439:
from the situation. One interviewee said, "No one said a thing, everyone was so quiet. No response, no communication. I lived in
America for a year, and believe me, if the same thing had happened in America there would have been a real scene. With everyone shouting, "What's going on here?" and coming together to find the cause." Also, passengers that lost consciousness remained lying on the floor for some time. Commuters, with a few notable exceptions, did not attempt to help them, instead waiting for employees whose authority allowed them to intervene.
379:
polemic which was put forth by the media and too readily accepted by the
Japanese people, positing the attacks as a matter of "good" versus "evil," "sanity" versus "madness," "Us" versus "Them." By viewing the sarin attacks as "an extreme and exceptional crime committed by an isolated lunatic fringe," it was easy for Japanese citizens to avoid facing the darker realities (which Murakami also refers to as the "underground," adding a deeper layer of meaning to the book's title) of both Japanese society and their own selves.
250:. The book is made up of a series of interviews with individuals who were affected by the attacks, and the English translation also includes interviews with members of Aum, the religious cult responsible for the attacks. Murakami hoped that through these interviews, he could capture a side of the attacks which the sensationalist Japanese media had ignored—the way it had affected average citizens. The interviews were conducted over nearly a year, starting in January 1996 and ending in December of that same year.
435:, most of the interviewees continued on their way to work, only reporting to the hospital for treatment when unable to carry out their responsibilities at work, or under the insistence of a colleague or superior. Several of the interviewees returned to work quite soon after the attacks, despite not being fully recovered. One salesman said, "Honestly, it would have been better for me to take some time off with sick pay, but the company wasn't that generous. It was nine to five, plus overtime just like always."
443:
that matters. The idea that it's wrong to harm other has gradually disappeared." Another interviewee, a subway worker, said, "I already knew society had gotten to the point where something like Aum had to happen ... It's a question of morals." Several interviewees also voiced criticism of the media, namely due to the way it misrepresented and sensationalized the sarin attacks. Murakami himself expressed similar sentiments in the book's preface.
438:
Also significant was the theme of isolation and disconnection between the commuters. Despite the noticeable discomfort caused by the gas, most of the interviewees did not bother to ask other passengers what was going on, preferring to wait until the next stop to change trains and distance themselves
387:
system as being "erratic and sorely inadequate." He further worries that the government's lack of openness about its failings may lead to the repetition of past mistakes. Murakami also discusses one factor that led to the attacks – the handing over of personal responsibility by cult members to
351:
At the start of each interview, Murakami asked general questions about the subject's life, allowing him to build a background picture of them that is included before each interview. He did this to "give each a 'face,'" thus avoiding creating "a collection of disembodied voices." His interviews with
261:
The book also includes
Murakami's personal essay on the attacks, "Blind Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" In this essay, he criticizes the failure of the Japanese to learn from the attacks, preferring to dismiss it as the extreme act by a group of lunatics rather than analyze the true causes
442:
Many of the interviewees also expressed a level of disillusionment with
Japanese society and its emphasis on the material, often at the expense of the spiritual or moral side of the society. One interviewee assessed the situation, saying, "we've lost any sense of crisis and material things are all
426:
While the book is made up of narratives from individuals of widely varying backgrounds, the stories share common themes, and together, they reveal many intriguing aspects of the
Japanese psyche and the values of Japanese society as a whole. In particular, they present an insight into the lifestyle
378:
with the essay, "Blind
Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" The essay is primarily a criticism of the Japanese response to the gas attacks, not only in terms of the actions which were taken, but also in terms of the mentality adopted by most Japanese after the attack. He notes that there is a
320:
The
Japanese media had bombarded us with so many in-depth profiles of the Aum cult perpetrators—the 'attackers'—forming such a slick, seductive narrative that the average citizen—the 'victim'—was an afterthought ... which is why I wanted, if at all possible, to get away from any formula; to
430:
One of the most prominent themes was the value and importance which the interviewees placed on their jobs. Working overtime seemed to be normal for the interviewees – many spoke of waking up early so they could arrive at work up to 90 minutes before it officially began. Although they were
277:
was originally published as a series of separate interviews
Murakami conducted with 60 victims of the attacks and descriptions of how the attacks were carried out, along with his essay, "Blind Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" In 2000, an English translation was published which included
253:
The interviews highlight many intriguing aspects of the
Japanese psyche. Work was a high, if not central, priority for most of the interviewees. Isolation, individualism, and lack of communication were also strong themes which were common throughout many accounts of the attacks. Many of the
382:
In the course of conducting his interviews, Murakami observed that "most
Japanese seem ready to pack up the whole incident in a trunk labeled THINGS OVER AND DONE WITH," but this mentality prevents them from learning from the event. In particular, Murakami criticizes the Japanese
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were conducted throughout 1996. They were taped, transcribed, and then edited. Draft interviews were then sent to the interviewees before publication for fact-checking and to allow them to cut any parts they did not want published.
