450:
from the situation. One interviewee said, "No one said a thing, everyone was so quiet. No response, no communication. I lived in
America for a year, and believe me, if the same thing had happened in America there would have been a real scene. With everyone shouting, "What's going on here?" and coming together to find the cause." Also, passengers that lost consciousness remained lying on the floor for some time. Commuters, with a few notable exceptions, did not attempt to help them, instead waiting for employees whose authority allowed them to intervene.
390:
polemic which was put forth by the media and too readily accepted by the
Japanese people, positing the attacks as a matter of "good" versus "evil," "sanity" versus "madness," "Us" versus "Them." By viewing the sarin attacks as "an extreme and exceptional crime committed by an isolated lunatic fringe," it was easy for Japanese citizens to avoid facing the darker realities (which Murakami also refers to as the "underground," adding a deeper layer of meaning to the book's title) of both Japanese society and their own selves.
261:. The book is made up of a series of interviews with individuals who were affected by the attacks, and the English translation also includes interviews with members of Aum, the religious cult responsible for the attacks. Murakami hoped that through these interviews, he could capture a side of the attacks which the sensationalist Japanese media had ignored—the way it had affected average citizens. The interviews were conducted over nearly a year, starting in January 1996 and ending in December of that same year.
446:, most of the interviewees continued on their way to work, only reporting to the hospital for treatment when unable to carry out their responsibilities at work, or under the insistence of a colleague or superior. Several of the interviewees returned to work quite soon after the attacks, despite not being fully recovered. One salesman said, "Honestly, it would have been better for me to take some time off with sick pay, but the company wasn't that generous. It was nine to five, plus overtime just like always."
454:
that matters. The idea that it's wrong to harm other has gradually disappeared." Another interviewee, a subway worker, said, "I already knew society had gotten to the point where something like Aum had to happen ... It's a question of morals." Several interviewees also voiced criticism of the media, namely due to the way it misrepresented and sensationalized the sarin attacks. Murakami himself expressed similar sentiments in the book's preface.
449:
Also significant was the theme of isolation and disconnection between the commuters. Despite the noticeable discomfort caused by the gas, most of the interviewees did not bother to ask other passengers what was going on, preferring to wait until the next stop to change trains and distance themselves
398:
system as being "erratic and sorely inadequate." He further worries that the government's lack of openness about its failings may lead to the repetition of past mistakes. Murakami also discusses one factor that led to the attacks – the handing over of personal responsibility by cult members to
362:
At the start of each interview, Murakami asked general questions about the subject's life, allowing him to build a background picture of them that is included before each interview. He did this to "give each a 'face,'" thus avoiding creating "a collection of disembodied voices." His interviews with
272:
The book also includes
Murakami's personal essay on the attacks, "Blind Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" In this essay, he criticizes the failure of the Japanese to learn from the attacks, preferring to dismiss it as the extreme act by a group of lunatics rather than analyze the true causes
453:
Many of the interviewees also expressed a level of disillusionment with
Japanese society and its emphasis on the material, often at the expense of the spiritual or moral side of the society. One interviewee assessed the situation, saying, "we've lost any sense of crisis and material things are all
437:
While the book is made up of narratives from individuals of widely varying backgrounds, the stories share common themes, and together, they reveal many intriguing aspects of the
Japanese psyche and the values of Japanese society as a whole. In particular, they present an insight into the lifestyle
389:
with the essay, "Blind
Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" The essay is primarily a criticism of the Japanese response to the gas attacks, not only in terms of the actions which were taken, but also in terms of the mentality adopted by most Japanese after the attack. He notes that there is a
331:
The
Japanese media had bombarded us with so many in-depth profiles of the Aum cult perpetrators—the 'attackers'—forming such a slick, seductive narrative that the average citizen—the 'victim'—was an afterthought ... which is why I wanted, if at all possible, to get away from any formula; to
441:
One of the most prominent themes was the value and importance which the interviewees placed on their jobs. Working overtime seemed to be normal for the interviewees – many spoke of waking up early so they could arrive at work up to 90 minutes before it officially began. Although they were
288:
was originally published as a series of separate interviews
Murakami conducted with 60 victims of the attacks and descriptions of how the attacks were carried out, along with his essay, "Blind Nightmare: Where Are We Japanese Going?" In 2000, an English translation was published which included
264:
The interviews highlight many intriguing aspects of the
Japanese psyche. Work was a high, if not central, priority for most of the interviewees. Isolation, individualism, and lack of communication were also strong themes which were common throughout many accounts of the attacks. Many of the
393:
In the course of conducting his interviews, Murakami observed that "most
Japanese seem ready to pack up the whole incident in a trunk labeled THINGS OVER AND DONE WITH," but this mentality prevents them from learning from the event. In particular, Murakami criticizes the Japanese
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were conducted throughout 1996. They were taped, transcribed, and then edited. Draft interviews were then sent to the interviewees before publication for fact-checking and to allow them to cut any parts they did not want published.
