When downsizing hit GO in the early 1990s, a number of these coaches were leased out to various operators in Canada and the US. They were received to rave reviews, and quickly generated orders from operators across North
America. Several hundred additional BiLevel cars were built, and over 700 remain
741:
which required the
Scarborough RT system to be fitted with protective covers. The braking system was too powerful and caused the wheels to rub flat in spots, which led to noisy running, the opposite of the design goal. Bugs in the automatic control software led to a number of problems with doors that
494:
that shared the same right-of-way. However, subways were suitable only for high-density routes that could afford to pay for their expensive construction and operation. In 1980 this was estimated to be between $ 75 and $ 80 million a mile. The TTC suggested that all of the high-density routes suitable
370:
was formed to support the continuing improvement of the group's base technology, and to repurpose it and apply it to different, non-transit markets. Buses that ran on rails, materials handling systems, steerable trucks for freight rail cars and extruded tunnel lining systems were some of the products
986:
in
February 1992. Bombardier Transportation had in late 1991 negotiated a $ 17 million subsidy from the Ontario government for the purchase. SNC purchased the engineering portions of the company and became SNC-Lavalin, while most other business were sold to other firms. At that time, UTDC Inc. was a
457:
was planned, and made its way into the city's
Official Plan in 1966. As work on the new highways started, a wave of public protest followed as many houses, and in some cases entire neighbourhoods, were bulldozed to make way. The work became increasingly opposed in Toronto, especially after the cause
849:
In
December 1983 the TTC announced that it was buying 126 subway cars from UTDC, and followed this in February 1984 with an order for 52 ALRVs. The subway cars were built at Can-Car, but after the first ten ALRVs, streetcar production moved to the Millhaven plants which were winding down their ICTS
592:
and Hawker
Siddeley's entry, both of which used rubber tires. Ford withdrew when the ICTS varied too greatly from the system it wanted to develop, which was aimed primarily at sites in the U.S. With only Hawker Siddeley and Krauss-Maffei remaining, the 1 May 1973 announcement that the Krauss-Maffei
498:
The other vehicles in use with the TTC, buses and streetcars, would not be able to provide rapid transit unless they were given a separate right-of-way. This expense is easy to justify in the case of a subway with its large passenger capacity, but for a system like a bus the capital costs overwhelm
1360:
An automated factory floor pallet transfer system (Intellimotion) for
Continental Can in Toronto (1987). Similar to an automated guided vehicle (AGV), it used multiple LIMs (linear induction motors) mounted in the floor with a slot for guidance, such that the vehicle itself was passive (unpowered)
918:
As early as 1981 the
Government of Ontario had considered selling UTDC to the private sector. The government's concern was that without a manufacturing business, UTDC would find it difficult to make enough income to justify its Kingston operations. If the company did start a manufacturing side, it
698:
were also in talks with UTDC. With three customers lined up, a manufacturing plant was added to the Millhaven site, VentureTrans Manufacturing, which opened in 1982. Having won the contracts in Canada and USA, UTDC attempted to market the ICTS technology in Europe and Asia. One "near-miss" was in
618:
On 14 April 1975, the Ministry of Transportation arranged financing for Phase I and II studies to develop a new system to replace the maglev. In June 1975 the Ontario Transportation Development Corporation (OTDC) announced that it had arranged a consortium to continue the development of the ICTS,
485:
in Toronto, rising in the legislature and stating that "Cities were built for people and not cars. If we are building a transportation system to serve the automobile, the Spadina Expressway would be a good place to start. But if we are building a transportation system to serve people, the Spadina
537:
Work on an Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) had already started in 1970. Several consulting firms were asked to provide separate feasibility reports with outlines of a basic system. At the time, new urban transit systems were a field of active research across North America due to U.S.
