Hand fan - Knowledge

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style fans often hung from the skirts of ladies, but of the fans of this era it is only the more exotic folding ones which have survived. Those folding fans of the 15th century found in museums today have either leather leaves with cut out designs forming a lace-like design or a more rigid leaf with inlays of more exotic materials like mica. One of the characteristics of these fans is the rather crude bone or ivory sticks and the way the leather leaves are often slotted onto the sticks rather than glued as with later folding fans. Fans made entirely of decorated sticks without a fan "leaf" were known as

793: 993: 2072: 1362: 1603: 1589: 2111: 1382: 2035: 2004: 1513: 1326: 975: 1746:) became also fashionable during the 18th and 19th century. They never reached the same level of popularity as the easy to carry around, folding fans which became almost an integrated part of women's dress. The screen fan was mainly used inside the interior of the house. In 18th and 19th century paintings of interiors one sometimes sees one laying on a chimney mantle. They were mainly used to protect a woman's face against the glare and heat of the fire, to avoid getting 745: 2047: 144: 2163: 2135: 2099: 1482: 3801: 1752:, or ruddy cheeks from the heat. But probably not in the least it served to keep the heat from spoiling the carefully applied make-up which in those days was often wax-based. Until the 20th century houses were heated by open fires in chimneys or by stoves, and the lack of insulation made many a house very draughty and cold during winter. Therefore, any social or family gathering would be in close proximity to the fireplace. 2123: 1280: 778: 1989: 1774: 1533: 1192: 47: 1151: 630: 1307: 2023: 948: 3738: 1005: 1695: 463: 356:. They were also carriers of Chinese traditional arts and literature and were representative of its user's personal aesthetic sense and their social status. Specific concepts of status and gender were associated with types of fans in Chinese history, but generally folding fans were reserved for males while rigid fans were for females. 1882:. Stemming from ideas of imitating and appropriating cultural ideas of excess, wealth, status and elegance, large folding hand fans, sometimes 12 inches (30 cm) or more in radius, are used to punctuate speech, as part of performances, or as accessories to an outfit. Fans may have phrases taken from the lexicon of drag and 1628:

These fans are particularly well displayed in the portraits of the high-born women of the era. Queen Elizabeth I of England can be seen to carry both folding fans decorated with pom poms on their guardsticks as well as the older style rigid fan, usually decorated with feathers and jewels. These rigid

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In ancient Japan, hand fans, such as oval and silk fans, were greatly influenced by Chinese fans. The earliest visual depiction of fans in Japan dates back to the 6th century AD, with burial tomb paintings showed drawings of fans. The folding fan was invented in Japan, with dates ranging from the 6th

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The first folding fan arrived as a tribute that was brought to China by a Japanese monk in 988. Writings of both Japanese and Chinese scholars concerning the folding fan, which was believed to have been first invented in Japan, apparently suggest that it received its shape from the design of a bat's

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Every Dano (May 5 of the lunar calendar) when the heat began, there was a custom in which the king distributed hand fans to his vassals. The vassal, who received a hand fan from the king, did an ink-and-wash painting and handed out white fans to his elders and the indebted people, which has made the

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was an important ceremony in Chinese wedding: the bride would hold it in front of her face to hide her shyness, to remain mysterious, and as a way to exorcise evil spirits. After all the other wedding ceremonies were completed and after the groom had impressed the bride, the bride would then proceed

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In the 15th and early 16th century, Chinese folding fans were introduced in Europe and later played an important role in the social circles of Europe in the 18th century. The Portuguese traders first opened up the sea route to China in the 15th century and reached Japan in the mid-16th century, and

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Folding fans are often used to emphasize a point in a person's speech, rather than for express use of fanning oneself. A person might harshly snap open the fan when engaging in "throwing shade" on (comically insulting) another person, creating a loud snapping noise that punctuates the insult. Drag

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It has been said that in the courts of England, Spain and elsewhere, fans were used in a more or less secret, unspoken code of messages. These fan languages were a way to cope with the restricting social etiquette. However, modern research has proved that this was a marketing ploy developed in the

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The design of the screen fan is a fixed handle, most often made out of exquisitely turned (painted or guided) wood, fixed to a flat screen. The screen could be made out of silk stretched on a frame or thin wood, leather or papier mache. The surface is often exquisitely painted with scenes ranging

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In the 17th century the rigid fan which was seen in portraits of the previous century had fallen out of favour as folding fans gained dominance in Europe. Fans started to display well painted leaves, often with a religious or classical subject. The reverse side of these early fans also started to

1135:. Folding fans have "montures" which are the sticks and guards, and the leaves were usually painted by craftsmen. Social significance was attached to the fan in the Far East as well, and the management of the fan became a highly regarded feminine art. Fans were even used as a weapon – called the 2953:

Another Japanese creation enjoyed great success among foreigners: the folding fans. It was invented in Japan in the eighth or ninth century, when only round and fixed (uchiwa) fans made of palm leaves were known. -- their usage had spread throughout China in antiquity. Two types of folding fans

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display elaborate flower designs. The sticks are often plain ivory or tortoiseshell, sometimes inlaid with gold or silver pique work. The way the sticks sit close to each other, often with little or no space between them is one of the distinguishing characteristics of fans of this era.