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Reviews of the English translation were largely positive and enthusiastic, despite a severe cut in the number of commuter interviews included in the work—from 62 in the original to 34 in the translation. Globally,
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recognise that each person on the subway that morning had a face, a life, a family, hopes and fears, contradictions and dilemmas—and that all these factors had a place in the drama ...
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403:– however, he notes that perhaps everyone, himself included, does this to an extent, accepting someone else's "narrative" rather than take the responsibility of creating their own.
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346:, notably that he wished to learn more about Japan after living almost entirely abroad for nine years and that he wanted to fulfill a responsibility he felt towards Japan's society.
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Furthermore, I had a hunch that we needed to see a true picture of all the survivors, whether they were severely traumatized or not, in order to better grasp the whole incident.
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and mentality of Japanese commuters (since the attacks occurred in the morning, nearly all of the interviewees were caught in the subway while making their morning commute).
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Both the Japanese original and the English translation were well-received, despite the former being criticized as being "one-sided," and the latter being severely abridged.
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in Japanese society and the sensationalistic media, as well as the inefficiency of the emergency response system in dealing with the attack.
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415:(sans Aum interviews) was seen by some critics as being "one-sided," a view that Murakami himself shared, leading to his publishing
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was originally published in Japan without the interviews of Aum members – they were published in the magazine
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saying on the consensus "Enthusiastic, although the reviews tend to be descriptive rather than critical".
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303:. The English translation combines both books into a single volume, but has been abridged.
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In his introduction to the book, Murakami describes his motivations for writing it:
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holds that Murakami also had highly personal reasons for wanting to write
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373:, an influence that Murakami acknowledges along with that of journalist
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United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
377:. His interviews with Aum members are intentionally more combative.
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Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
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Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
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and prevent similar events from occurring in the future.
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Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche
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Season of the Witch: How the Occult Saved Rock and Roll
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suffering from extreme physical symptoms from inhaling
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victims have been seen as similar in style to those of
580:
Kavitha & Murakami (1997). Accessed 16 April 2012
1213:
Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage
515:
Rubin (2002), 242. Rubin refers to Terkel's book as
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715:Kavitha, Rao; Murakami, Mutsuko (3 October 2007).
284:Described as a work of "journalistic literature,"
265:interviewees expressed disillusionment with the
1141:Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World
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32:Underground (disambiguation) § Literature
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299:before being collected in a separate volume,
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1890:The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions
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1544:Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare
1315:What I Talk About When I Talk About Running
636:"The Underground Worlds of Haruki Murakami"
519:, though it can be safely assumed he meant
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748:Trans. Alfred Birnbaum and Philip Gabriel.
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27:1997 non-fiction book by Haruki Murakami
589:Orthofer (2006). Accessed 16 April 2012
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757:Haruki Murakami and the Music of Words
634:Treisman, Deborah (10 February 2019).
