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for a second time from
September 1854 to 1880. Borno began to decline, as a result of administrative disorganization, regional particularism, and attacks by the militant
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Umar came to power at the death of his father in 1837. Umar did not match his father's vitality and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (
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486:, ed. by Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), pp. 238–265.
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The history of the world; a survey of a man's record, Volume III: West Asia and Africa
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37:
249:). Umar ruled from 1837 until November 1853 when he was deposed by his brother
404:, Oxford Studies in African Affairs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973), pp.78-79.
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378:, Oxford Studies in African Affairs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973), p.72.
257:. The latter only reigned until 1854 when Umar reconquered his throne.
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u, Oxford
Studies in African Affairs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973).
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Lavers, John, "The Al- Kanimiyyin Shehus: a
Working Chronology" in
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Narrative of
Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa
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Denham, Dixon and
Captain Clapperton and the Late Doctor Oudney,
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to the east. The decline continued under Umar's sons, and in 1894
471:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 318–320,
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The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi
Dynasty of Bornu
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The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi
Dynasty of Bornu
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The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi
Dynasty of Born
493:, Rev. ed. (Paris: Presence Africaine, 1986), pp. 599–646.
455:, Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Holt, 1967).
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Encyclopedic Survey of
Islamic Dynasties A Continuing Series
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This biography of a member of an
African royal house is a
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Lange, Dierk, 'The kingdoms and peoples of Chad', in
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391:(London: John Murray, 1936), p. 269.
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81:'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin
42:"Umar von Bornu" on 6 June 1870 by
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508:Africa Since 1800, Fifth Edition
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90:3 September 1854 - December 1881
648:19th-century monarchs in Africa
491:Histoire Generale De l'Afrique
414:Helmolt, Hans F., ed. (1903).
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528:(London: John Murray, 1936).
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118:Umar I ibn Muhammad al-Amin
46:in his travel's narrative,
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389:The Bornu Sahara and Sudan
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