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same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights. Tickets are not sold with transfers, so the airline can avoid responsibility for passengers' connections in the event of a delay. Low-cost carriers often have a sparse schedule with one flight per day and route, so it would be hard to find an alternative for a missed connection. Modern US-based low-cost carriers generally transfer baggage for continuing flights, as well as transferring baggage to other airlines. Many airlines opt to have passengers board via stairs, since
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flights are advertised as free (plus applicable taxes, fees and charges). Depending on the airline, perhaps as many (or as few) as ten percent of the seats on any flight are offered at the lowest price and are the first to sell. The prices steadily rise thereafter to a point where they can be comparable or more expensive than a flight on a full-service carrier.
1650:(OFT) in February 2007 gave all carriers and travel companies three months to include all fixed non-optional costs in their basic advertised prices. Although the full-service carriers had complied within the specified timescales, the low-cost carriers have been less compliant in this respect, leading to the prospect of legal action by the OFT.
560:. In London's case however, low-cost carriers would not be able to use Heathrow as the airport is running at near capacity, so there is no room to build a base. The airlines tend to offload, service and re-load the aircraft (turnaround) in shorter time periods and do not wait for late passengers, allowing maximum utilization of aircraft.
637:
which led to lower fares, many airlines remained bound to these salary agreements and pensions, whereas new low-cost carriers employed new staff with lower salaries, especially for cabin crew, keeping personnel costs low and allowing for competitive fares. In some cases airlines have gone bankrupt (e.g.,
833:
cannot remove window blinds from its aircraft, as they are required by the Irish
Aviation Authority. As supply increases, this sort of differentiation by brand is an important criteria for the future success of low-cost carriers, since many experts believe price competition alone is not enough, given
652:
Traditional carriers followed the low-cost carriers by enabling web check-in, encouraging machine check-in at the airport, and generally reducing ground personnel cost. Ryanair is unique because it primarily operates at secondary airports without any competition, so it can easily negotiate large cost
440:
Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class, and some low-cost carriers choose to operate more than one type and configure their aircraft with more than one passenger class, but most operate just a single aircraft type, so that cabin and ground crew will only have
960:
in 1964, often referred to as "the Hippie
Airline". Many young Americans travelled to Europe after graduation, to experience the "old-world culture", and they were more concerned with getting there cheaply than comfortably or even exactly on time. Loftleiðir were not famous for speed or punctuality,
909:
The pricing policy of the low-cost carriers is usually very dynamic as befits their business model, with frequent discounts and tickets in promotion. Like other carriers, however, even if the advertised base prices are very low, charges and taxes are typically not mentioned. With some airlines, some
1147:
By early 2019, there were more than 100 LCCs operating 6,000 aircraft, doubled from 2,900 aircraft at the end of 2009, while seat capacity reached nearly 1.7 billion in 2018. LCCs accounted for 33% of intra-regional seat capacity in 2018 with 1.564 billion, up from 25% in 2008 with 753 million, and
636:
When most countries had national monopolies, crews could negotiate pay raises and good pension benefits (something that costs money for the airlines only in the long term). During this period, most passengers were business travellers who paid high fares that covered these costs. After deregulation,
1100:
began operations, each with financial sponsorship by a domestic legacy airline and one or more foreign investors. By mid-2013, these new LCCs were operating at a unit cost of around 8 yen per seat-kilometer, compared to 10–11 yen per seat-kilometer for domestic legacy airlines. However, their unit
524:
Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as selling only one-way tickets. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations. In Europe (and early in
Southwest's history) luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the
484:
systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, coupled with the traditional route–altitude–speed information. Some
468:
In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the fleet strategy of low-cost carriers. They stated that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get large discounts for doing so, and due to this they can sell their aircraft just a few years after delivery at a price high enough to keep their
1064:
Taking a page from the mainline, major, or legacy carriers' desire to reduce costs in all ways possible in regards regional route networks by outsourcing regional operations to the lowest expense airline bidder capable of operating regional aircraft, a new generation of low-cost airlines (in name
663:
Carriers like
Ryanair hire pilots through third-party agencies based in low-tax countries without benefits for sick pay, pensions or health insurance. Traditional carriers have also started to try this, including starting their own low-tax agencies. These agencies can easily find less experienced
1645:
Some elements of the low-cost model have been subject to criticism by governments and regulators; and in the UK in particular, the issue of "unbundling" of ancillary charges by both low-cost carriers and other airlines (showing airport fees or taxes as separate charges rather than as part of the
632:
than full-service carriers. Often these airlines do not offer connecting tickets, since the airline will have to pay for ground crew to transfer luggage. A customer may create a connection manually by purchasing two separate tickets, but these are considered separate contracts, and the passenger
837:
As the number of low-cost carriers has grown, these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the traditional carriers. In the US, airlines have responded by introducing variations to the model. In Europe, the emphasis has remained on reducing costs and no-frills service.