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Fans were also used in the military as a way of sending signals on the field of battle. However, fans were mainly used for social and court activities. In Japan, fans were variously used by warriors as a form of weapon, by actors and dancers for performances, and by children as a toy.

1030:(or Japanese cypress) together with thread. The number of strips of wood differed according to the person's rank. Later in the 16th century, Portuguese traders introduced it to the west and soon both men and women throughout the continent adopted it. They are used today by 1678:

were decorated and painted by artists. Fans were also imported from China by the East India Companies at this time. Around the middle 18th century, inventors started designing mechanical fans. Wind-up fans (similar to wind-up clocks) were popular in the 18th century.

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Modern powered mechanical hand fans: hand fans which appear as mini mechanical rotating fans with blades. These are usually axial fans, and often use blades made from a soft material for safety. These are usually battery operated, but can be hand cranked as

1656:. This caused large scale immigration from France to the surrounding Protestant countries (such as England) of many fan craftsmen. This dispersion in skill is reflected in the growing quality of many fans from these non-French countries after this date. 601: 589: 723:. The folding fans were referred to as "Japanese fans" by the Chinese. While the folding fans gained popularity, the traditional silk round fans continued to remain mainstream in the Song dynasty. The folding fan later became very fashionable in the 1049:

Printed fan leaves and painted fans are done on a paper ground. The paper was originally handmade and displayed the characteristic watermarks. Machine-made paper fans, introduced in the 19th century, are smoother, with an even texture. Even today,

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fan, and fans made of palm leaf, feather, and paper. The most popular type during this period appeared to have been the palm leaf fan. The custom of using fans among the American middle class and by ladies was attributed to this Chinese influence.

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by displacing the warmer air produced by body heat that surrounds the skin, which has an additional cooling effect, provided that the ambient air temperature is lower than the skin temperature, which is typically about 33 °C (91 °F).

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In the 7th century the folding fan evolved, the earliest form of which was a court fan called the "Akomeogi", which had thirty-eight blades connected by a rivet; it had artificial flowers at the corners and twelve long, colored silk

3015:) by Sei Shōnagon. Already by the end of tenth century, the popularity of folding fans was such that sumptuary laws were promulgated during Chōho era (999-1003) which restricted the decoration of both hiogi and paper folding fans." 792: 807: 3077:

In origin it was evidently Japanese, common already in the Heian period. A fragment of a late Heian folding-fan was excavated some decade ago at Takao-yama. Japanese fans were well known in China during the late eleventh

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in shape. This type of fan was used for ceremonial purposes. While its shape evolved throughout the millennia, it remained used as a symbol of imperial power and authority; it continued to be used until the fall of the

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Later in the 11th century, Korean envoys brought along Korean folding fans which were of Japanese origin as gifts to Chinese court. The popularity of folding fans was such that sumptuary laws were passed during

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from flowers and birds of paradise to religious scenes. At the end of the 19th century they disappeared when the need for them ceased to exist. During the 19th century names like the Birmingham-based firm of

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From the late 18th century until 1845, trade between America and China flourished. During this period, Chinese fans reached the peak of their popularity in America; popular fans among American women were the

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The Japanese developed the folding fan, the Akomeogi, during the sixth century. Portuguese traders introduced it to the west in the 16th century and soon both men and women throughout the continent adopted

2071: 1493: 1625:. By the end of the 17th century, there were enormous imports of China folding in Europe due to its popularity and to a lesser extent, Japanese folding fans were also reaching Europe by that period. 3189: 2954:

developed: one was made of cypress-wood blades bound by a thread (hiogi); the other had a frame with fewer blades which was covered in Japanese paper and folded in a zigzag patterns (kawahori-ogi).

419: 273:(ceremonial fan), which dates from the 6th century. It was used during services to drive insects away from the consecrated bread and wine. Its use died out in western Europe, but continues in the 1641:

fan originated in China. However, despite the relative crude methods of construction, folding fans were at this era high status, exotic items on par with elaborate gloves as gifts to royalty.

1267: 379:. It was suggested by the Cultural Relics Archaeology Institute of Hubei Province that these fans were made of either bamboo or feathers and were oftentimes used as burial objects in the 1434:

Many villages in Vietnam have long-dating traditions of making exquisite hand fans such as Canh Hoạch village and Đào Xá village, with fan-making dating back to the early 19th century.

2957:"The paper fan was described by a thirteenth-century Chinese author, but well before that date Chōnen had offered twenty wooden-bladed fans and two paper fans to the emperor of China." 167:

of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that it can be closed when not in use. Hand fans were used before

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In the 18th century, fans reached a high degree of artistry and were being made throughout Europe often by specialized craftsmen, either in leaves or sticks. Folded fans of

1103:(or Japanese dancing fan) has ten sticks and a thick paper mount showing the family crest, and Japanese painters made a large variety of designs and patterns. The slats, of 1342: 201:. They serve a different purpose to the lighter, easier to carry hand fans. Hand screen fans were mostly used to shield a lady's face against the glare of the sun or fire. 1083:

fan subsequently spread to other parts of Asia, including Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, and such fans are still used by Buddhist monks as "ceremonial fans".