609:
was abandoned in place, with the foundations and a few support pillars already constructed. Krauss-Maffei continued development of the original inter-city Transrapid, but at a very slow pace and through a series of mergers with other companies involved in maglev technology. The first Transrapid
561:, and asked for submissions for ICTS vehicles to serve the routes. Fourteen designs were studied, but whittled down to eight formal proposals. Some were PRT systems, while others were more traditional subway-like systems. Three of the eight ran on rubber wheels, four were air cushion vehicles (
499:
the passenger numbers these systems could carry. What was needed was a new system that reduced the capital costs to be able to efficiently serve low-density routes in the suburbs, a system with flexible sizing somewhere between a small subway and large streetcar, an "intermediate" sized system.
424:
built heavy-rail passenger cars, subway cars, streetcars and other vehicles. Now armed with a complete portfolio from light to heavy rail, UTDC had a number of additional successes in North America, and became a major vendor in the mass transit market. It was privatized in the 1986, when it was
596:
In November 1974 Krauss-Maffei announced that it was forced to withdraw from the project. The West German government had been funding development of several maglev systems based on different technologies, and decided at that time that Krauss-Maffei's system was less interesting than ones from
1364:
An automated baggage transport system for the Singapore Changi International Airport expansion (1990) between Terminals 1 and 2. Over 200 LIMs were mounted in a 1km looped dedicated track with the control system designed to "slingshot" the baggage carts from one LIM to the next (approx. 10m
1045:
Bombardier was much more aggressive in marketing the UTDC product line than either the government or Lavalin had been, especially the ICTS. Bombardier re-designed the cars, expanding the passenger capacity and updating their look, re-introducing the product as the
830:(SIG). SIG was contracted to build the first 10 before turning over construction to OTDC, subcontracted at Hawker Siddeley's CC&F factory in Thunder Bay. The prototype run was cut to six, in order to allow four to be converted into an articulated design, the
1132:. Although manufacturing of both the TTC and Metrolinx orders was intended to be completed entirely at the CC&F plants, recurrent delays and other technical problems have led to Bombardier opening a second production line at the former CLC site in Kingston.
818:
to design a new streetcar known as the "Municipal Surface Car". However, the Government of Ontario had formed the OTDC in the early 1970s, and provided the TTC 75% of its capital funding. The government then demanded that the TTC turn to OTDC for new vehicles.
669:, a low-density route passing through industrial land. The TTC was not interested in changing to the ICTS for this route, until the Ontario government, which provided about 80% of the capital costs, stepped in and demanded the ICTS be used. A smaller system in
542:'s (UMTA) plans to roll out new systems in cities across the country. UMTA was convinced that urban rail systems would only be able to compete with cars if they had more car-like capabilities, and they were primarily interested in the
489:
Davis felt that the future of urban transit lay not in the automobile, but mass rapid transit systems. In keeping with this, the street portion of the Spadina Expressway was cancelled in 1971, but full funding remained for the
1018:
high-speed train design. Although the LRC was never the success Bombardier hoped, the company continued to buy other rail companies in North America and Europe, dramatically expanding its divisions until, with its purchase of
995:, creating a yearly turnover of .US$ 250 million. Bombardier received a US$ 17 million subsidy in return for commitments to maintain employment and investments of up to US$ 30 million in plant and equipment.
685:
buildout in keeping with the theme, "Transportation and Communication". Although the UMTA program in the U.S. was "de-funded" that year, Detroit pressed ahead with its plans and signed up in August. Hamilton, Ottawa,
619:
changing its name to "Urban Transportation Development Corporation" to avoid any "provinciality" during its efforts to market what would now be an entirely local design to other cities. The consortium consisted of
2064:
2103:"The Light-Rapid Comfortable (LRC) Train and the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS): Two Case Studies of Innovation in the Urban Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry"
1093:
Vancouver continues to be the largest operator of the ICTS system, with nearly 50 kilometres (31 mi) of operational Innovia Metro trackage on two of its SkyTrain lines since the
2217:
1225:
ICTS Mark I Test Vehicles; test vehicle TV-1 (used to test bogies), prototype lead car and trailer used by UTDC Test Centre built at in house Venture Trans Manufacturing c. 1982
714:. ALRT was based on the ICTS technology, but used a longer car about the size of a conventional railway passenger car, and replaced the third rail power with an overhead
1544:
1442:
1361:
and propelled across the open floor and up/down an 18% grade by the LIMs. The flush-mounted motors and sensors could be safely driven over by 10-ton forklift trucks.