945:, which started intrastate flights connecting Southern and Northern California on 6 May 1949. PSA's light-hearted atmosphere and efficient operations were a runaway success early on, and inspired a number of low-cost start-ups across the United States, beginning in the mid-1960s.
1065:
only) soon evolved in the US with varying levels of success. Among these varieties of low-cost and discount operators were noteworthy starts-ups that managed to get off the ground by using the larger aircraft services of established charter airlines. Among this group were the
1148:
13% of seat capacity between regions with 101 million, up from 6% in 2009 with 26 million. In 2018, penetration rate was 41% of seats within Europe, 36% within Latin
America, 32% within North America, 29% within Asia Pacific, 17% within the Middle East and 12% within Africa.
572:
from a variety of activities, such as à la carte features and commission-based products. Some airlines may charge a fee for a pillow or blanket or for carry-on baggage. In Europe, it is common for each and every convenience and service to have an additional charge.
824:
Not every low-cost carrier implements all of the above points. For example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others have relatively high operating costs but lower fares.
357:
referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. The term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services regardless of their operating models. Low-cost carriers should not be confused with
1395:
could be as low at £75 (approximately US$ 150) per leg (not including taxes and other charges) for economy class and £470 (approximately US$ 940) per leg for business class for the same route. From 28 June 2007, a second long-haul route to
Vancouver,
464:
and Boeing 737. Although buying new aircraft is usually more expensive than second-hand, new planes are cheaper to operate in the long run since they are extremely efficient in terms of fuel, training, maintenance, and crew costs per passenger.
913:
Most airlines charge additional taxes and fees on their tickets. Some low-cost airlines have been known to charge fees for the seemingly ridiculous, such as levying a credit card charge if credit card is the only payment method accepted.
423:
practices vary widely. Some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost and reduced overall fares compared to legacy carriers.
968:
854:) has been used to differentiate some low-cost airlines whose model deviates further from that of a standard low-cost carrier, with ultra low-cost carriers having minimal inclusions in the fare and a greater number of add-on fees.
1023:, Midway Airlines, and their like. However, these lower costs can also be attributed to the less complex aircraft fleets and route networks with which these new carriers began operations, in addition to their reduced labor costs.
1585:
A trend from the mid-2000s was the formation of new low-cost carriers exclusively targeting the long-haul business market. Aircraft are generally configured for a single class of service, initially on transatlantic routings.
441:
to be trained to work on one type of aircraft. This is also beneficial from a maintenance standpoint as spare parts and mechanics will only be dedicated to one type of aircraft. These airlines tend to operate
449:(single aisle) planes. As of lately, however, there is also a rise in demand for long range low-cost flights and the availability of next generation planes that make long haul routes more feasible for LCCs.
345:
luxuries for cheaper fares. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge extra fees, such as for carry-on baggage. As of April 2020, the world's largest low-cost carrier is
1874:
613:
Low-cost carriers intend to be low-cost, so in many cases employees work multiple roles. At some airlines flight attendants also work as gate agents or assume other roles, thereby limiting personnel costs.
2571:
1988:
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By 2017, low-cost carriers had achieved market share of 57.2% in South Asia and 52.6% in
Southeast Asia. Market share remained somewhat lower in Europe at 37.9% and North America at 32.7%.
938:, the traveling public had been conditioned to want to travel to new and increasingly further away and exotic locations on vacation, rather than short-haul trips to nearby beach resorts.
472:
Aircraft often operate with a minimum set of equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower and thus saving fuel.
477:
1772:
1646:
advertised fare) to make the "headline fare" appear lower has resulted in enforcement action. Considering that this amounts to a misleading approach to pricing, the United
Kingdom's
1458:-300s. A one-way economy-class ticket often costs £150, and the premium-class one-way often costs £350. On 12 January 2012, AirAsia announced that it would be suspending services to
1375:
analysed the potential for low-cost long-haul service and concluded that a number of Asian carriers, including AirAsia, were closest to making such a model work. On 26 October 2006,
1310:
subsidiary to offer low-cost long-haul flights to the United States and India, but suspended its operations from 28 August 2008 due to high fuel prices inducing financial problems.
660:
follow international conventions that require one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats and two pilots. However, carriers can save money by reducing the amount of ground crew.