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1932:Violence and New Religious Movements
1776:From the Ashes: Making Sense of Waco
1625:Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia
1165:South of the Border, West of the Sun
259:sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway
1804:The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation
1460:Books about new religious movements
1918:How the Millennium Comes Violently
1911:Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion
1869:The Politics of Religious Apostasy
289:interviews with 8 members of Aum.
25:
1734:Getting It: The Psychology of est
1674:Modern Paganism in World Cultures
990:The Story of Kamikuishiki Village
1660:Persuasions of the Witch's Craft
1530:The Mystical Geography of Quebec
1229:The City and Its Uncertain Walls
704:"Underground by Murakami Haruki"
1748:Contemporary Religious Satanism
813:Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo
250:is a book by Japanese novelist
1:
1835:Books critical of Scientology
1755:The Order of the Solar Temple
1681:Never Again the Burning Times
1523:A Republic of Mind and Spirit
1762:Les Mythes du Temple Solaire
1417:Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman
1268:Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman
1855:Controversial New Religions
1828:Criticism and controversies
1790:Sex, Slander, and Salvation
470:Murakami (2000), Back Cover
417:The Place That Was Promised
313:The Place That Was Promised
301:The Place That Was Promised
244:
2015:
1979:Japanese non-fiction books
1897:Zealot: A Book About Cults
1502:The Myth of Disenchantment
1466:General and historiography
1173:The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle
950:Tokyo subway sarin attack
719:. Asiaweek. Archived from
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1713:A Field Guide to Otherkin
1596:Modern paganism and magic
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811:
728:Murakami, Haruki (2000).
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1964:Books by Haruki Murakami
1253:The Second Bakery Attack
571:Murakami (2000), 247-248
51:First edition (Japanese)
1974:Japanese-language books
1495:The Triumph of the Moon
934:Sakamoto family murder
702:Orthofer, M.A. (2006).
598:Murakami (2000), vii-ix
1959:1998 non-fiction books
1954:1997 non-fiction books
1783:The Making of a Moonie
1604:A Community of Witches
1551:Misunderstanding Cults
1323:Novelist as a Vocation
980:Me and the Cult Leader
337:
1984:Books about terrorism
1611:Drawing Down the Moon
1509:The Occult: A History
1488:Nature Religion Today
1377:The Elephant Vanishes
1288:First Person Singular
1248:The Elephant Vanishes
1036:2019 Tokyo car attack
736:. New York: Vintage.
329:
139:Vintage International
30:For other books, see
18:Underground (stories)
1646:Mastering Witchcraft
1586:Mystics and Messiahs
1537:A Course in Miracles
1221:Killing Commendatore
670:Murakami (2000), 114
661:Murakami (2000), 188
562:Murakami (2000), 238
553:Murakami (2000), 226
488:Murakami (2000), 7-8
479:Murakami (2000), 248
224:BP605.O88 M8613 2001
1999:Books of interviews
1841:Apocalypse Observed
1667:Her Hidden Children
1350:The Strange Library
942:Matsumoto incident
759:. London: Harvill.
708:the complete review
688:Murakami (2000), 38
679:Murakami (2000), 65
385:Murakami concludes
67:Original title
41:
1904:Cult Controversies
1862:Cults in Our Midst
1579:The New Vigilantes
1369:Kaze no uta o kike
1189:Kafka on the Shore
1181:Sputnik Sweetheart
1133:A Wild Sheep Chase
1117:Hear the Wind Sing
532:Murakami (2000), 3
506:Murakami (2000), 6
354:The interviews in
307:was translated by
248:, 1997–1998)
1994:Books about Japan
1989:Books about cults
1941:
1940:
1883:All Gods Children
1848:Gods of the Blood
1818:Ghosts of Kanungu
1653:The Satanic Witch
1639:Dreaming the Dark
1618:Living Witchcraft
1558:The New Believers
1481:The Darkened Room
1427:
1426:
1280:Men Without Women
1240:Story collections
1157:Dance Dance Dance
1067:
1066:
919:(removed in 2022)
876:Tomomasa Nakagawa
841:Kiyohide Hayakawa
766:978-1-86046-986-2
743:978-0-375-72580-7
541:Rubin (2002), 243
497:Rubin (2002), 237
396:crisis management
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212:364.15/23/0952 21
149:Publication place
132:The Harvill Press
104:Japanese, English
16:(Redirected from
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1632:Witching Culture
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615:. 4 October 2023
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881:Tomomitsu Niimi
861:Yoshihiro Inoue
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723:on 22 May 2001.