330:. It developed significant expertise in linear propulsion, steerable trucks and driverless system controls which were integrated into a transit system known as the
553:
in May 1972 that serious development of the ICTS started. On 22 November the new policy was announced. The Davis government proposed a new rail network known as
2207:
1393:
854:
646:
A Transit Development Centre for UTDC was built on a 480-acre (190 ha) site in Millhaven, outside of Kingston, Ontario. Kingston had been home to the
1398:
1191:
1155:
858:
1889:
1162:
1058:
between adjacent cars (replacing the coupling and doors of the older (retroactively named) Mark I design) have won several new contests, including the
876:. GO continued placing additional orders, eventually buying 470 for their service in southern Ontario, where the BiLevel is widely associated with GO.
470:
865:. These were the first of many such orders, and hundreds of subway cars were delivered to various U.S. transport services over the next two decades.
588:
maglev system immediately won the interest of the Davis government, and in the Phase II proposals they selected it for further study, along with the
700:
539:
2227:
1835:
1456:
Transportation Development Corporation, UTDC for short) to design a new light rail vehicle it could sell to Toronto and, it hoped, other cities.
1369:
Multi-Purpose Small Bus, a handicap transit vehicle developed by UTDC with Rek-Vee Industries in Scarborough and FunCraft Vehicles in Cambridge
1318:
650:
that closed its doors in 1969, and the city lobbied hard for the new company to locate there. It was officially opened on 29 September 1978 by
919:
would be inappropriate for the company to remain government owned. In 1986 the new Ontario government announced its intention to sell UTDC to
2222:
761:
to build and operate the system. After Kowloon Wharf pulled out of the project in 1983, citing concerns over the slow pace of development in
1097:
began service in 2016. Its entire fleet of Mk I and Mk II trains remain in service and have been supplemented by newly built Mk III trains.
345:
Urban Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. was a holding company. During its time it held several wholly owned subsidiary companies:
2212:
1271:
1255:
550:
1907:
1508:
1113:
834:(ALRV). UTDC unveiled the ALRV at a June 18–19, 1982 open house at its Transit Development Centre, which over 10,000 people attended.
796:
770:
657:
Looking for a site in Ontario to serve as a test bed for the ICTS, the government focused on an extension of the eastern end of TTC's
1663:
2175:
2148:
2131:
2117:
1274:(used by Sacramento RT Light Rail); Salt Lake City cars retired in 2018 and Sacramento cars refurbished in 2015 are used until 2022.
1039:
951:
837:
In March 1983 Hawker Siddeley Canada sold a portion of its CC&F factory in Thunder Bay to the UTDC, creating the jointly owned
1992:
1071:
454:
1062:
extension of the Vancouver SkyTrain network. ART technology has also been exported outside North America, and is in use on the
481:. Shortly after taking power, on 3 June Davis announced that he was cancelling provincial support for the highly controversial
1959:
1263:
1241:
1100:
Bombardier also continues to win sales with its other light rail vehicles, including a major expansion of its globally based
831:
1865:
1847:
1541:
1434:
2023:
2019:
602:
323:, Canada. It was established in the 1970s as a way to enter what was then expected to be a burgeoning market in advanced
1215:
606:
491:
156:
TTC ALRV L3 articulated streetcar #4239 at Queen Street West and Spadina Avenue on the 501, waiting for a light change.
1231:
1109:
1105:
823:
786:
678:
647:
1933:
1026:
1997:
1383:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1180:
1125:
1117:
1031:
790:
449:
grew extensively during the 1960s and 1970s, and like many cities in North America, most of this growth was in the
386:
364:
provided transit service consulting to international clients and worked very closely with the experts from the TTC.