532:
Often, low-cost carriers fly to smaller, less congested secondary airports and/or fly to airports during off-peak hours to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower
369:
Some airlines advertise themselves as low-cost while maintaining products usually associated with traditional mainline carriers’ services. These products include preferred or
622:
programs to reduce its overall fuel costs. Check-in at the gate of luggage requires fees, as it requires addition to the weight calculation and last-minute baggage handling.
672:
485:
allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, and some allow reserving a seat in an emergency exit row (for longer leg room) at an extra cost.
1677:, respectively—even though these airports are 50 to 90 kilometres away. This has drawn criticism, mostly from competing airlines that fly closer to the destinations.
829:, for instance, has in-flight entertainment in every passenger seat. Other airlines are limited on what points they can implement based on local laws. For example,
493:
Like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional
1882:
1019:. Often this CASM advantage has been attributed solely to the lower labor costs of the newly hired and lower pay grade workers of new start-up carriers, such as
1061:. However, most of these "airlines within an airline" were short-lived and quickly disposed-of when economic rationalization or competitive pressures subsided.
664:
co-pilots and cabin crew, as the profession is popular, but there are problems for low-cost carriers to recruit and keep captains who have to be experienced.
2490:
984:, which operated its famous "Skytrain" service between London and New York City during the late 1970s. The service was suspended after Laker's competitors,
1915:
1604:
Probably best described as "fewer frills" rather than "no frills", the initial entrants in this market utilized second-hand, mid-sized, twin jets, such as
922:
While tour and package operators have offered lower-priced, lower-frilled traveling for a large part of modern airline history, not until during the post–
1967:
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seats do not recline and do not have rear pockets, to reduce cleaning and maintenance costs. Others have no window shades. Pilot conveniences, such as
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in the second half of 2013 after Boeing resumed deliveries following extensive problems and delays. It served direct routes from the United States (
585:
401:
2117:
1544:
market with 545,000 seats offered over 60 city pairs in
September 2017 (a 66% growth over one year), compared to 652,000 seats over 96 pairs for
1517:). In January 2021 Norwegian announced the immediate cessation of their long-haul operations, along with a large-scale reduction of its fleet of
1447:, where around a million Filipinos are based, and in Europe. As of October 2017, it operates flights to Dubai daily and Guam three times a week.
1946:
1559:
thinks the legacy carriers will force Long-haul LCCS to lose too much money and will continue to dominate. While Asian carriers like AirAsia X,
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savings possibilities, while the seat costs would have to be lower than the competition. Long-haul aircraft scheduling is often determined by
1903:
518:
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Where permissible, some airlines have a disinclination to handle
Special Service passengers, for instance by placing a higher age limit on
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was founded in 2021 and commenced operations in 2022, operating transatlantic flights as well as flights to Thailand beginning in 2023.
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To combat the new round of low-cost and start-up entrants into the very competitive and deregulated United States airline industry, the
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arm. Norwegian initially operated flights to Bangkok and New York from Scandinavia using leased Airbus A340 aircraft, switching to new
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seat capacity rose from 23% to 57% in the UK, from 10% to 55% in Italy and from 9% to 56% in Spain but have still room for growth in
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Gross, S./Schroeder, A. (Eds.): Handbook of Low Cost Airlines – Strategies, Business Processes and Market Environment, Berlin 2007
2042:
393:) has been used, particularly in North America and Europe to refer to carriers that do not provide these services and amenities.
996:
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seat-capacity In France with 19% and in Germany with 25% in 2017, compared with 66% in the UK, 48% in Spain and 47% in Italy.
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Some destination cities lie relatively far from the airports that low-cost airlines use to save costs. Examples of this are
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1703:(€36.8 million). The company further stated that it would not have developed Ryanair and instead would have shut it down.
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Use staff for multiple jobs (for example, check-in desk agents loading bags or cabin crew checking tickets at the gate)
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strategically developed no-frills divisions within the main airlines brand and corporate structures. Among these were
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Fly point-to-point (passenger transfers to other flights are not accommodated, no compensation for missed connections)
2118:"Sun Country signals shift to ultra low-cost airline – Business Traveller – The leading magazine for frequent flyers"
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Do not use reserved seating (which slows down boarding), or charge extra for reserved seating or early boarding.
