995:
223:
plays a crucial role in causing regional HT to UHT granulite-facies metamorphism at high thermal gradients of greater than 30 °C/km. In this regard, the episodic formation of HT to UHT granulite-facies metamorphic rocks is temporally and spatially coupled with the breakup or attempting rupture
218:
A correlation was proposed between the episodic formation of UHT metamorphic rocks and the episodic assembly of supercontinents in the
Precambrian. However, inspection of extreme metamorphism at convergent plate margins indicates that supercontinental assembly is associated with regional HP to UHP
266:
mineralogy of UHT rocks. Anatectic melts were variably extracted from anatectic systems, leading to granulite-migmatite-granite associations in accretionary and collisional orogens. Metamorphic core complexes were emplaced due to the buoyant entrainment of granitic melts. The abundant water was
547:
Motoyoshi, Y., and
Ishikawa, M., 1997, Metamorphic and structural evolution of granulites from Rundvågshetta,Lützow-Holm Bay, east Antarctica, in Ricci, C. A., ed., The Antarctic region: Geological evolution and processes: Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on the Antarctic Earth
181:
are distributed in the
Eastern Ghats Province, India. Neoproterozoic-Cambrian (Pan-African) UHT occurrences are mainly distributed in Lutzow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica, southern Madagascar, Sri Lanka and southern India. UHT rocks are also reported from younger terranes like the
401:
Harley, S. L., and
Motoyoshi, Y., 2000, Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: Evidence for >1120°C UHT metamorphism in the Napier complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.138,
707:
Sajeev, K., Osanai, Y. and
Santosh, M. 2004, Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism followed by two-stage decompression of garnet-orthopyroxene-sillimanite granulites from Ganguvarpatti, Madurai block, southern India. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 148,
411:
Fonarev, V. I., Pilugin, S. M., Savko, K. A., and
Novikova, M. A., 2006, Exsolution textures of ortho-and clinopyroxene in high-grade BIF of the Voronezh Crystalline Massif: Evidence of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 24,
70:
Metamorphism of crustal rocks in which peak temperature exceeds 900 °C, recognized either by robust thermobarometry or by the presence of a diagnostic mineral assemblage in an appropriate bulk composition and oxidation state, such as assemblages with
687:
Morimoto, T., Santosh, M., Tsunogae, T., and
Yoshimura, Y., 2004, Spinel + quartz association from the Kerala khondalites, southern India: Evidence for ultrahightemperature metamorphism: Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, v. 99,
805:
Osanai, Y., Owada, M., Kamei, A., Hamamoto, T., Kagami, H., Toyoshima, T., Nakano N. and Nam T.N. 2006, The Higo metamorphic complex in Kyushu, Japan as the fragment of Permo–Triassic metamorphic complexes in East Asia. Gondwana
Research, v. 9,
795:
Osanai, Y., Nakano, N., Owada, M., Nam, T. N., Toyoshima, T., Tsunogae, T., and Binh, P., 2004, Permo-Triassic ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the Kontum Massif, central Viet Nam: Journal of
Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, v. 99,
465:
Farquhar; Chacko, Thomas; Ellis, David J.; et al. (1996). "Preservation of oxygen isotope compositions in granulites from
Northwestern Canada and Enderby Land, Antarctica: implications for high-temperature isotopic thermometry".
442:
Santosh, M., Tsunogae, T., Li, J.H., and Liu, S.J., 2007, Discovery of sapphirine- bearing Mg-Al granulites in the North China Craton: Implications for Paleoproterozoic ultrahigh- temperature metamorphism. Gondwana Research 11,
509:
Baba, S., 1999, Sapphirine-bearing orthopyroxene-kyanite/sillimanite granulites from South Harris, NW Scotland: Evidence for Proterozoic UHT metamorphism in the Lewisian: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 136,
741:
Shimpo, M., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., 2006. First report of garnet–corundum rocks from southern India: implications for prograde high-pressure (eclogite-facies?)metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242,
392:
Harley, S. L., 1985, Garnet-orthopyroxene bearing granulites from Enderby Land, Antarctica: Metamorphic pressure-temperature-time evolution of the Archaean Napier Complex: Journal of Petrology, v. 26, p. 819-856.
242:
fluid inclusions in these rocks. However, the extraction of liquid phases such as aqueous solutions and hydrous melts from anatectic systems during UHT metamorphism is so efficient that the common occurrence of pure
832:
Droop, G. T. R., and Bucher-Nurminen, K., 1984, Reaction textures and metamorphic evolution of sapphirine-bearing granulites from the Gruf Complex, Italian Central Alps: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 766–803.