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613:Complete Review
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1797:Werner Erhard
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851:Yasuo Hayashi
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826:Shoko Asahara
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433:Common themes
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411:The original
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401:Shoko Asahara
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256:Aum Shinrikyo
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219:LC Class
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207:Dewey Decimal
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185:0-375-72580-6
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137:1 June 2000 (
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130:1 June 2000 (
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1409:Drive My Car
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1195:
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1123:
1115:
1041:Kamikuishiki
1020:Hikari no Wa
999:
998:
993:(video game)
989:
979:
969:
846:Ikuo Hayashi
831:Seiichi Endo
756:
731:
721:the original
707:
684:
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647:12 September
645:. Retrieved
639:
629:
617:. Retrieved
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365:Studs Terkel
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245:Andāguraundo
231:
230:
229:
81:Andāguraundo
70:
36:
1769:Scientology
1741:Underground
1420:(2022 film)
1412:(2021 film)
1404:(2018 film)
1396:(2010 film)
1388:(2004 film)
1380:(2003 play)
1372:(1980 film)
1361:Adaptations
1334:Other books
1310:(1997–1998)
1299:Non-fiction
1263:(1999–2000)
1208:(2009–2010)
1176:(1994–1995)
1000:Underground
891:Toru Toyoda
871:Hideo Murai
732:Underground
413:Underground
399:Aum leader
387:Underground
381:Conclusions
356:Underground
344:Underground
323:Motivations
305:Underground
293:Underground
286:Underground
267:materialism
1948:Categories
1197:After Dark
1054:Wikisource
819:Leadership
753:Rubin, Jay
641:New Yorker
458:References
375:Bob Greene
112:Interviews
87:Translator
1100:Works by
927:Incidents
910:Criticism
619:4 October
407:Reception
340:Jay Rubin
239:アンダーグラウンド
162:Hardcover
117:Published
75:アンダーグラウンド
755:(2002).
199:45620755
174:309 (UK)
172:366 (US)
125:Kodansha
101:Language
1401:Burning
1059:Commons
1029:Related
696:Sources
521:Working
370:Working
280:History
160:Print (
109:Subject
1353:(2005)
1345:(2002)
1326:(2022)
1318:(2007)
1291:(2020)
1283:(2014)
1232:(2023)
1224:(2017)
1216:(2013)
1200:(2004)
1192:(2002)
1184:(1999)
1168:(1992)
1160:(1988)
1152:(1987)
1144:(1985)
1136:(1982)
1128:(1980)
1120:(1979)
1109:Novels
1003:(book)
983:(film)
973:(film)
952:(1995)
944:(1994)
936:(1989)
763:
740:
350:Method
141:) (US)
134:) (UK)
127:) (JP)
57:Author
962:Media
805:Aleph
444:sarin
169:Pages
152:Japan
1205:1Q84
761:ISBN
738:ISBN
649:2020
621:2023
517:Work
311:and
193:OCLC
180:ISBN
367:'s
315:by
1950::
1275:")
1255:")
706:.
638:.
611:.
546:^
319:.
242:,
93:,
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970:A
797:e
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783:v
769:.
746:.
710:.
651:.
623:.
523:.
236:(
164:)
34:.
20:)
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