2034: 383:. The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven bamboo, wood or paper side-mounted fans from the 2nd century BC. The Chinese form of the feather fan, known as 1431:

in Vietnamese. Christian missionary Christoforo Borri recorded that in 1621, both Vietnamese men and women frequently held hand fans as part of their daily garment.

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It was recorded in the Song Shu , the official history of the Chinese Song dynasty (960-1279), that in 988 a Japanese monk, Chonen, presented at court gifts of...

2769: 344:. The Chinese have used hand-held fans as a way to relieve themselves during hot days since the ancient times; the fans are also an embodiment of the wisdom of 2110: 711:), invented in Japan, was later introduced to the Chinese in the 10th century. In 988 AD, folding fans were first introduced in China by a Japanese monk from 1361: 3186: 3007:"There are also numerous references to folding fans in the great classical literature of the Heian period (794-1185), in particular the Genji Monogatari ( 554:. During the Song dynasty, famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans. Lacquer fans were also one of the unique handcraft of the Song dynasty. 3143: 359:

In ancient China, fans came in various shapes and forms (such as in a leaf, oval or a half-moon shape), and were made in different materials such as

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has the simplest design, cut directly from the dried Areca leaf stems, then pressed to flatten. It appears in "Thằng Bờm", a well-known Vietnamese

1172:, a military leader's fan (in old Japan); used in the modern day as an umpire's fan in sumo wrestling, it is a type of Japanese war fan, like the 1090:

Traditionally, the rigid fan (also called fixed fan) was the most popular form in China, although the folding fan came into popularity during the

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practice of exchanging hand fans widely popular. These cultural factors also contributed to the creation of various types of hand fan in Korea.

1665: 1325: 3851: 3554: 3393: 3325: 3216: 2936: 2745: 2705: 2670: 2471: 393:, fans could come in different shapes and could be made in different materials. The selling of hexagonal-shaped fan was also recorded in the 1381: 3866: 3047:, 1074) It states that Korean envoys often brought along Korean folding fans as gifts. They were, Guo also pointed out, of Japanese origin. 1035: 1425:, a type of fan made from leaves of the taraw palm tree. The folding fans only started appearing in Vietnam in the 10th century, known as 1733:

who produced a series of advertisements in 1954 showing "the language of the fan" with fans supplied by the well known French fan maker

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19th century – one that has kept its appeal remarkably over the succeeding centuries. This is now used for marketing by fan makers like

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priests in formal costume and in the formal costume of the Japanese court (they can be seen used by the Emperor and Empress during

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that is waved back-and-forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a

2162: 1574:(Chinese and Japanese) fans in Europe which lead to their popularity, as well as the increased oriental fan imports in Europe. 389:, was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle. The arts of fan making eventually progressed to the point that by the 2783: 1795: 1217: 974: 68: 2536: 3782: 2122: 1890:

dance numbers also utilise larger hand fans as a way to add flair and as a prop, used to emphasise movements in the dance.

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Japanese fans are made of paper on a bamboo frame, usually with a design painted on them. In addition to folding fans (

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The fan became especially popular in Spain, where flamenco dancers used the fan and extended its use to the nobility.

538:), also known as "fans of reunion"; it is a type of "rigid fan". These types of fans were mostly used by women in the 1810: 1279: 83: 1580:

European fan-makers have introduced more modern designs and have enabled the hand fan to work with modern fashion.

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between the years of 1368 and 1644, and there are many beautiful examples of these folding fans still remaining.

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Unfolding beauty: The art of the fan : the collection of Esther Oldham and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

3385: 1202: 372: 3060: 546:. These round fans remained mainstream even after the growing popularity of the folding fans. Round fans with 2842: 1004: 214:

Hand fans originated about 4000 years ago in Egypt. Egyptians viewed them as sacred objects, and the tomb of

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Next to the folding fan, the rigid hand screen fan was also a highly decorative and desired object among the

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also has a simple design, made by sewing a half-moon shaped Maclurochloa leaf onto a straight bamboo stick.

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and marriage) and are brightly painted with long tassels. Simple Japanese paper fans are sometimes known as

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are commonly found in the Vietnamese countrysides and popularly used among farmers and working people. The

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and art. They were also used for ceremonial and ritual purposes and as a sartorial accessory when wearing

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culture written on them, and may be decorated in other ways, such as the addition of sequins or tassels.