538:
Dasgupta, S., Sanyal, S., Sengupta, P., and Fukuoka, M.,1994, Petrology of granulites from Anakapalle-evidence for Proterozoic decompression in the Eastern Ghats, India: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, p. 433–459.
382:
Arima, M., and Barnett, R. L., 1984, Sapphirine bearing granulites from the Sipiwesk Lake area of the late Archean Pikwitonei granulite terrain, Manitoba, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88,
519:
Baba, S., 2003, Two stages of sapphirine formation during prograde and retrograde metamorphism in the Paleoproterozoic Lewisian complex in South Harris, NW Scotland: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 329–354.
697:
Tateishi, K., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M. and Janardhan, A.S., 2004, First report of sapphirine+ quartz assemblage from southern India: Implications for ultrahigh- temperature metamorphism. Gondwana Research 7,
751:
Prakash,D., Arima, M.and Mohan, A.2006, UHT metamorphism in the Palni Hills, South India: Insights from feldspar thermometry and phase equilibria. International Geology Review, v. 48, pp. 619-638.
592:
Sajeev, K. and Osanai, Y. 2004a, Ultrahigh-temperature Metamorphism (1150°C and 12 kbar) and Multi-stage Evolution of Mg-Al Granulites from Central Highland Complex, Sri Lanka, Journal of Petrology, v. 45,
528:
Hollis, J. A., Harley, S. L., White, R. W., and Clarke, G. L., 2006, Preservation of evidence for prograde metamorphism in UHT HP granulites, South Harris, Scotland: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 24,
815:
Dunkley, D.J., Suzuki, K., Hokada, T., Kusiak, M.A., 2008, Contrasting ages between isotopic chronometers in granulites: Monazite dating and metamorphism in the Higo Complex, Japan, Gondwana Research,
924:
Santosh, M., Osanai, Y. and Tsunogae, T. 2004, Ultrahigh temperature metamorphism and deep crustal processes Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences v. 99 (part 1 & 2), n. 4-5, 137-365.
678:
Brown, M., and Raith, M., 1996, First evidence of ultrahigh-temperature decompression from the granulite province of Southern India: Journal of the Geological Society, London, v. 153, p. 819–822.
644:
Sajeev, K.; Osanai, Y.; Connolly, J.A.D.; Suzuki, S. Ishioka; Kagami, H.; Rino, S. (2007). "Extreme Crustal Metamorphism during a Neoproterozoic Event in Sri Lanka: A Study of Dry Mafic Granulites".
135:
UHT rocks are now identified in all major continents and span different geological ages ranging from c. 3178 to 35 million years associated with major geological events. More than 46 localities/
558:
Jöns, N.; Schenk, Y. (2011). "The ultrahigh temperature granulites of southern Madagascar in a polymetamorphic context; implications for the amalgamation of the Gondwana supercontinentm".
433:
Santosh, M. Sajeev K. and J. Li 2006, Extreme crustal metamorphism during Columbia supercontinent assembly: Evidence from North China Craton. Gondwana Research, v. 10, p. 256-266.
930:
Zheng, Y.-F., Chen, R.-X., 2017. Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 145, p. 46-73.
902:
Zheng, Y.-F., Chen, R.-X., 2017. Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 145, p. 46-73.
893:
Zheng, Y.-F., Chen, R.-X., 2017. Regional metamorphism at extreme conditions: Implications for orogeny at convergent plate margins. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 145, p. 46-73.
500:
Baba, S., 1998, Proterozoic anticlockwise P-T path of the Lewisian complex of South Harris, outer Hebrides, NW Scotland: Journal of Metamorphic of Geology, v. 16, p. 819–841.
455:
Santosh, M., Tsunogae, T., Ohyama, H. Sato, K., Li, J.H., and Liu, S.J., 2008, Carbonic metamorphism at ultrahigh-temperatures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 266, 149-165.
366:
windows from mantle to atmosphere: Models on ultrahigh- temperature metamorphism and speculations on the link with melting of snowball Earth. Gondwana Research 14, in press,
761:
Prakash, D.; Arima, M.; Mohan, A. (2007). "Ultrahigh-temperature mafic granulites from Panrimalai, South India: Constraints from phase equilibria and thermobarometery".
955:
732:
Santosh, M., Sajeev, K., 2006. Anticlockwise evolution of ultrahigh-temperature granulites within continental collision zone in southern India. Lithos 92, 447–464.
267:
liberated by heating dehydration of the lowest orogenic crust, contributing aqueous solutions to amphibolite-facies retrogression of the overlying crust.