853:
A further run of a modified double-ended ALRVs followed for the Santa Clara County Transportation Agency (now the
658:
1807:
1349:
1296:
1176:
1145:
1011:
999:
946:. Lavalin announced its intent to sell its stake in UTDC, and several companies expressed an interest, including
888:
765:, UTDC was among several companies that expressed interest in building the railway, but not in operating it. The
413:
262:
139:
1706:
1486:
Litvak & Maule, pg. 104 - the first mention puts it at $ 80 million, but the very next page puts it at $ 75
1284:
1207:
1087:
1047:
873:
804:
574:
382:
331:
1120:
design to replace its legacy fleet and make its entire streetcar network wheelchair-accessible, and in 2010
704:
666:
710:
In 1982 UTDC also entered a design to offer rail service to the suburbs east of Toronto, a system known as
707:. However, due to funding constraints, a cheaper system requiring an on-board attendant was implemented.
2140:
1288:
1259:
935:
931:
815:
624:
543:
523:
405:
316:
172:
1561:
979:
661:. The TTC had already started building a streetcar line that would extend from the end of the subway at
320:
1151:
2170:
William Middleton, "Metropolitan railways: Rapid Transit in America", Indiana University Press, 2002,
1408:
1219:
1129:
758:
743:
734:
730:
531:
516:
398:
394:
1094:
827:
939:
749:
In the early 1980s, the UTDC was involved in the planning of a new light railway in the northwest
1403:
1101:
1090:
design and marketed as part of Bombardier's Innovia family of automated transportation products.
1055:
578:
482:
478:
129:
737:
started in January 1986. The systems suffered from serious teething problems; snow froze to the
453:. In order to move workers to and from the business and industrial areas in the city centre, an
2065:"Bombardier sets up new streetcar production line in Kingston, gives TTC new delivery schedule"
1326:
557:
that would operate three routes in the Toronto area under the auspices of the recently created
2171:
2144:
2127:
2113:
2072:
1967:
1730:
1267:
1035:
992:
762:
715:
670:
430:
1742:
Ray Corley, "CLRV: Canadian Light Rail Vehicle", The Toronto Transit Commission, October 1996
1063:
967:
924:
766:
695:
598:
294:
192:
903:
507:
1667:
1660:
1631:
1548:
1378:
1343:
1335:
1195:
1059:
892:
884:
750:
674:
662:
252:
152:
117:
113:
1803:
433:
and Thunder Bay continue to produce rapid transit systems for use in Ontario and abroad.
408:
joined forces with UTDC in order to win a number of contracts with the TTC and Ontario's
342:
on the lower, filling a niche aimed at suburbs that were otherwise expensive to service.
1300:
1251:
1140:
983:
781:
726:
620:
512:
390:
962:
868:
Since the early 1970s, Hawker Siddeley had been designing a new two-level railcar for
2201:
651:
570:
335:
199:
1648:
1636:
The Railway Metropolis: How Planners Politicians and Developers Shaped Modern London
352:
was established as the contracting, delivery and operating company for system sales.
1838:, Hansard (HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AMENDMENT ACT (FIREFIGHTERS)), 7 December 1994, pg. 2330
1184:
1067:
1051:
971:
627:, Standard Elektrik Lorenz's "SelTrac IS" system for the automatic control system,
474:
327:
125:
1688:
566:
2190:
2123:
2109:
2102:
1753:
404:
Further sales proved more difficult than had been hoped, but in the early 1980s,
334:(ICTS). It was designed to provide service at rider levels between a traditional
1822:
1778:
1596:
1015:
988:
943:
908:
691:
459:
417:
511:
ICTS Mark I trains have a conventional subway appearance. This example, on the
2136:
1388:
1292:
1007:
869:
801:
738:
562:
558:
466:
409:
324:
178:
109:
2105:, University of Toronto/York University Joint Program in Transportation, 1982
2076:
2037:
1971:
2154:
R. C. Baker, "The Intermediate Capacity Transportation System for Toronto",
1121:
947:
754:
725:
Construction of the Toronto and Vancouver systems proceeded apace, with the
585:
528:
339:
39:
2038:"Bombardier reputation takes hit after Metrolinx threatens to cancel deal"
1023:
in 2001, the largest supplier of rail equipment in the world at the time.