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Brisé fan, a typical commercially produced scented wood folding fan; this one features a painting of the

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Across the perilous sea: Japanese trade with China and Korea from the seventh to the sixteenth centuries

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mm's fan collection with monographies on love symbols on fans, celluloid fans, George Barbier and more

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Guo Ruoxu, for example, has included a short note about the folding fan in his Tuhua Jian Wen Zhi (

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Pankha -Traditional crafted hand fans of the Indian Subcontinent from the collection of Justin Das

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has used folding fans as a point of humour, with the sound made by a folding fan unfolding coined

3234: 2763: 1412: 1077:) are popular and commonplace. The fan is primarily used for fanning oneself in hot weather. The 1011: 875: 313: 2987: 2613: 3126: 652: 636: 3708: 3687: 3673: 3659: 3638: 3624: 3610: 3596: 3582: 3564: 3550: 3536: 3515: 3484: 3470: 3456: 3442: 3428: 3414: 3389: 3350: 3306: 3296: 3271: 3261: 3222: 3212: 3102: 3099: 3066: 3032: 3026: 2993: 2942: 2908: 2874: 2751: 2741: 2711: 2701: 2676: 2666: 2595: 2585: 2477: 2467: 2321: 2256: 2082: 1416: 1367: 295: 143: 2347: 2261: 2086: 1563: 1551: 760: 752: 704: 672: 658: 608: 547: 278: 3846: 3834: 3786: 3483:. Publisher Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc & The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (1981) 3292:

Orientalism in early modern France : Eurasian trade, exoticism, and the Ancien Régime

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The New York Times home repair almanac: a season-by-season guide for maintaining your home

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FANA Journal, spring 2004, Fact & Fiction about the language of the fan by J.P. Ryan

3168: 2297:– an Islamic political party in Bangladesh that uses a hand fan as its electoral symbol 1878:

A large group that continues to use folding hand fans for cultural and fashion use are

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L'éventail, matières d'excellence : La nature sublimée par les mains de l'artisan

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Peinture Chinoise de la Dynastie Ts'ing (1644–1912). Collections Baur, Geneve (1974)

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Modern day hand fans are less popular than in the past, but are still used by many.

1415:. According to the Vân Đài Loại Ngữ, a book written by Lê Quý Ðôn, in the old times 3721:. Publisher - Urban Council for an exhibition in the Hong Kong Museum of Art (1977) 3131: 3109: 2012: 1898: 1559: 1091: 924: 768: 724: 720: 551: 539: 507: 498: 446: 198: 3750:

A visual guide to Victorian fan language, photos by Fabio and Gabrielle Arciniegas

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Checcoli, Anna. " Ventagli Cinesi Giapponesi ed Orientali ", Tassinari, 2009

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A round fan with a Chinese painting, a type of rigid fan; late Qing dynasty.

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until they were reintroduced in the 13th and 14th centuries. Fans from the

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Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that the hand fan was used in

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The Chinese also innovated the design of the folding fan by creating the

525: 340:). Historically, fans have played an important aspect in the life of the 3802:

Fans in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database

1694: 2280: 2230: 2226: 2198: 1995: 1883: 1798: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1709: 1350: 1287: 1132: 1041: 784: 442: 368: 237: 160: 335: 327: 319: 17: 3817: 3547:

Novelty Hand Fans, Fashionable Functional Fun Accessories of the Past

2153:, traditional heart-shaped hand fans from the Philippines woven from 2063: 1894: 1653: 1571: 1547: 1167: 1142: 1051: 1031: 956: 364: 253: 241: 3495:

Sens et sujets de l'éventail européen de Louis XIV à Louis-Philippe.

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American fan from Index of American Design, National Gallery of Art

1721:) which played a large part in courtship etiquette in the colonial 445:

rigid fan with a Chinese painting of a cat and a calligraphy, late

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Maison Sylvain Le Guen - contemporary hand fans by Sylvain Le Guen

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Checcoli, Anna. " Il ventaglio e i suoi segreti ", Tassinari, 2009

2311: 2169: 1693: 1622: 1618: 1601: 1587: 1531: 1511: 1149: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1057: 814: 712: 628: 543: 501:. It is characterized with a long handle and the fan looks like a 461: 351: 299: 225: 142: 30:

This article is about hand powered fans. For mechanical fans, see

3796: 3754: 3326:"The Secret Messages Filipinas Used to Send With Their Abanikos" 1671: 1112: 1108: 502: 410:

pens. The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century.

360: 230: 3827: 3769: 2513:"Chinese Fan — History, Tradition, and Culture | ChinaFetching" 1767: 1185: 1022:

The earliest fans in Japan were made by tying thin stripes of

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Chinese brides also used a type of moon-shaped round fan in a

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A Touch of Dutch - Fans from the Royal House of Orange-Nassau

2981: 2979: 2836: 2834: 719:; these folding fans became very fashionable in China by the 371:. So far, the earliest fans that have been found date to the 3812: 3806: 3609:. Art Media Resources; Bilingual edition (February 1, 1992) 3351:"Indecent Fan Proposals - A Nice Gesture by Jeroen Arendsen" 3759: 1691:, European fashion caused fan decoration and size to vary. 324:) is etymologically composed of the characters for "door" ( 3637:, Musée de la Nacre et de la Tabletterie (September 2015) 2426:"Chinese Fans | Chinese Art Gallery | China Online Museum" 2236:

Pagapir – a traditional fan dance in Mindanao, Philippines

1937:): circular fans, palm-leaf fans, straw fans, feather fans 649:

Another popular type of Chinese fan was the palm leaf fan

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Chinese Fans: Artistry and Aesthetics (Arts of China, #2)

1964:): silk folding fans, paper folding fans, sandalwood fans 998:

Japanese foldable fan of late Heian period (12th century)

178:. On human skin, the airflow from hand fans increase the 3823:

Variety of Hand Held fans in different colour and styles

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A Fanfare for the Sun King: Unfolding Fans for Louis XIV

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In the 17th century the folding fan, and its attendant

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and four-word idioms were used to decorate fans, using

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Alexander, Helene & Hovinga-Van Eijsden, Fransje.