927:
Harley, S.L., 2008, Refining the P–T records of UHT crustal metamorphism. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 138, p. 81-107.
842:
Hacker, B.R.; Gnos, L.; Grove, M.; McWilliams, M.; Sobolev, S.; Jiang, W.; Hu, Z. (2000). "Hot and dry xenoliths from the lower crust of Tibet".
605:"'Osumilite' and 'spinel+quartz' from Highland Complex, Sri Lanka: a case of cooling and decompression after ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism"
948:
915:
Clark, C., I.C.W. Fitzsimons, D. Healy, and S.L. Harley, 2011, How does the continental crust get really hot?, Elements, 7 (4), 235-240.
921:
Sajeev, K. and Santosh, M. 2006, Extreme crustal metamorphism and related crust-mantle processes. Lithos v. 92 n. 3-4, p. 321-624.
1045:
979:
717:
Sajeev, K., Santosh, M. and Kim, H.S. 2006, Partial melting and P-T evolution of the Kodaikanal Metapelite Belt, southern India.
328:
Brown, M., 2007, Metamorphic conditions in orogenic belts: a record of secular change. International Geology Review 49, 193-234
1093:
1064:
941:
918:
Brown, M. and White, R.W. 2008, Processes in granulite metamorphism Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 26, p. 125-299.
103:
Petrological indicators of UHT metamorphism are usually preserved in extremely Mg-Al-rich rocks which are usually dry and
42:
rocks metamorphosed at very high temperatures were identified in the early 1980s, although it took another decade for the
111:
and spinel + quartz provide straight away evidence for such extreme conditions. Occasionally widespread assemblages like
231:
Because UHT rocks are generally characterized by low water contents, this led to an illusion for the involvement of
167:
139:
with diagnostic UHT indicators have been reported over the globe, related to both extensional and collisional
219:
eclogite-facies metamorphism at low thermal gradients of less than 10 °C/km, whereas continental
851:
770:
653:
616:
567:
475:
300:
259:
255:
62:
can attain and withstand very high temperatures (900–1000 °C) with or without partial melting.
1050:
160:
238:-rich fluids in generating diagnostic UHT assemblages according to the finding of abundant pure CO
107:
in nature. Mineral assemblages such as sapphirine + quartz, orthopyroxene + sillimanite ± quartz,
156:
39:
867:
288:
178:
340:
Kelsey, D.E., 2008, On ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism. Gondwana Research 13, 1-29
1009:
859:
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367:
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59:
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657:
620:
571:
479:
304:
1071:
232:
225:
175:
164:
55:
289:"On the occurrence and characterization of ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism"
1087:
72:
31:
863:
312:
782:
1014:
964:
76:
151:
UHT rocks are distributed in East-Antarctica, South Africa, Russia and Canada.
187:
84:
43:
820:
371:
263:
203:
199:
191:
124:
120:
108:
47:
35:
871:
91:+ quartz, generally at pressure conditions of sillimanite stability in meta
487:
1019:
183:
140:
116:
46:
community to recognize UHT metamorphism as a common regional phenomenon.
933:
629:
604:
148:
144:
136:
104:
51:
20:
1029:
112:
92:
88:
80:
353:
flushing: a plate tectonic perspective. Gondwana Research 13, 86-102
665:
1024:
994:
207:
220:
195:
170:), Taltson magmatic zone, northwestern Canada and South Harris,
937:
884:
note-Brown2007-2 note-Santosh%26Omori2008a-4 (malformed ref)
609:
Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences (JMPS)
206:
imply that UHT metamorphism is ongoing beneath central
16:
Crustal metamorphism with temperatures exceeding 900 °C
127:
are taken as typical indicators of UHT metamorphism.
34:
with metamorphic temperatures exceeding 900 °C.
1038:
1002:
972:
451:
449:
548:Sciences, Siena, Terra Antarctica, p. 65–72.
143:environments; the two fundamental types of Earth
293:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
429:
427:
949:
8:
336:
334:
282:
280:
324:
322:
956:
942:
934:
628:
468:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
276:
54:assemblages backed by experimental and
155:UHT granulites were reported from the
7:
58:relations demonstrated that Earth's
985:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
24:ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism
14:
362:Santosh, M., Omori, S., 2008b, CO
349:Santosh, M., Omori, S., 2008a, CO
50:evidence based on characteristic
1046:Dynamic quartz recrystallization
993:
980:Ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
603:Sajeev, K.; Osanai, Y. (2004b).