1079:
912:
883:
UTDC's Can-Car also produced a number of other products for sales to the
673:
was also considered, and there was a brief study for a similar system in
640:
589:
554:
375:
The Services and R&D companies were merged in the mid-1980s to form
1893:
1306:
1075:
1020:
920:
808:
711:
682:
628:
446:
426:
290:
273:
248:
196:
88:
84:
1438:
1010:
as well as tramcars. Now in the train business, in 1975 it added the
862:
719:
450:
279:
143:
1334:
UTDC Can Car Rail division built several military vehicles for the
1309:, a lengthened and articulated version of the ICTS (prototype only).
17:
1325:
1317:
1161:
1150:
1139:
1083:
1025:
1003:
998:
Bombardier quickly re-branded the UTDC products under its growing
902:
795:
780:
687:
636:
632:
522:
506:
151:
1228:
ICTS Mark II Clearance Test; 1 working car (BC Transit/TransLink)
822:
In August 1973 the TTC placed an order with the OTDC for 200 new
412:
commuter network. They formed a joint operating company at their
1679:
Heather Conn, "On track: the SkyTrain story", B.C. Transit, 1996
733:
on 11 December 1985, where passenger service on what is today's
729:
opening for service on 22 March 1985, followed by the Vancouver
298:
121:
639:
for the design of the car bodies and a set of prototypes, and
699:
London, where UTDC succeeded in persuading the client, the
987:
manufacturer of mass transit vehicles with 860 workers in
1934:"Bombardier wins contract to build Evergreen Line trains"
1262:(operated 29)) - Double-ended articulated variant of the
1086:. The design has since evolved into the third-generation
1993:"Metrolinx exercises option for 182 light rail vehicles"
1661:"TTC Rapid Transit and Streetcar Official Opening Dates"
1509:"A Brief History of Personal Rapid Transit in Minnesota"
954:. Before this was completed, the company went bankrupt.
826:(CLRV). The design was purchased from the Swiss company
1435:"The story of the last new streetcar launch in Toronto"
27:
Canadian rolling stock and rail transport manufacturer
978:
As part of the proceedings, UTDC was returned to the
161:
Urban Transportation Development Corporation Limited
1128:LRVs for newly constructed light rail lines in the
1002:marque, which started in 1970 with its purchase of
703:, to purchase a driverless elevated system for its
610:system did not enter service until 30 years later.
286:
268:
258:
243:
225:
206:
188:
165:
135:
105:
95:
80:
62:
54:
46:
1542:"1934 - 1977 From the idea to the system decision"
974:uses Bombardier's second-generation ART technology
1754:"THE ARTICULATED LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES (THE ALRVS)"
309:Urban Transportation Development Corporation Ltd.
221:as Ontario Transportation Development Corporation
1890:Rail industry spooked by international suppliers
1707:"Tuen Mun light rail system will still be built"
1322:Similar Steyr chassis is the basis of UTDC 24M32
1854:, December 28, 1991. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
1342:UTDC 24M32 - HLVW military trucks based on the
872:, which they started delivering in 1976 as the
2218:Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of Canada
757:. The corporation was engaged under a bid by
593:design had won the contest was unsurprising.
551:Ministry of Transportation and Communications
8:
1054:project, and an improved design introducing
934:by Lavalin, which included purchases of the
857:), and then a run of 58 subway cars for the
681:was interested in the system as part of the
160:
33:Urban Transportation Development Corporation
32:
1960:"TTC picks Bombardier to supply streetcars"
1394:Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority
1254:cars (SCVTA operated 50, secondhand use in
855:Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority
473:leadership contest, replacing long-serving
358:was a marketing company located in Detroit.
1597:"UTDC Kingston Transit Development Centre"
1399:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
1356:Transportation Technology Ltd. installed:
1192:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
1156:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
1006:, which made engines used in Bombardier's
859:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
458:was taken up by famous urban commentator,
159:
38:
31:
1864:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (28 December 1991).
471:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
1618:
1616:
1614:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1187:; retired by TTC in 2014 and Ankara 2019
961:
701:London Docklands Development Corporation
540:Urban Mass Transportation Administration
385:(ICTS) was sold into three markets: the
1528:
1526:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1425:
495:for subways were already being served.
