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describes the border lands of the Nahr al-Ubulla as a single extensive garden. Al-Ubulla supplied Basra with fresh water and was noted for its linens and shipbuilding. In 942, the governor of Uman captured the city on his way to Basra during his conflict with its strongman
161:
after the defeat of its 500-man
Sasanian garrison. In fact the stubborn port city had to be conquered in two separate occasions by ʿUtba b. Ghazwān. In a letter attributed to Utba, he describes the city as the "port of
170:, al-Hind (India) and al-Sin (China)". Following the foundation of the Arab garrison town of Basra further inland, al-Ubulla declined in strategic importance but remained a major trade port until the
509:
324:
Heba al-Zuraiqi & Irsan Ramini, “The Muslim
Conquest of the City of al-Ubulla” in the Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2020), 173-184.
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201:
The 13th-century Mongol invasions brought about a decline of several places in this part of Iraq, including al-Ubulla. The 14th-century traveler
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109:(in modern Iran) and ultimately to the Persian Gulf. The 'Ashar neighborhood of modern Basra currently occupies the site of al-Ubulla.
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381:
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and lay on the northern side of the eponymous canal, the Nahr al-Ubulla, which connected Basra southeastwards to the Tigris river,
198:. According to the historian J. H. Kramers, the events of its occupation demonstrate its weakness as "a bulwark for that city ".
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As indicated by the medieval Arabic geographers, al-Ubulla continued to be a large town, more populous than Basra, throughout the
119:
426:
158:
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417:
191:
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171:
128:
401:
195:
154:
261:
Fred McGraw Donner, The Early
Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 46, 160.
142:). Toward the end of the Sasanian period, it typically formed part of the territories of the Empire's
421:
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described it as a mere village and around this time it disappeared from the historical record.
436:
377:
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65:. In the medieval period, it served as Iraq's principal commercial port for trade with India.
346:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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409:
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Al-Ubulla is identified with the ancient city of
Apologou mentioned in the Greek manuscript
405:
182:
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era (3rd–7th centuries CE), and possibly before. According to the 10th-century chronicler
124:
34:
343:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen
457:
Ramini, Irsan; Al-Zuraiqi, Heba (2020). "The Muslim
Conquest of the City of al-Ubulla".
413:
337:
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46:
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53:) by the Greeks in the pre-Islamic period, was a port city at the head of the
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in the 630s, al-Ubulla was conquered by the Arab forces of
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The
Periplus of The Erythraean Sea, By an Unknown Author
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283:
281:
279:
277:
275:
273:
271:
269:
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376:. The Hakluyt Society at Cambridge University Press.
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The
Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Volume 2
27:Ancient port city east of Basra in modern-day Iraq
89:Al-Ubulla was situated on the right bank of the
77:The city, shown as "al-Ubullah" northeast of
8:
427:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
435:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 765–766.
395:. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.
131:, it was founded by the Sasanian emperor
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291:
249:
237:
213:
7:
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101:. It was located to the east of old
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123:. The city dates at least to the
510:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
97:estuary at the opening into the
81:, on a map of 9th-century Iraq (
490:Former populated places in Iraq
137:
120:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
365:. Princeton University Press.
391:Huntingford, G.W.B. (2010).
361:Donner, Fred McGraw (1981).
363:The Early Islamic Conquests
526:
459:Journal of Islamic Studies
159:Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini
50:
500:Medieval history of Iraq
228:, p. 357, note 850.
400:Kramers, J. H. (2000).
370:Gibb, H. A. R. (1962).
306:, p. 281, note 40.
129:Eutychius of Alexandria
196:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
192:Abu'l-Husayn al-Baridi
155:early Muslim conquests
86:
315:Donner, 174-176, 179.
185:praised the city and
76:
471:10.1093/jis/etaa004
252:, pp. 765–766.
51:'Απολόγου 'Εμπόριον
166:(eastern Arabia),
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442:978-90-04-11211-7
353:978-0-7914-4355-2
83:lower Mesopotamia
16:(Redirected from
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495:History of Basra
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422:Heinrichs, W. P.
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451:Further reading
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183:Yaqut al-Hamawi
172:Mongol invasion
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61:in present-day
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465:(2): 173–184.
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418:van Donzel, E.
406:Bearman, P. J.
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340:, ed. (1999).
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331:Bibliography
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292:Kramers 2000
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99:Persian Gulf
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55:Persian Gulf
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153:During the
484:Categories
209:References
203:Ibn Batuta
187:Ibn Hawqal
164:al-Bahrayn
133:Ardashir I
41:), called
431:Volume X:
304:Gibb 1962
150:vassals.
91:Euphrates
79:al-Basrah
31:Al-Ubulla
424:(eds.).
402:"Ubulla"
125:Sasanian
69:Location
57:east of
43:Apologou
179:Abbasid
148:Lakhmid
146:-based
144:al-Hira
113:History
18:Ubullah
439:
420:&
380:
350:
107:Abadan
95:Tigris
39:الأبلة
35:Arabic
404:. In
103:Basra
59:Basra
47:Greek
437:ISBN
378:ISBN
348:ISBN
168:Uman
63:Iraq
467:doi
433:T–U
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266:^
216:^
138:r.
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