253:, organization seen by the authors as the most democratic one in the contemporary (1950s) United States; an organization that seemingly disproved Michels' iron law. Lipset noticed that ITU formed an interesting contradiction to the iron law in the 1940s, while studying under one of the 'giants' of sociology,
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Lipset, Trow and
Coleman largely agree with Michels that there are oligarchical bureaucratic tendencies in all organizations. They point to several factors that made ITU different from most other unions—and organizations—and thus able to defy the iron law. They noted that unlike most of such
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will grow as well, and leaders of bureaucracy will use their position to increase and entrench their powers, departing further and further from any ideals of democracy the organization might have once possessed (Michels studied organizations that one would expect to be quite democratic:
34:
257:, who encouraged him to develop those ideas into an article, and later, a book, a task that Lipset approached with the help of two other researchers, Martin Trow and James S. Coleman. In the course of his research Lipset and others
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277:, as each faction was always willing to expose the misdoings of another. They also point out that similarity between background of members (most of them coming from
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One of the conclusions of Lipset, Trow and
Coleman research was that behaviour of individuals could be related to the qualities of local environments (
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Elections, Parties and
Institutional Design: A Comparative Perspective on European Union Democracy
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Political
Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy
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Union
Democracy and Fair Representation: Federal Responsibility in a Federal System
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Union
Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union
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Union
Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union
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organizations, ITU was founded by a group of local unions valuing their
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This article is about the book. For the labor movement philosophy, see
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they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop into
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424:, Seymour Martin Lipset, 20/1988. Last accessed on 16 September 2006
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Seymour Martin Lipset, Martin Trow and James S. Coleman,
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Labor
Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959
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175:The book addresses the factors that influence the
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409:"Citation Classics Commentary on Union Democracy"
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348:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFLipset1988 (
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229:. As organization increases in size, its
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249:of one particular organization: the
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493:Economic and Industrial Democracy
295:The book was and still is widely
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187:, with a specific focus on the
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261:over 400 members of the ITU.
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211:Iron law of oligarchy
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217:, regardless of how
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495:. 2001; 22: 183-210
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437:Extensions
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327:References
247:case study
223:autocratic
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153:case study
146:Free Press
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332:Footnotes
301:sociology
271:elections
197:oligarchy
193:democracy
148:in 1956.
75:Publisher
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451:(1915).
431:(1998).
315:See also
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171:Overview
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275:corrupt
203:in his
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