2156:Transportation Planning and Technology
1494:
1492:
1166:Santa Clara County (San Jose) UTDC LRV
2141:"Toronto Sketches 5: The Way We Were"
2112:, University of Toronto Press, 2009,
2101:Isaiah Litvak and Christopher Maule,
1210:Mark I; 2, 4 or 6 car working model (
828:Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft
814:Starting in 1972, the TTC contracted
549:It was with the formation of the new
527:A driverless Mark I operating on the
486:Expressway is a good place to stop."
7:
2208:Former Crown corporations of Ontario
2191:"The Scarborough Rapid Transit Line"
1820:Bombardier comples UTDC acquisition
1705:Chugani, Michael (22 January 1983).
1272:Sacramento Regional Transit District
565:) including a version of the French
383:Intermediate Capacity Transit System
332:Intermediate Capacity Transit System
1932:Bennett, Nelson (3 December 2012).
1651:, Transit Toronto, 10 November 2006
1445:from the original on 21 August 2014
1050:(ART). ART won the contest for the
1958:Kalinowski, Tess (24 April 2009).
1348:MLVW military trucks based on the
930:This was during a period of rapid
771:Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation
368:UTDC Research and Development Ltd.
25:
1562:"Schanghai stutzt den Transrapid"
1183:), modified version also used by
1078:(in four-car trains), and on the
1048:Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit
1034:light rail vehicle built for the
958:Sale to Bombardier Transportation
923:, a large engineering company in
477:as the official party leader and
429:of Quebec. The UTDC factories in
1689:"Scarborough RT back in service"
1433:Chris Bateman (19 August 2014).
2042:Desautels Faculty of Management
1850:"Bombardier Returns to Earth",
1190:#3 (01700 series) subway cars (
1104:platform to the North American
789:L2 streetcar operating for the
455:extensive series of expressways
338:on the upper end and buses and
2228:1970 establishments in Ontario
2063:Spurr, Ben (6 February 2018).
1124:commissioned a large order of
1112:. In 2009, the TTC selected a
911:intercity train developed for
832:Articulated Light Rail Vehicle
377:Transportation Technology Ltd.
1:
2024:Railway Gazette International
2020:Toronto picks Flexity Outlook
1866:"Bombardier Returns to Earth"
643:for assembly and production.
118:Intercity and commuter trains
2223:Bombardier Inc. acquisitions
1216:TransLink (British Columbia)
824:Canadian Light Rail Vehicles
769:was eventually built by the
607:Canadian National Exhibition
579:magnetically levitated train
2213:Public transport in Ontario
1779:"HLVW: Heavy utility truck"
1622:Litvak & Maule, pg. 105
1608:Litvak & Maule, pg. 103
1285:Bi-Level III and IV coaches
1266:L3 cars; some cars sold to
982:, which quickly sold it to
679:Vancouver, British Columbia
648:Canadian Locomotive Company
231:; 33 years ago
212:; 51 years ago
68:; 54 years ago
2244:
2110:"The Shape of the Suburbs"
1998:Metro Report International
1752:Bow, James (17 May 2020).