580:10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2087
763:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
174:, Scotland. UHT rocks from the
560:European Journal of Mineralogy
1:
864:10.1126/science.287.5462.2463
313:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.06
783:10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.01.002
250:looks as if the incoming CO
1110:
224:of supercontinents in the
1059:
991:
198:. Three-million-year-old
115:+ orthopyroxene, ternary
821:10.1016/j.gr.2008.02.003
372:10.1016/j.gr.2007.11.001
186:Kontum Massif, Vietnam,
123:or metamorphic inverted
723:v. 92, p. 465-483.
194:Gruf Complex, central
1094:Metamorphic petrology
1039:Metamorphic processes
973:Types of metamorphism
488:10.1007/s004100050217
421:Tsunogae et al., 2002
287:S.L., Harley (1998).
190:Higo belt, Japan and
30:) is extreme crustal
1051:Foliation (geology)
856:2000Sci...287.2463H
850:(5462): 2463–2466.
775:2007JAESc..29...41P
658:2007JG....115..563S
630:10.2465/jmps.99.320
621:2004JMPeS..99..320S
572:2011EJMin..23..127S
480:1996CoMP..125..213F
305:1998GSLSP.138...81H
262:and stabilized the
147:systems. The major
131:Global distribution
646:Journal of Geology
593:p. 1821-1844.
157:North China Craton
1081:
1080:
1003:Metamorphic rocks
214:Recent hypothesis
179:Grenville orogeny
1101:
1010:Metamorphic rock
997:
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951:
944:
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903:
900:
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891:
885:
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876:
875:
839:
833:
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824:
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806:p. 152-166.
803:
797:
796:p. 225–241.
793:
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758:
752:
749:
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739:
733:
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724:
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688:p. 257–278.
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583:
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529:p. 263–279.
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491:
474:(2–3): 213–224.
462:
456:
453:
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422:
419:
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412:p. 135-151.
409:
403:
402:p. 293–307.
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383:p. 102-112.
380:
374:
360:
354:
347:
341:
338:
329:
326:
317:
316:
284:
248:fluid inclusions
172:Lewisian complex
153:Paleoproterozoic
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910:Further reading
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734:
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710:
708:p. 29-46.
700:
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671:
666:10.1086/519778
652:(5): 563–582.
636:
615:(5): 320–327.
595:
585:
566:(2): 127–156.
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531:
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510:p. 33–47.
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176:Neoproterozoic
165:supercontinent
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99:Identification
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299:(1): 81–107.
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56:thermodynamic
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33:
29:
25:
22:
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1063:
984:
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828:
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791:
769:(1): 41–61.
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159:(during the
134:
102:
87:+ quartz or
69:
48:Petrological
32:metamorphism
27:
23:
18:
1015:Amphibolite
965:Metamorphic
254:could have
202:erupted in
77:sillimanite
271:References
258:the water
188:Cretaceous
85:sapphirine
66:Definition
44:geoscience
967:petrology
264:anhydrous
228:context.
204:Qiangtang
200:xenoliths
192:Paleogene
161:accretion
125:pigeonite
121:pargasite
119:, (F-Ti)
117:feldspars
109:osumilite
36:Granulite
1088:Category
1065:Category
1020:Anatexis
872:10741961
742:111–129.
698:899-912.
443:263-285.
260:activity
256:buffered
184:Triassic
168:Columbia
145:orogenic
141:tectonic
137:terranes
105:restitic
852:Bibcode
844:Science
771:Bibcode
654:Bibcode
617:Bibcode
568:Bibcode
476:Bibcode
301:Bibcode
221:rifting
163:of the
149:Archean
93:pelites
52:mineral
21:geology
1072:Portal
1030:Schist
870:
720:Lithos
113:garnet
89:spinel
81:quartz
40:facies
1025:Augen
208:Tibet
60:crust
868:PMID
196:Alps
860:doi
848:287
817:doi
779:doi
662:doi
650:115
625:doi
576:doi
484:doi
472:125
368:doi
309:doi
297:138
210:.
28:UHT
19:In
1090::
866:.
858:.
846:.
777:.
767:29
765:.
660:.
648:.
623:.
613:99
611:.
607:.
574:.
564:23
562:.
482:.
470:.
448:^
426:^
333:^
321:^
307:.
295:.
291:.
279:^
243:CO
233:CO
95:.
83:,
79:+
75:+
957:e
950:t
943:v
874:.
862::
854::
823:.
819::
785:.
781::
773::
668:.
664::
656::
633:.
627::
619::
582:.
578::
570::
490:.
486::
478::
370::
364:2
351:2
315:.
311::
303::
252:2
245:2
240:2
235:2
38:-
26:(
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