2847:. Vol. 9. Macmillan Educational Co. p. 556. 2278: 2239: 2010: 1959: 1932: 1173: 1165: 1155: 1140: 1098: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1055: 1039: 1023: 981: 954: 928: 859: 3840:

Allhandfans - Site entirely dedicated to the hand fan

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More than keeping cool: Chinese fans and fan painting

2814:"The First Portable Device Loved by Japan's Literati" 2635:"A Brief Introduction to Hanfu's Fans Culture - 2021" 1947: 1920: 865: 695: 680: 666: 650: 634: 621: 575: 568: 562: 523: 514: 492: 486: 477: 471: 454: 384: 349: 3497:

Histoire of Art Thesis, Rennes 2 University, 2015. (

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Hand fan crafted from leather from southern Thailand

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There were many kinds of fans in ancient China. The

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at least from the 4th century BC and was known as a

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of the evaporation of water. It also increases heat

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rate of sweat, lowering body temperature due to the

3633:Letourmy-Bordier, Georgina & Le Guen, Sylvain, 2844:

Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index

2841:Halsey, William Darrach; Friedman, Emanuel (1983). 883:

offered the folding fans (twenty wooden-bladed fans

574:in revealing her face to the groom by removing the 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3707:. Publisher - Royal Collection (January 30, 2006. 2896: 2894: 2866: 2737:The Chinese lady : Afong Moy in early America 2348:"Online Exhibit - A Brief History of the Hand Fan" 2057: 3380:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). 2930: 2928: 2662:Panati's extraordinary origins of everyday things 2584:(1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press. 3705:Unfolding Pictures: Fans in the Royal Collection 3514:, Third Millennium Publishing (September, 2003) 2860: 2858: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1426: 1420: 1406: 843:to 9th centuries; it was a court fan called the 783:Chinese folding fans used in the performance of 550:and with calligraphy became very popular in the 3575:Japanese fan paintings from western collections 3011:) by Murasaki Shikibu and the Makura no Sōshi ( 910: 892: 844: 2148: 2140: 1953: 1926: 1707: 1062:use folding fans in their fan dances as well. 904: 886: 873: 851: 679:), which was made of the leaves and stalks of 269:Christian Europe's earliest known fan was the 3719:Fan Paintings by Late Ch'ing Shanghai Masters 3499:https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01220297 2328:The Hand Fan Museum in Healdsburg, California 1941: 1914: 1570:appear to be the first people who introduced 531: 497:, which is believed to have been invented by 333: 325: 317: 8: 3260:. Minneapolis, MN.: Lerner Publications Co. 2188:– Fans used in churches in the United States 1747: 1741: 1636: 1630: 828: 731: 2581:Chinese fans : artistry and aesthetics 1220:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 485:The most ancient ritual Chinese fan is the 3852:Museu Tèxtil i d'Indumentària in Barcelona 3239:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2972:[Akomeogi] (in Japanese). Mypedia. 2768:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2700:. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications, Inc. 2246:– traditional dance originating from Japan 1419:used hand fans made from bird feather and 611:from the painting "Appreciating Plums" by 3062:Chinese painting and the decorative style 3045:Records of Paintings Seen and Heard About 2697:Illustrated encyclopedia of world costume 1909:Hand fans have three general categories: 1858:Learn how and when to remove this message 1240:Learn how and when to remove this message 870:(History of Song), a Japanese monk Chōnen 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 927:which restricted the decoration of both 3765:All About Hand Fans with Cynthia Fendel 2986:Hutt, Julia; Alexander, Hélène (1992). 2629: 2627: 2339: 1984: 1477: 1263: 943: 738: 607:A woman holding a flat oval fan with a 582: 412: 304:Replica of a short-handled bamboo fan, 244:, Archaeological Museum in Milan, Italy 233:offering a fan and a mirror to a lady. 174:Fans work by utilizing the concepts of 3232: 3146:. Thebuddhasface.co.uk. Archived from 2761: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2373:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2128:Very old ornamental fan from Sri Lanka 1913:Fixed (or rigid, flat) fans (Chinese: 1666:European hand fans in the 18th century 1461:(a type of Vietnamese folk song). The 858:, after the court women's dress named 3686:. Long River Press (August 31, 2004) 3605:Hutt, Julia & Alexander, Helene. 2904:Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics 2729: 2727: 2725: 2463:Chinese fans: artistry and aesthetics 429:holding a feather fan inside a temple 7: 3479:Bennett, Anna G. & Berson, Ruth 3413:, Third Millennium Publishing, 2001 3187:Chinese Fans: More Than Keeping Cool 3031:. Royal Ontario Museum. p. 10. 