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but flying with the company became a sort of rite of passage for those young "hippies", one of whom was
55:
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2194:
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While low-cost airlines differ in service offerings, by definition they feature most of the following:
1756:"Long haul low cost becomes mainstream as full service airlines gradually embrace new business models"
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2621:
2172:
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and serving destinations in North and South America. Long-haul low-cost carriers are emerging on the
1279:
1137:
1132:, the LCCs market share (44.8%) exceeded legacy carriers (42.4%) in 2012: between 2002 and 2017, LCC
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1004:
870:
446:
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1427:, Australia. AirAsia X claims that it is the first true low-cost long-haul carrier since the end of
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In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the
342:
691:, a LCC operation is defined as including the following characteristics, at least to some degree:
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the following morning, and the longer flight times mean there is less scope to increase aircraft
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Limited passenger services, with additional charges for some services (e.g., on-board catering)
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862:
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363:
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Different fares offered, related to aircraft load factors and length of time before departure
222:
1791:"Chapter 5: Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees"
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1498:
1401:
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viewed long-haul low-cost as inevitable, flights could be operated on 760 seats all-economy
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and other US cities from mid-2009. The airline also intends to launch low-cost service to
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Charge for all services (including on-board services, reserved seating, and extra baggage)
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514:
2491:"Pontifications: An old pro thinks long-haul LCC model is about who loses the most money"
1450:
On 11 March 2009, AirAsia X started its first low-cost long-haul service into Europe, to
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and its $ 99 transatlantic flights illustrates the difficulties of the model, as the US
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A simple management and overhead structure with a lean strategic decision-making process
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Online check-in is becoming common, again in the interest of avoiding personnel costs.
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350:, which operates primarily in the United States, as well as in some surrounding areas.
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that is operated with an emphasis on minimizing operating costs. It sacrifices certain
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577:, for example, generates revenue by courier services and hotels as well as flights.
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Traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices.
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1439:' largest low-cost carrier, announced non-stop flights from the Philippines to the
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1416:
1400:, was started. The company ceased operations on 9 April 2008, after over a billion
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Typically a single service class, with no (or limited) customer loyalty programmes
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studied the success of PSA, and copied their culture closely when he established
2143:"Sun Country Will Transform Into An Ultra Low Cost Carrier – One Mile at a Time"
1700:
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which ceased operations in late 2000 were also founded on this operating model.
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1563:, Cebu Pacific and Jetstar Airways are successful, the October 2018 demise of
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Why Scandinavia’s SAS Is Creating a New Airline With the Same Name in Ireland
956:
The first airline to offer cheaper transatlantic fares was Icelandic airline
776:
Baggage charges for checked bags to offset baggage handling and loading costs
2646:
2597:"We are very sad to announce that from 30 May 2008 we will cease operations"
1674:
1666:
1628:
1612:, in an attempt to service the lucrative London-US Eastern Seaboard market:
1510:
1408:
1388:
1338:
1295:
1235:
1121:
Top European low-cost carrier holding companies and their current fleet size
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In Japan, low-cost airlines made major inroads into the market in 2012 when
926:
era did this business model escalate. Through various ticket consolidators,
460:. Since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the
366:
without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares.
2471:
1769:
ch-aviation: Low-cost carriers eliminate rivals with unique fleet strategy
972:
Advert for Loftleiðir Icelandic Airlines on Fifth Avenue, New York in 1973
809:
Market destination services such as hotels and rental cars for commissions
305:. The airlines are two competing low-cost carriers in the European market.
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1358:
1354:
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High aircraft utilisation rates, with short turnaround between operations
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638:
602:
298:
1789:
Bamber, G.J.; Gittell, J.H.; Kochan, T.A.; von Nordenflytch, A. (2009).
1687:
found established airlines arrogant facing the LCC model. For instance,
609:. Both carriers are among the largest budget airlines in Southeast Asia.
2009:
1692:
1412:
1350:
1283:
1186: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1020:
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bears the risk if a delayed inbound flight causes a missed connection.
594:
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2405:"UPDATE 2-Norwegian Air may seek compensation for Dreamliner problems"
736:
Standardized fleet (which lowers the cost of training and maintenance)
1622:
1494:
1459:
1392:
1366:
1334:
1291:
1243:
642:
2071:"New Ultra-Low Cost Airline Begins Service in February – Press Room"
105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2225:"How Budget Carriers Transformed the Airline Industry-in 14 Charts"
2022:"Ryanair cuts reclining seats; suitcases next to go – BusinessNews"
1833:
1665:
airports—which low-cost airlines advertise as the destinations for
1361:. With new aircraft deliveries, it hopes to fly to the continental
1325:, or 870 for an hypothetical A380 stretch. Since 2005, Australia's
1560:
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Strong focus on price-sensitive traffic, mostly leisure passengers
671:
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400:
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2092:"Frontier unveils ultra-low-cost fare strategy, carry-on pricing"
1109:, due to the higher cost of landing fees and personnel in Japan.