1712:. South China Morning Post
1586:Litvak & Maule, pg. 99
1577:Litvak & Maule, pg. 93
1551:, Transrapid International
1520:Litvak & Maule, pg. 75
1498:Litvak & Maule, pg. 72
1384:Toronto Transit Commission
1287:- originally developed by
1246:Toronto Transit Commission
1236:Toronto Transit Commission
1212:Toronto Transit Commission
1181:Toronto Transit Commission
1126:Bombardier Flexity Freedom
1118:Bombardier Flexity Outlook
1032:Bombardier Flexity Freedom
791:Toronto Transit Commission
603:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
538:federal funding under the
414:Canadian Car & Foundry
387:Toronto Transit Commission
1912:Bombardier Transportation
1808:Northern Ontario Business
1350:M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck
1297:Altamont Corridor Express
1214:(retired July 24, 2023),
1040:Kitchener-Waterloo region
1012:Montreal Locomotive Works
1000:Bombardier Transportation
889:M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck
263:Bombardier Transportation
140:Bombardier Transportation
37:
1731:Purchase of TTC Vehicles
1088:Bombardier Innovia Metro
569:, while the German firm
416:(CC&F) factories in
2143:, Dundurn Press, 1997,
2124:"Planning and Politics"
1258:(operates 20 cars) and
1158:1700-series subway cars
705:Docklands Light Railway
667:Scarborough City Centre
420:and Kingston, Ontario:
1666:10 August 2010 at the
1331:
1323:
1289:Hawker Siddeley Canada
1167:
1159:
1148:
1042:
975:
915:
816:Hawker Siddeley Canada
811:
793:
625:linear induction motor
544:personal rapid transit
534:
520:
406:Hawker Siddeley Canada
157:
1938:Business in Vancouver
1785:. Andrius Genys (ARG)
1649:"The GO-ALRT Program"
1329:
1321:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1056:articulating sections
1029:
980:Government of Ontario
965:
906:
799:
784:
746:opened in July 1987.
581:(maglev) technology.
526:
510:
321:Government of Ontario
155:
1848:Farnsworth, Clyde H.
1836:"Hon Ms Wark-Martyn"
1638:, p40 ICE Press 2016
1409:Detroit People Mover
1344:Steyr 91 (Percheron)
1220:Detroit People Mover
1130:Greater Toronto Area
936:Bellechasse Hospital
773:and opened in 1988.
744:Detroit People Mover
517:Detroit People Mover
395:Detroit People Mover
328:mass transit systems
2126:, MIT Press, 1979,
1733:Hansard 24 May 1983
1238:); retired in 2019
1095:Evergreen Extension
887:, the medium-sized
845:Continued successes
659:Bloor–Danforth line
631:for an articulated
492:Spadina subway line
301:, military vehicles
247:assets acquired by
202:/ military vehicles
162:
34:
1852:The New York Times
1826:March 1992 page 24
1783:Military-Today.com
1547:2011-06-09 at the
1404:Vancouver SkyTrain
1332:
1324:
1314:Military and other
1299:and various other
1248:); retired in 2019
1168:
1160:
1149:
1110:light rail markets
1102:Bombardier Flexity
1043:
976:
916:
812:
794:
767:Light Rail Transit
535:
521:
483:Spadina Expressway
479:Premier of Ontario
397:, and Vancouver's
362:UTDC Services Inc.
158:
130:Signalling systems
2193:, Transit Toronto
2158:, Volume 4 (1972)
2044:. 7 November 2016
1695:, 18 January 2009
1599:, Transit Toronto
1568:, 1 February 2008
1144:Interior of UTDC
1036:Ion rapid transit
993:Kingston, Ontario
948:Asea Brown Boveri
763:Tuen Mun New Town
671:Hamilton, Ontario
577:system, based on
350:Metro Canada Ltd.
317:Crown corporation
305:
304:
173:Crown corporation
150:
149:
114:High-speed trains
16:(Redirected from
2235:
2088:
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2069:The Toronto Star
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1072:Airport Express
1060:Millennium Line
1038:network in the
960:
901:
899:Sale to Lavalin
893:Steyr Percheron
891:and the larger
885:Canadian Forces
847:
779:
751:New Territories
675:Ottawa, Ontario
663:Kennedy station
616:
519:), has a driver
515:(since sold to
505:
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2183:External links
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1252:VTA light rail
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621:SPAR Aerospace
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2095:Bibliography
2080:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2022:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1963:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
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1885:
1873:. Retrieved
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1787:. Retrieved
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1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1700:
1693:Toronto Star
1692:
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1643:
1635:
1627:
1604:
1591:
1582:
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1566:Tagesspiegel
1565:
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1516:
1507:Ken Avidor,
1503:
1454:
1447:. Retrieved
1428:
1368:
1355:
1333:
1185:Ankara Metro
1171:Mass transit
1099:
1092:
1068:Kuala Lumpur
1052:AirTrain JFK
1044:
997:
977:
972:Kuala Lumpur
952:Westinghouse
929:
917:
882:
880:in service.