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Reviews of the English translation were largely positive and enthusiastic, despite a severe cut in the number of commuter interviews included in the work—from 62 in the original to 34 in the translation. Globally,
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recognise that each person on the subway that morning had a face, a life, a family, hopes and fears, contradictions and dilemmas—and that all these factors had a place in the drama ...
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392:– however, he notes that perhaps everyone, himself included, does this to an extent, accepting someone else's "narrative" rather than take the responsibility of creating their own.
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335:, notably that he wished to learn more about Japan after living almost entirely abroad for nine years and that he wanted to fulfill a responsibility he felt towards Japan's society.
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Furthermore, I had a hunch that we needed to see a true picture of all the survivors, whether they were severely traumatized or not, in order to better grasp the whole incident.
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427:
and mentality of Japanese commuters (since the attacks occurred in the morning, nearly all of the interviewees were caught in the subway while making their morning commute).
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Both the Japanese original and the English translation were well-received, despite the former being criticized as being "one-sided," and the latter being severely abridged.
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in Japanese society and the sensationalistic media, as well as the inefficiency of the emergency response system in dealing with the attack.
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404:(sans Aum interviews) was seen by some critics as being "one-sided," a view that Murakami himself shared, leading to his publishing
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was originally published in Japan without the interviews of Aum members – they were published in the magazine
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saying on the consensus "Enthusiastic, although the reviews tend to be descriptive rather than critical".
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292:. The English translation combines both books into a single volume, but has been abridged.
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In his introduction to the book, Murakami describes his motivations for writing it:
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408:. The book sold 270,000 copies within two months of its Japanese release.
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holds that Murakami also had highly personal reasons for wanting to write
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362:, an influence that Murakami acknowledges along with that of journalist
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United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
366:. His interviews with Aum members are intentionally more combative.
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29:
Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
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Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
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and prevent similar events from occurring in the future.
221:
Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
762:
1505:
Season of the Witch: How the Occult Saved Rock and Roll
431:
suffering from extreme physical symptoms from inhaling
352:
victims have been seen as similar in style to those of
569:
Kavitha & Murakami (1997). Accessed 16 April 2012
1202:
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage
504:
Rubin (2002), 242. Rubin refers to Terkel's book as
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704:Kavitha, Rao; Murakami, Mutsuko (3 October 2007).
273:Described as a work of "journalistic literature,"
254:interviewees expressed disillusionment with the
1130:Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World
538:
536:
232:
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21:Underground (disambiguation) § Literature
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288:before being collected in a separate volume,
8:
1879:The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions
28:
1533:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
1304:What I Talk About When I Talk About Running
625:"The Underground Worlds of Haruki Murakami"
508:, though it can be safely assumed he meant
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737:Trans. Alfred Birnbaum and Philip Gabriel.
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27:
16:1997 non-fiction book by Haruki Murakami
578:Orthofer (2006). Accessed 16 April 2012
452:
746:Haruki Murakami and the Music of Words
623:Treisman, Deborah (10 February 2019).