1101:
cost was still much higher than the 3 yen per seat-kilometer for
1007:(CASM) advantage in relation to the traditional and established,
1506:
1469:, started long-haul low-cost operations in May 2013 under their
1231:
773:
Online check-in (fewer check-in desks), charge for desk check-in
756:
Rapid turnaround (less time on the ground, more flights per day)
688:
2671:
Barrett, S. (2004). "The sustainability of the Ryanair model".
2600:
976:
The first airline offering no-frills transatlantic service was
698:
Short-haul routes, often between regional or secondary airports
2510:"Primera Collapse Highlights The Perils Of Long-Haul Low-Cost"
1155:
806:
before aircraft arrives at airport (saving time on the ground)
194:
132:
70:
29:
2122:
Business Traveller – The leading magazine for frequent flyers
2447:"Details Of LEVEL, IAG's New Transatlantic Low Cost Airline"
1875:"Ryanair crisis exposes low-cost scramble for senior pilots"
716:
A very high proportion of bookings made through the Internet
1362:
1307:
1303:
710:
Low average fares, with a strong focus on price competition
2360:"International Flight Schedule updated as of 19 July 2017"
2757:
Oleksandr Laneckij Trends of the European Aviation Market
2383:
2262:"LCCs: global market share gains led by emerging markets"
1003:, which commenced operations after 1978, soon realized a
2765:
2423:"Norwegian Air will no longer operate long-haul flights"
2043:"Ultra-low-cost Carriers Set Their Sights On Expansion"
1868:
1866:
1805:"8 things to consider before booking a low-cost flight"
1345:, to popular tourist destinations within 10 hours like
218:
94:
1593:) which operated from 1984 until it was absorbed into
782:
Hedge fuel costs (buying fuel in advance when cheaper)
1306:
and Canada for £89. In August 2006, Zoom announced a
797:
Outfit plane with fuel-saving modifications, such as
552:
in the London area and how easyJet is able to fly to
229:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
2336:
Directory: CebuPac's next meal: Regional, US routes
763:) of the day, which price sensitive tourists accept
1333:, New Zealand. In late 2006, others followed from
1302:started selling transatlantic flights between the
1226:A long-haul low-cost operation would be harder to
794:Carry little extra fuel (reducing aircraft weight)
1873:Humphries, Conor; Bryan, Victoria (22 Sep 2017).
992:, were able to price Skytrain out of the market.
930:, and innovators in lower-frills flying, such as
2688:"Can the air transport industry be 'Uber-ized'?"
2572:"Maxjet relaunch stalls as takeover is scrapped"
739:Absent non-essential features (reclining seats,
1454:. The daily flights are operated by two leased
995:In the United States, airline carriers such as
2766:Specialised low-cost air tickets search engine
1738:"The secrets of Southwest's continued success"
1329:operates international flights, starting with
653:reductions and deals with the airport owners.
2714:"Low-cost airlines making their way to Japan"
2550:"Scheduled airline failure insurance anyone?"
1947:"American low cost carrier ordering winglets"
1230:from a conventional airline as there are few
1081:, and those that never began service such as
8:
2647:"UK | Action threatened over air fares"
1968:"Chinese low cost carrier ordering winglets"
1282:while it lowered its prices to compete with
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2279:Aer Lingus: Travel Information – Long-haul
517:aircraft via passenger boarding stairs at
2622:"A Brief History of the Low-Cost Airline"
2570:Kaminski-Morrow, David (12 August 2008).
1631:, which ceased operations on 30 May 2008.
1619:, which ceased operating on 27 April 2008
1202:Learn how and when to remove this message
766:Online ticket sales to avoid the cost of
722:A fleet of just one or two aircraft types
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
1832:. Uk-air.net. 2012-01-27. Archived from
1387:. The lowest prices for flights between
286:is the world's largest low-cost carrier.
146:This article includes a list of general
1729:
1548:and 8,798,000 seats over 357 pairs for
1369:. In April 2006, the industry magazine
941:The world's first low-cost airline was
383:in-flight audio and video entertainment
2508:Helen Massy-Beresford (Oct 10, 2018).
2242:Helen Massy-Beresford (May 29, 2018).
210:contains content that is written like
2244:"More Growth Ahead For European LCCs"
2065:
2063:
2010:Value Creation in Travel Distribution
1853:See e.g. connecting flight policy of
753:Avoidance of airports with high costs
519:Shanghai Pudong International Airport
7:
2514:Aviation Week & Space Technology
2248:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1830:"Definition of unaccompanied minors"
1184:adding citations to reliable sources
746:Use of secondary airports for lower
1793:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
1691:turned down the opportunity to buy
695:Primarily point-to-point operations
649:), and new airlines replaced them.