878:
867:
852:
850:production.
848:
839:Can-Car Rail
838:
836:
821:
813:
777:Can-Car Rail
748:
724:
709:
656:
645:
617:
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583:
573:entered its
548:
536:
497:
488:
475:John Robarts
464:
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422:Can-Car Rail
421:
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367:
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295:Mass transit
269:Headquarters
193:Mass transit
166:Company type
142:(1992-2021)
81:Headquarters
47:Company type
29:
2189:James Bow,
2151:, pg. 38-40
2122:JĂĽri Pill,
1823:Railway Age
1763:13 November
1595:James Bow,
1082:outside of
1008:snowmobiles
989:Thunder Bay
692:Los Angeles
460:Jane Jacobs
418:Thunder Bay
371:researched.
110:Locomotives
97:Area served
2202:Categories
2137:Mike Filey
1875:10 October
1716:6 November
1415:References
1389:GO Transit
1293:GO Transit
1279:Heavy rail
1256:Sacramento
1202:Light rail
1194:) for the
1114:derivative
984:Bombardier
940:MétéoMédia
870:GO Transit
802:GO Transit
739:third rail
716:pantograph
652:James Snow
575:Transurban
563:hovercraft
559:GO Transit
467:Bill Davis
410:GO Transit
340:streetcars
325:light rail
299:Streetcars
251:and later
179:Subsidiary
50:Subsidiary
2077:0319-0781
1972:0319-0781
1811:June 1991
1449:20 August
1365:spacing).
1303:operators
1122:Metrolinx
1106:streetcar
755:Hong Kong
735:Expo Line
586:space age
567:AĂ©rotrain
529:Vancouver
259:Successor
181:1986-1991
101:Worldwide
1664:Archived
1545:Archived
1443:Archived
1196:Red Line
1080:EverLine
1014:and its
913:Via Rail
731:SkyTrain
641:Canadair
635:system,
623:for the
590:Ford ACT
555:GO-Urban
532:SkyTrain
469:won the
465:In 1971
431:Kingston
401:system.
399:SkyTrain
287:Products
189:Industry
106:Products
91:, Canada
55:Industry
2082:2 March
2048:3 March
2005:3 March
1977:2 March
1943:3 March
1917:3 March
1894:The Age
1307:GO ALRT
1116:of the
1076:Beijing
1021:ADtranz
921:Lavalin
874:BiLevel
809:Toronto
712:GO ALRT
683:Expo 86
665:to the
629:Dofasco
451:suburbs
447:Toronto
442:Genesis
437:History
427:Lavalin
291:Railcar
274:Ontario
249:Lavalin
234: (
226:Defunct
215: (
207:Founded
197:railcar
89:Ontario
85:Toronto
71: (
63:Founded
2174:
2147:
2130:
2116:
2075:
1970:
1789:22 May
1472:Sewell
1439:BlogTO
1070:, the
863:Boston
720:Oshawa
336:subway
297:cars,
280:Canada
144:Alstom
1710:(PDF)
1670:, TTC
1420:Notes
1084:Seoul
1004:Rotax
688:Miami
637:Alcan
633:bogie
136:Owner
122:Trams
2172:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2084:2018
2073:ISSN
2050:2018
2007:2018
1979:2018
1968:ISSN
1945:2018
1919:2018
1877:2023
1791:2014
1765:2023
1718:2014
1451:2014
1330:MLVW
1270:and
1268:TRAX
1264:ALRV
1244:L3 (
1242:ALRV
1234:L2 (
1232:CLRV
1208:ICTS
1108:and
1030:The
991:and
966:The
950:and
907:The
787:CLRV
694:and
614:UTDC
601:and
584:The
503:ICTS
381:The
313:UTDC
307:The
244:Fate
236:1991
229:1991
217:1973
210:1973
73:1970
66:1970
18:UTDC
1338::
1074:in
1066:in
1016:LRC
970:in
944:SNC
909:LRC
861:in
807:in
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