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 1796:adding citations to reliable sources 1218:adding citations to reliable sources 69:adding citations to reliable sources 3818:Fans in the 16th and 17th Centuries 3792:The Fan Museum in Greenwich, London 2466:. San Francisco: Long River Press. 2223:– national dance of the Philippines 470:holding large oblong fans known as 218:contained two elaborate hand fans. 3656:The Letts Guide to Collecting Fans 3607:Ogi: A History of the Japanese Fan 3528:- The fan museum, Greenwich (2004) 2989:Ōgi: a history of the Japanese fan 2941:. Cornell University. p. 72. 2614:"articles - brief history of fans" 1994:Japanese foldable fan, painted by 813:Chinese folding fan, early 1600s, 641:, a type of Chinese fan made with 522:Silk round-shaped fans are called 25: 3760:Hand fan collection Anna Checcoli 3672:. Boolarong Publications (1985). 3427:, The Fan Museum, February 2008, 2935:Verschuer, Charlotte von (2006). 2812:Nathan, Richard (17 April 2020). 1760:produced many papier-mâché fans. 3797:Fan Association of North America 3736: 3591:Hart, Avril & Taylor, Emma. 3144:"Buddhist Monks Ceremonial Fans" 2907:. Long River Press. p. 12. 2161: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2070: 2045: 2033: 2021: 2002: 1987: 1772: 1731:Cussons & Sons & Co. Ltd 1492: 1480: 1380: 1360: 1341: 1324: 1305: 1278: 1266: 1190: 1003: 991: 973: 946: 919:to the emperor of China in 988. 806: 791: 776: 744: 600: 588: 434: 418: 45: 3324:Lazatin, Hannah (28 May 2018). 3289:Baghdiantz McCabe, Ina (2008). 1783:needs additional citations for 1127:, were carved and covered with 56:needs additional citations for 3623:. Kaiserreich Kunst Ltd, 1982 3563:. Hand Fan Productions, 2001. 3441:. Smithmark Publishing, 1984. 2168:A homemade hand fan made with 2104:Vietnamese woven palm leaf fan 1901:as a "thworp" by the editors. 1617:culture, were introduced from 1487:Vietnamese woven palm leaf fan 1437:Simple handheld fans, such as 542:and was later introduced into 1: 3549:. Hand Fan Productions, 2006 3535:, V&A publications, 2001 1715: 1593: 1273:A Korean man holding hand fan 765:Empress Dowager Xiaoshengxian 3775:The Fan Circle International 3469:. Thames and Hudson (1988). 3211:. Kenneth Thompson. London. 2865:Lipinski, Edward R. (1999). 2028:Bengalese fans used in India 1942: 1915: 1893:Popular drag comedy webshow 254: 147:Handheld Brise fan from 1800 3867:Ancient Egyptian technology 2992:. Dauphin Pub. p. 14. 2318:The Fan Museum in Greenwich 2279: 2240: 2211: 2058: 2011: 1960: 1948: 1933: 1921: 1687:In the 19th century in the 1546:Hand fans were absent from 1389: 1372: 1349: 1333: 1314: 1294: 1286: 1174: 1166: 1160:, the military leader's fan 1156: 1141: 1099: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1056: 1040: 1024: 982: 955: 929: 911: 893: 866: 860: 845: 696: 681: 667: 651: 635: 622: 576: 569: 563: 559:traditional Chinese wedding 524: 515: 493: 487: 478: 472: 455: 385: 350: 27:Device used to cool oneself 3933: 3649:A Collectors Guide to Fans 3205:Wallis, Wilson D. (2003). 2233:dance from the Philippines 1663: 1525: 1499:Tonkin woman holding a fan 293: 263: 29: 3813:Galerie Le Curieux, Paris 3579:New Orleans Museum of Art 3089:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric 3059:Medley, Margaret (1976). 2873:. Lebhar-Friedman Books. 2430:www.chinaonlinemuseum.com 2295:Islami Andolan Bangladesh 1954: 1927: 1740:The rigid or screen fan ( 1606:Lady with fan and shawl. 1508:Re-introduction in Europe 1411:) is an integral part of 1071:), the non-bending fans ( 905: 887: 874: 852: 708: 676: 662: 567:. The ceremonial rite of 532: 334: 326: 318: 3872:Ancient Greek technology 3670:Australia's fan heritage 3386:Harvard University Press 2968: 2734:Davis, Nancy E. (2019). 2694:Yarwood, Doreen (2011). 2659:Panati, Charles (2016). 2618:aboutdecorativestyle.com 1592:Folding fan from France 1562:, and refugees from the 933:and paper folding fans. 715:as a tribute during the 3696:Rhead, G. Wooliscroft. 3455:, Souvenir Press, 1984 3254:Behnke, Alison (2003). 3173:Encyclopædia Britannica 3169:"fan - decorative arts" 2375:A Greek-English Lexicon 2149: 2141: 1940:Folding fans (Chinese: 1708: 980:Japanese foldable fan ( 3807:La Place de l'Eventail 3698:The History of the Fan 3658:. Charles Letts, 1991 3621:Fans of Imperial China 2901:Qian, Gonglin (2000). 2578:Qian, Gonglin (2004). 2460:Qian, Gonglin (2004). 1748: 1742: 1725: 1637: 1631: 1610: 1599: 1543: 1528:Chinoiserie in fashion 1523: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1427: 1421: 1407: 1296:Danwon pungsokdo cheop 1161: 829: 732: 646: 482: 309: 245: 148: 34:. For other uses, see 3745:at Wikimedia Commons 3651:, Charles Letts, 1990 3619:Irons, Neville John. 3493:Biger, Pierre-Henri. 3025:Tsang, Ka Bo (2002). 2388:"Art of Chinese Fans" 2089:. Plant fibre, wood. 1758:Jennens and Bettridge 1697: 1664:Further information: 1605: 1591: 1535: 1515: 1153: 721:Southern Song dynasty 717:Northern Song dynasty 632: 466:Female attendants of 465: 377:Warring States period 306:Warring States period 303: 229: 146: 3533:Hiroshige Fan Prints 3208:Culture and progress 2784:"Japanese Hand Fans" 1792:improve this article 1472:Vietnamese hand fans 1214:improve this section 953:Japanese rigid fan ( 736:fan ('broken fan'). 