7:
1921:Violence and New Religious Movements
1765:From the Ashes: Making Sense of Waco
1614:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia
1154:South of the Border, West of the Sun
248:sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
1793:The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation
1449:Books about new religious movements
1907:How the Millennium Comes Violently
1900:Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion
1858:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
278:interviews with 8 members of Aum.
14:
1723:Getting It: The Psychology of est
1663:Modern Paganism in World Cultures
979:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village
1649:Persuasions of the Witch's Craft
1519:The Mystical Geography of Quebec
1218:The City and Its Uncertain Walls
693:"Underground by Murakami Haruki"
1737:Contemporary Religious Satanism
802:Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo
239:is a book by Japanese novelist
1:
1824:Books critical of Scientology
1744:The Order of the Solar Temple
1670:Never Again the Burning Times
1512:A Republic of Mind and Spirit
1751:Les Mythes du Temple Solaire
1406:Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman
1257:Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman
1844:Controversial New Religions
1817:Criticism and controversies
1779:Sex, Slander, and Salvation
459:Murakami (2000), Back Cover
406:The Place That Was Promised
302:The Place That Was Promised
290:The Place That Was Promised
233:
2004:
1968:Japanese non-fiction books
1886:Zealot: A Book About Cults
1491:The Myth of Disenchantment
1455:General and historiography
1162:The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle
939:Tokyo subway sarin attack
708:. Asiaweek. Archived from
18:
1702:A Field Guide to Otherkin
1585:Modern paganism and magic
1038:
800:
717:Murakami, Haruki (2000).
227:
63:
33:
1953:Books by Haruki Murakami
1242:The Second Bakery Attack
560:Murakami (2000), 247-248
40:First edition (Japanese)
1963:Japanese-language books
1484:The Triumph of the Moon
923:Sakamoto family murder
691:Orthofer, M.A. (2006).
587:Murakami (2000), vii-ix
1948:1998 non-fiction books
1943:1997 non-fiction books
1772:The Making of a Moonie
1593:A Community of Witches
1540:Misunderstanding Cults
1312:Novelist as a Vocation
969:Me and the Cult Leader
326:
1973:Books about terrorism
1600:Drawing Down the Moon
1498:The Occult: A History
1477:Nature Religion Today
1366:The Elephant Vanishes
1277:First Person Singular
1237:The Elephant Vanishes
1025:2019 Tokyo car attack
725:. New York: Vintage.
318:
128:Vintage International
19:For other books, see
1635:Mastering Witchcraft
1575:Mystics and Messiahs
1526:A Course in Miracles
1210:Killing Commendatore
659:Murakami (2000), 114
650:Murakami (2000), 188
551:Murakami (2000), 238
542:Murakami (2000), 226
477:Murakami (2000), 7-8
468:Murakami (2000), 248
213:BP605.O88 M8613 2001
1988:Books of interviews
1830:Apocalypse Observed
1656:Her Hidden Children
1339:The Strange Library
931:Matsumoto incident
748:. London: Harvill.
697:the complete review
677:Murakami (2000), 38
668:Murakami (2000), 65
374:Murakami concludes
56:Original title
30:
1893:Cult Controversies
1851:Cults in Our Midst
1568:The New Vigilantes
1358:Kaze no uta o kike
1178:Kafka on the Shore
1170:Sputnik Sweetheart
1122:A Wild Sheep Chase
1106:Hear the Wind Sing
521:Murakami (2000), 3
495:Murakami (2000), 6
343:The interviews in
296:was translated by
237:, 1997–1998)
1983:Books about Japan
1978:Books about cults
1930:
1929:
1872:All Gods Children
1837:Gods of the Blood
1807:Ghosts of Kanungu
1642:The Satanic Witch
1628:Dreaming the Dark
1607:Living Witchcraft
1547:The New Believers
1470:The Darkened Room
1416:
1415:
1269:Men Without Women
1229:Story collections
1146:Dance Dance Dance
1056:
1055:
908:(removed in 2022)
865:Tomomasa Nakagawa
830:Kiyohide Hayakawa
755:978-1-86046-986-2
732:978-0-375-72580-7
530:Rubin (2002), 243
486:Rubin (2002), 237
385:crisis management
217:
216:
201:364.15/23/0952 21
138:Publication place
121:The Harvill Press
93:Japanese, English
1995:
1621:Witching Culture
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1331:Birthday Stories
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825:Satoru Hashimoto
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706:"The Human Cost"
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604:. 4 October 2023
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1709:The Book of est
1687:Specific groups
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1249:After the Quake
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1091:Haruki Murakami
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1002:Sects/Offshoots
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890:Masato Yokoyama
885:Masami Tsuchiya
875:Kazuaki Okazaki
870:Tomomitsu Niimi
850:Yoshihiro Inoue
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712:on 22 May 2001.