2552:. London: Travel.timesonline.co.uk
2384:"coupon codes and discount offers"
2024:. www.smh.com.au. 17 February 2004
1589:Similarly, Midwest Express (later
1258:, and many companies have entered
152:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Airline with generally lower fares
25:
2489:Scott Hamilton (March 26, 2018).
2472:"LCCs – in it for the long-haul?"
1989:"Reasons for installing winglets"
1921:. IATA. July 2006. Archived from
682:Afonso Pena International Airport
45:This article has multiple issues.
2745:
2686:Victoria Moores (Nov 10, 2017).
2528:"Eos Airlines Ceases Operations"
2298:"Low-cost set for the long-haul"
1298:flights from £199, and Canadian
1160:
905:Yield management § Airlines
469:operating costs relatively low.
199:
137:
75:
34:
2673:Journal of Transport Management
1581:Low-cost business-only carriers
1419:flew its inaugural flight from
1242:in the evening and arriving in
1171:needs additional citations for
445:flights that suit the range of
353:The term originated within the
53:or discuss these issues on the
2344:. Sep 17, 2007. Archived from
1949:. Flightglobal.com. 2012-09-19
1238:constraints, like leaving the
1222:Skytrain DC-10 in London, 1973
895:are the most prominent ULCCs.
884:are the most prominent ULCCs.
678:Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes
529:generally cost more to lease.
480:, may be excluded. Often, no
1:
1555:Former American Airlines CEO
1286:on short haul. Late in 2004,
873:are considered to be ULCCs.
759:Fly at less desirable times (
2753:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2722:. 2007-12-18. Archived from
2196:明暗分けた「日本流サービス」 ピーチ、満足度「大手並み」
1571:will be relaunched in 2019.
1526:International Airlines Group
1278:maintains a full service on
812:Cabin panels decorated with
377:, satellite or ground-based
2599:. Silverjet. Archived from
2205:(in Japanese). 24 July 2013
1465:Low-cost European airline,
1005:cost of available seat mile
568:Low-cost carriers generate
373:, catering, differentiated
101:the claims made and adding
2807:
2548:Frary, Mark (2008-05-09).
2266:CAPA – Centre for Aviation
1916:"Airline Cost Performance"
943:Pacific Southwest Airlines
902:
558:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
2284:December 6, 2010, at the
1718:List of low-cost airlines
1713:Low cost carrier terminal
1521:aircraft and operations.
303:Glasgow Prestwick Airport
2759:: Seven Themes from the
2530:. Btnmag.com. 2008-04-26
2195:
2008:Strauss, Michael (2010)
1991:. Worldwide-aviation.net
1441:United States West Coast
1377:Oasis Hong Kong Airlines
1288:Oasis Hong Kong Airlines
834:the number of carriers.
725:Private-sector companies
618:is well known for using
456:and older models of the
2761:CONNECT 2016 Conference
1532:, a long-haul low-cost
1035:network legacy carriers
668:Principles of operation
554:Paris-Charles de Gaulle
482:in-flight entertainment
167:more precise citations.
2751:Air travel on a budget
1648:Office of Fair Trading
1575:Norse Atlantic Airways
1250:as in short-haul. The
1223:
1122:
973:
965:, later US President.
848:ultra low-cost carrier
842:Ultra low-cost carrier
684:
610:
521:
513:Passengers boarding a
454:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
416:
387:ultra low-cost carrier
306:
287:
18:Ultra-low cost airline
2692:Aviation Week Network
2626:Scott's Cheap Flights
1542:transatlantic flights
1491:Oakland-San Francisco
1467:Norwegian Air Shuttle
1280:transatlantic flights
1217:
1120:
1001:America West Airlines
971:
903:Further information:
750:and marketing support
675:
588:
581:Limit personnel costs
512:
419:The low-cost carrier
404:
293:
282:
231:neutral point of view
2365:. Cebupacificair.com
2348:on January 10, 2008.
2173:Loftleidir Icelandic
1407:On 2 November 2007,
1379:started flying from
1180:improve this article
1013:Trans World Airlines
871:Sun Country Airlines
630:unaccompanied minors
2316:"Dream or reality?"
2229:Wall Street Journal
1885:on December 7, 2020
1471:Norwegian Long Haul
1130:European Commission
343:traditional airline
223:promotional content
2451:One Mile at a Time
2231:. August 23, 2017.