402:In later centuries, 65:improve this article 3917:Japanese inventions 3902:Fashion accessories 3561:Celluloid Hand Fans 3409:Alexander, Helene. 3382:Japan Encyclopedia. 3185:ChinesePod Weekly, 3103:Japan Encyclopedia, 2537:"Chinese Hand Fans" 2392:en.chinaculture.org 2308:Musée de l'Éventail 2267:Korean fighting fan 1387:Traditional dance, 1010:Noh performance at 864:. According to the 800:Great Wall of China 751:Folding fan with a 688:Livistona chinensis 408:Chinese calligraphy 159:, is a broad, flat 3887:Cooling technology 3882:Chinese inventions 3845:2020-08-13 at the 3833:2021-09-18 at the 3785:2013-01-03 at the 3780:Tessen warrior fan 3724:Vannotti, Franco. 3700:, Kegan Paul, 1910 3531:Faulkner, Rupert. 3451:Armstrong, Nancy. 3437:Armstrong, Nancy. 3192:2012-11-13 at the 2818:Red Circle Authors 2352:web.ics.purdue.edu 2217:– Korean fan dance 1726: 1704:traditional attire 1611: 1600: 1544: 1524: 1517:Ready For The Ball 1413:Vietnamese culture 1312:Korean fan dance, 1162: 938:Japanese hand fans 901:and two paper fans 647: 483: 310: 279:Ethiopian Churches 246: 149: 3741:Media related to 3559:Fendel, Cynthia. 3555:978-0-9708852-1-0 3465:Bennett, Anna G. 3394:978-0-674-01753-5 3355:jeroenarendsen.nl 3257:Japan in pictures 3218:978-1-136-47940-3 3150:on April 23, 2013 3009:The Tale of Genji 2747:978-0-19-093727-0 2707:978-0-486-43380-6 2672:978-0-7858-3437-3 2517:ChinaFetching.com 2473:978-1-59265-020-0 2322:Greenwich, London 2257:Princess Iron Fan 2083:Marquesas Islands 2081:), 19th century, 1868: 1867: 1860: 1842: 1417:Vietnamese people 1368:Tightrope walking 1331:Pearls hand fan, 1250: 1249: 1242: 759:, painted by the 740:Chinese hand fans 703:The folding fan ( 665:), also known as 584:Chinese hand fans 548:Chinese paintings 414:Chinese hand fans 373:Spring and Autumn 332:) and "feather" ( 314:Chinese character 296:Hanfu accessories 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 3924: 3912:Culture of Japan 3897:Ventilation fans 3892:Greek inventions 3740: 3573:Gitter, Kurt A. 3545:Fendel, Cynthia. 3368: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3202: 3196: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3112: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3022: 3016: 3006: 2983: 2974: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2956: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2872: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2790:. Archived from 2780: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2740:. New York, NY. 2731: 2720: 2719: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2639:www.newhanfu.com 2631: 2622: 2621: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2575: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2543:. Archived from 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2509: 2486: 2485: 2457: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2422: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2344: 2284: 2262:Japanese war fan 2245: 2216: 2165: 2152: 2146: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2087:French Polynesia 2074: 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2016: 2006: 1991: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1899:onomatopoeically 1863: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1800: 1776: 1768: 1751: 1745: 1743:éventail a écran 1720: 1717: 1713: 1640: 1634: 1598: 1595: 1564:Byzantine Empire 1558:were brought by 1552:High Middle Ages 1496: 1484: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1430: 1424: 1410: 1392: 1384: 1375: 1364: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1291: 1282: 1270: 1258:Korean hand fans 1245: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1194: 1186: 1177: 1171: 1159: 1146: 1102: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1061: 1045: 1029: 1007: 995: 985: 977: 967: 965: 950: 932: 918: 917: 914: 908: 907: 900: 899: 896: 890: 889: 882: 880: 879: 869: 863: 857: 855: 854: 848: 832: 810: 795: 780: 761:Qianlong emperor 753:Chinese painting 748: 735: 710: 699: 684: 678: 670: 664: 656: 640: 625: 609:Chinese painting 604: 592: 579: 572: 566: 537: 536: 529: 518: 496: 491:, also known as 490: 481: 475: 458: 438: 422: 388: 355: 339: 338: 331: 330: 323: 322: 275:Eastern Orthodox 265: 257: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3877:Chinese culture 3857: 3856: 3847:Wayback Machine 3835:Wayback Machine 3787:Wayback Machine 3770:Hand Fan Museum 3734: 3703:Roberts, Jane. 3682:Qian, Gonglin. 3668:North, Audrey. 3510:Cowen, Pamela. 3481:Fans in fashion 3406: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3357:. 19 June 2006. 