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602:Complete Review
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415:Complete Review
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298:Alfred Birnbaum
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243:about the 1995
241:Haruki Murakami
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146:Media type
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112:20 March 1997 (
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1260:(1980–2005) ("
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815:Shoko Asahara
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422:Common themes
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390:Shoko Asahara
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174:0-375-72580-6
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119:1 June 2000 (
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1398:Drive My Car
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1104:
1030:Kamikuishiki
1009:Hikari no Wa
988:
987:
982:(video game)
978:
968:
958:
835:Ikuo Hayashi
820:Seiichi Endo
745:
720:
710:the original
696:
673:
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636:12 September
634:. Retrieved
628:
618:
606:. Retrieved
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354:Studs Terkel
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234:Andāguraundo
220:
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70:Andāguraundo
59:
25:
1758:Scientology
1730:Underground
1409:(2022 film)
1401:(2021 film)
1393:(2018 film)
1385:(2010 film)
1377:(2004 film)
1369:(2003 play)
1361:(1980 film)
1350:Adaptations
1323:Other books
1299:(1997–1998)
1288:Non-fiction
1252:(1999–2000)
1197:(2009–2010)
1165:(1994–1995)
989:Underground
880:Toru Toyoda
860:Hideo Murai
721:Underground
402:Underground
388:Aum leader
376:Underground
370:Conclusions
345:Underground
333:Underground
312:Motivations
294:Underground
282:Underground
275:Underground
256:materialism
1937:Categories
1186:After Dark
1043:Wikisource
808:Leadership
742:Rubin, Jay
630:New Yorker
447:References
364:Bob Greene
101:Interviews
76:Translator
1089:Works by
916:Incidents
899:Criticism
608:4 October
396:Reception
329:Jay Rubin
228:アンダーグラウンド
151:Hardcover
106:Published
64:アンダーグラウンド
744:(2002).
188:45620755
163:309 (UK)
161:366 (US)
114:Kodansha
90:Language
1390:Burning
1048:Commons
1018:Related
685:Sources
510:Working
359:Working
269:History
149:Print (
98:Subject
1342:(2005)
1334:(2002)
1315:(2022)
1307:(2007)
1280:(2020)
1272:(2014)
1221:(2023)
1213:(2017)
1205:(2013)
1189:(2004)
1181:(2002)
1173:(1999)
1157:(1992)
1149:(1988)
1141:(1987)
1133:(1985)
1125:(1982)
1117:(1980)
1109:(1979)
1098:Novels
992:(book)
972:(film)
962:(film)
941:(1995)
933:(1994)
925:(1989)
752:
729:
339:Method
130:) (US)
123:) (UK)
116:) (JP)
46:Author
951:Media
794:Aleph
433:sarin
158:Pages
141:Japan
1194:1Q84
750:ISBN
727:ISBN
638:2020
610:2023
506:Work
300:and
182:OCLC
169:ISBN
356:'s
304:by
1939::
1264:")
1244:")
695:.
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535:^
308:.
231:,
82:,
1442:e
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959:A
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779:t
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758:.
735:.
699:.
640:.
612:.
512:.
225:(
153:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