2147:One Mile at a Time
1775:2013-08-21 at the
1411:, a subsidiary of
1224:
1152:Long-haul low-cost
1123:
974:
951:Southwest Airlines
857:In the US market,
685:
680:Boeing 737-800 at
616:Southwest Airlines
611:
607:Ngurah Rai Airport
564:Non-flight revenue
522:
462:Airbus A320 family
417:
364:short-haul flights
348:Southwest Airlines
307:
288:
284:Southwest Airlines
225:and inappropriate
86:possibly contains
2781:Low-cost carriers
2719:Japan News Review
2478:. 5 October 2017.
1595:Frontier Airlines
1550:mainline carriers
1538:Barcelona Airport
1462:on 1 April 2012.
1402:Hong Kong dollars
1256:financially risky
1212:
1211:
1204:
1051:Shuttle by United
1017:American Airlines
863:Frontier Airlines
846:A secondary term
570:ancillary revenue
360:regional airlines
277:
276:
269:
259:
258:
251:
193:
192:
185:
131:
130:
123:
88:original research
68:
16:(Redirected from
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2047:AviationPros.com
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2029:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
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1997:
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1985:
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1970:. Prnewswire.com
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1881:. Archived from
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1760:
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1745:
1734:
1591:Midwest Airlines
1546:Leisure airlines
1431:. In late 2007,
1398:British Columbia
1372:Airline Business
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1164:
1156:
1067:virtual airlines
1039:Continental Lite
928:charter airlines
599:Boeing 737-900ER
550:Stansted Airport
431:Common practices
371:assigned seating
355:airline industry
331:discount carrier
319:low-cost airline
311:low-cost carrier
272:
265:
254:
247:
243:
240:
234:
212:an advertisement
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177:
174:
168:
163:this article by
154:inline citations
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119:
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103:inline citations
79:
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71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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2796:
2795:
2791:Business models
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2606:
2604:
2603:on 12 June 2008
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2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2342:Manila standard
2332:
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2314:
2313:
2309:
2304:. 1 April 2005.
2296:
2295:
2291:
2286:Wayback Machine
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2098:. 27 April 2014
2096:The Denver Post
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1777:Wayback Machine
1767:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1709:
1643:
1599:Legend Airlines
1583:
1534:virtual airline
1524:In March 2017,
1483:Fort Lauderdale
1452:London Stansted
1423:, Malaysia, to
1327:Jetstar Airways
1274:In 2004, Irish
1272:
1208:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1177:
1165:
1154:
1115:
1009:legacy airlines
997:Midway Airlines
986:British Airways
932:Channel Airways
920:
907:
901:
867:Spirit Airlines
844:
822:
820:Differentiation
761:red-eye flights
670:
591:Airbus A320-200
583:
566:
542:Gatwick Airport
515:Spring Airlines
507:
491:
438:
433:
399:
273:
262:
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159:Please help to
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2741:
2740:External links
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2322:. 26 Apr 2006.
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2268:. 19 Feb 2019.
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2109:
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2013:
2001:
1980:
1959:
1938:
1907:
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1821:
1796:
1781:
1779:July 20, 2013.
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1385:London-Gatwick
1271:
1268:
1252:business model
1210:
1209:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1114:
1111:
1031:major carriers
919:
916:
900:
899:Pricing policy
897:
843:
840:
821:
818:
817:
816:
814:advertisements
810:
807:
804:Route planning
801:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
764:
757:
754:
751:
744:
741:frequent flyer
737:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
669:
666:
656:The number of
582:
579:
565:
562:
536:. This is why
506:
503:
490:
487:
437:
434:
432:
429:
421:business model
414:Zurich Airport
410:Boeing 737-800
398:
397:Business model
395:
381:internet, and
375:premium cabins
321:, also called
275:
274:
257:
256:
227:external links
207:
205:
198:
191:
190:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
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74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Airline types
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2726:on 2007-12-20
2725:
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2682:
2679:
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2648:
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2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2576:Flight Global
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2467:
2464:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2428:
2427:Lonely Planet
2424:
2418:
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2411:. 2013-09-09.