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3303: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3268: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3231: 3219: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3194:Wayback Machine 3184: 3180: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3119: 3115: 3088: 3084: 3073: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3039: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3013:The Pillow Book 3000: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2949: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2915: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2881: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2760: 2748: 2733: 2732: 2723: 2708: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2673: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2592: 2577: 2576: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2510: 2489: 2474: 2459: 2458: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2304: 2291: 2289:Use in politics 2275: 2253: 2207: 2195: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2138: 2129: 2126: 2117: 2114: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2091:Brooklyn Museum 2075: 2066: 2050: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2026: 2017: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1907: 1876: 1874:Drag subculture 1864: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1801: 1799: 1789: 1777: 1766: 1718: 1685: 1668: 1662: 1652:was revoked in 1650:Edict of Nantes 1596: 1586: 1541:Enrique Simonet 1537:Lady with a Fan 1530: 1521:Sophie Anderson 1510: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1474: 1473: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1385: 1376: 1365: 1356: 1346: 1337: 1329: 1320: 1310: 1301: 1283: 1274: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1246: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1211: 1195: 1184: 1117:mother of pearl 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1008: 999: 996: 987: 978: 969: 959: 951: 940: 939: 915: 902: 897: 884: 871: 849: 840: 824: 817: 811: 802: 796: 787: 781: 772: 763:for his mother 749: 701: 627: 616: 605: 596: 593: 580:from her face. 520: 468:Emperor Taizong 460: 449: 439: 430: 423: 346:Chinese culture 298: 292: 287: 224: 212: 207: 171:were invented. 169:mechanical fans 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3733: 3732:External links 3730: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3701: 3694: 3680: 3666: 3654:Mayor, Susan. 3652: 3647:Mayor, Susan. 3645: 3643:978-2953110692 3631: 3617: 3603: 3589: 3577:. Publisher - 3571: 3557: 3543: 3529: 3522: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3491: 3477: 3463: 3449: 3435: 3421: 3411:The Fan Museum 3405: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3360: 3342: 3316: 3301: 3281: 3266: 3246: 3217: 3197: 3178: 3160: 3135: 3130:, p. 1006, at 3113: 3082: 3071: 3051: 3037: 3017: 2998: 2975: 2959: 2947: 2924: 2913: 2890: 2879: 2854: 2830: 2804: 2775: 2746: 2721: 2706: 2686: 2671: 2665:. Book Sales. 2651: 2623: 2605: 2590: 2557: 2528: 2487: 2472: 2441: 2404: 2379: 2363: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2315: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2252: 2251:Use as weapons 2249: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2234: 2229:– traditional 2224: 2218: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2193:Use in fashion 2191: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2052:Handheld fan ( 2051: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979:Different fans 1978: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1938: 1906: 1903: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1780: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1684: 1681: 1661: 1658: 1585: 1582: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1405:The hand fan ( 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1247: 1230:September 2022 1198: 1196: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1164:See also, the 1125:tortoise shell 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 1000: 997: 990: 988: 979: 972: 970: 952: 945: 942: 941: 937: 936: 935: 839: 836: 823: 822:Foreign export 820: 819: 818: 812: 805: 803: 797: 790: 788: 782: 775: 773: 750: 743: 741: 700: 693: 626: 619: 618: 617: 606: 599: 597: 594: 587: 585: 519: 512: 459: 452: 451: 450: 440: 433: 431: 424: 417: 415: 342:Chinese people 291: 288: 286: 283: 250:ancient Greece 223: 222:Ancient Europe 220: 211: 208: 206: 203: 199:social classes 176:Thermodynamics 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3929: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 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3412: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:OCLC 48943301 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3302:9781847884633 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3267:0-8225-1956-9 3263: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108:, p. 738, at 3107: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072:0-7286-0028-5 3068: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3040: 3038:0-88854-439-1 3034: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2999:1-872357-08-3 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2948:1-933947-03-9 2944: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914:1-59265-020-1 2910: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880:0-86730-759-5 2876: 2871: 2870: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2819: 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