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2226:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2168:"Our History"
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2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2087:
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2066:
2064:
2060:
2048:
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2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1928:on 2015-02-26
1924:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1836:on 2007-11-11
1835:
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1810:
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1785:
1782:
1778:
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1762:
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1751:
1748:
1743:
1742:The Economist
1739:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
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1698:
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1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
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1614:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1597:in 2010, and
1596:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:World Airways
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
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1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
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1508:
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1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:New York City
1484:
1480:
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1328:
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1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Zoom Airlines
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:Laker Airways
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:US East Coast
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:differentiate
1221:
1220:Laker Airways
1216:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:This section
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:international
1135:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:AirAsia Japan
1095:
1094:Jetstar Japan
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Delta Express
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
982:Laker Airways
979:
978:Freddie Laker
970:
966:
964:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:Herb Kelleher
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
911:
906:
898:
896:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
874:
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859:Allegiant Air
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2653:. 2007-06-16
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2453:. 2017-03-17
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2124:. 2017-08-22
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1635:La Compagnie
1617:Eos Airlines
1603:
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1557:Bob Crandall
1554:
1528:established
1523:
1464:
1449:
1433:Cebu Pacific
1421:Kuala Lumpur
1417:Virgin Group
1406:
1370:
1331:Christchurch
1323:Airbus A380s
1312:
1273:
1225:
1198:
1192:October 2018
1189:
1178:Please help
1173:verification
1170:
1146:
1127:
1124:
1113:Market share
1087:
1075:PeoplExpress
1063:
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963:Bill Clinton
955:
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655:
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620:fuel hedging
612:
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492:
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239:January 2024
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221:by removing
217:Please help
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47:Please help
44:
2675:(2): 89–98.
1699:29 million
1565:Primera Air
1503:Scandinavia
1479:Los Angeles
1475:Boeing 787s
1456:Airbus A340
1445:Middle East
1437:Philippines
1404:in losses.
1248:utilization
924:Vietnam War
876:In Europe,
447:narrow-body
385:. The term
165:introducing
2775:Categories
2730:2007-12-18
2657:2009-03-10
2607:2008-05-31
2556:2009-03-10
2534:2009-03-10
2457:2017-04-18
2432:2021-04-14
2369:2017-10-23
2202:The Nikkei
2153:2018-02-05
2128:2018-02-05
2028:2009-03-10
1995:2013-09-06
1974:2013-09-06
1953:2013-09-06
1932:2015-06-30
1840:2012-04-09
1724:References
1689:Aer Lingus
1671:Düsseldorf
1610:Boeing 767
1606:Boeing 757
1519:Boeing 737
1515:Copenhagen
1425:Gold Coast
1276:Aer Lingus
1260:bankruptcy
1083:JetAmerica
1071:Direct Air
958:Loftleiðir
936:Court Line
505:Simplicity
458:Boeing 737
443:short-haul
407:SunExpress
219:improve it
148:references
95:improve it
50:improve it
2581:12 August
2179:March 22,
1675:Barcelona
1667:Frankfurt
1641:Criticism
1629:Silverjet
1536:based in
1511:Stockholm
1409:AirAsia X
1389:Hong Kong
1381:Hong Kong
1349:, Japan,
1339:Melbourne
1319:Tim Clark
1313:In 2005,
1296:Hong Kong
1236:time zone
953:in 1971.
887:In Asia,
770:or agents
540:flies to
323:no-frills
111:July 2010
99:verifying
56:talk page
2651:BBC News
2631:July 27,
2282:Archived
1859:Wizz Air
1773:Archived
1707:See also
1429:Skytrain
1359:Malaysia
1355:Thailand
1347:Honolulu
1343:Brisbane
1315:Emirates
1290:offered
1142:domestic
1128:For the
1107:Malaysia
1047:MetroJet
1028:mainline
1011:such as
893:Lion Air
882:Wizz Air
799:winglets
743:schemes)
647:Swissair
639:Alitalia
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436:Aircraft
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2703:Sources
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1809:Oony UK
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1270:History
1262:, like
1103:AirAsia
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1021:ValuJet
918:History
889:AirAsia
878:Ryanair
831:Ryanair
827:JetBlue
595:AirAsia
575:AirAsia
538:Ryanair
527:jetways
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339:airline
335:airline
295:Ryanair
161:improve
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2052:24 May
1814:24 May
1673:, and
1663:Girona
1623:MAXjet
1495:Boston
1460:London
1435:, the
1393:London
1367:Europe
1335:Sydney
1292:London
1244:Europe
1057:, and
990:Pan Am
869:, and
645:, and
643:Sabena
597:and a
556:, and
548:, and
327:budget
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1659:Weeze
1561:Scoot
1530:Level
1134:share
1090:Peach
489:Bases
478:ACARS
379:Wi-Fi
329:, or
317:) or
2633:2017
2583:2020
2391:2023
2211:2013
2181:2015
2104:2016
2078:2016
2054:2016
1891:2017
1857:and
1816:2016
1695:for
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1661:and
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