744:, which was being attacked by the former in northwest Angola and by the Portuguese in the northeast. A condition of the ceasefire was it needed more arms as it had no US aid apart from Roberto's CIA retainer, and Neto spoke to the Tanzanians who interceded with the Chinese government. After all groups met the Chinese, the FNLA received military aid and training from early 1973 until the fall of 1974, and then only diplomatic aid thereafter. In April 1974, a military coup occurred in Portugal with a later announcement of future independence for its colonies which began the process by the FNLA, MPLA and UNITA in attempting to strengthen their reach throughout Angola and resulted in conflict amongst each other. The Romanian government delivered arms to the FNLA in August 1974. In August 1974, the Portuguese Angolan government had proposed a two-year plan for independence with the three groups and white settlers forming a coalition government but this was rejected outright. In order to end the conflict amongst the groups, individual ceasefires were arranged between the groups and the Portuguese Angolan Military Council, with the FNLA signing on 15 October 1974 that allowed it and the other three liberation parties to set up political offices in Luanda. By 25 November 1974, a ceasefire was concluded between the FNLA and UNITA and with the MPLA on 18 December.
819:, part of the executive branch of the US government, met and reviewed a proposal from the CIA to fund the FNLA with $ 300,000 and UNITA, $ 100,000. The committee approved the funding for the FNLA but not for UNITA. The money was to be used by the FNLA to purchase newspapers and radio stations. In addition to the money, the US supplied weapons to Zaire which, in turn, passed them on to the FNLA, and also supplied several thousand troops. With this funding, Roberto believed any future coalition could be abandoned and in doing so the Soviet Union would begin to increase its aid to the MPLA. By June 1975, the CIA requested a meeting with the 40 Committee in which it proposed increased aid for the FNLA. A decision was not made for a month as the
595:, Bakongo, Northern Angola with the newly named organisation described as an ethnic political movement. In March 1961, the UPA began an uprising in the north massacring thousands of white settlers and servants, most of the Bailundo southern ethnicity, "assimilados", African Catholics and tribal members other than the Bakongo tribe, men, women and children. The Portuguese government respond by sending soldiers to Angola and more than 50,000 people would die in the violence by the end of 1961. It was said more than a million refugees fled the north of Angola for Zaire.
781:. The object of the meeting was to unite the parties and find common ground prior to the independence talks in Portugal later that month. Roberto speaking on behalf of all, declared an accord had been reached and that all parties had overcome their differences and had agreed firstly to a just and democratic society without ethnic discrimination; agreeing to a transitional government, armed forces and civil service and lastly to co-operate in the country's decolonisation and defence. The FNLA and the other parties would meet in
876:
MPLA. With independence day looming on 11 November 1975, Roberto gave the final order to attack
Quifangondo on 10 November unaware that the Cubans had reinforced the positions with troops and new Soviet equipment. Roberto would claim the South African were sending men to help him while the South Africans claimed they warned against a frontal assault but whatever the real story was, the FNLA's final assault on what became known as the
2327:
209:
164:
907:, against U.S. wishes, had recognised the MPLA government and soon convinced twenty-two other African nations to recognise them too. By December, President Ford and Kissinger decide that the aid to the opposition parties should not be abandoned and the CIA was ordered to draw up further aid plans which would need Senate approval but meanwhile, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee drew up the
2122:
1387:
1379:
1340:
1309:
1301:
1262:
1226:
47:
1348:
1270:
1151:
1125:
1099:
1068:
732:. In January 1970, National Security Council Study Memorandum 39 was adopted, which acknowledged that the white regimes in those countries should not be politically and economically isolated and that engaging them was the best means of achieving changes in their systems. This meant a reduction in aid to the FNLA.
806:
whose attempt to reign in the MPLA had the support of the FNLA. The FNLA saw its only alternative as a military one after having been expelled from Luanda. On 29 August 1975, the Alvor
Agreement was suspended by Portugal except for independence in November, and withdrawal of its troops that signal an
801:
was subject to an assassination attempt by the FNLA. The transitional government's failure to work was also said to be the result of a lack of interest by the
Portuguese government in Angola as it tackled a failed counter-coup in Lisbon by General Spinola and the lack of will of the Portuguese troops
756:
assumed the presidency in August 1974, the new US foreign policy moved away from the
National Security Council Study Memorandum 39 to one of support for black rule in Angola as well as passive support for the white rule and so minimal aid was returned to the FNLA. But by November 1974, the US decided
956:
and elements of the FNLA. With
Colonel Callan committing atrocities in the fighting including against his own men he would be stripped of his command in the FNLA and so mercenary support which had begun the previous December ended and São Salvador was captured on 15 February 1976. The South Africans
915:, after his visit to Angola. He concluded that the White House and CIA had lied about their involvement and that the US effort was responsible for dragging the Cubans and South Africans into the country's conflict. The State Department and CIA, unable to stay on message, were unable to convince the
875:
Without the control of Luanda on independence day, Roberto saw that the FNLA's international legitimacy would be in doubt. The only 'suitable' attack on Luanda was from the north through
Quifangondo. Attacks were carried out by the FNLA on 5 and 8 November 1975 but were repulsed each time by the
866:
to assist the FNLA and UNITA to gain as much control of southern and central Angola prior to independence day in
November. The US appeared to give the green light for the South Africans covert invasion but this would soon change as their involvement became public knowledge, the US would distance
1001:
in May 1978, by separatists based in eastern Angola, was the beginning of the end for the FNLA based in Zaire. The
Angolan President Neto and Zairian President Mobuto Sese Seko would meet again in Brazzaville during June 1978 where a reconciliation pact was signed between the two countries. The
827:
wished to consider the proposal. Assistant
Secretary of State Nathaniel Davies objected to further aid, as he believed it would not help the FNLA to become as militarily strong as the MPLA except with massive amounts of money; escalate Soviet and Cuban involvement and feared South Africa would
849:
to manage the
Angolan Task Force but found that many members of the CIA doubted the FNLAs ability to beat the MPLA and this was confirmed when he visited Angola and discovered the lack of political support for the organisation and also feared any entry of South African forces in Angola would
832:
ensured that the NSC viewpoint prevailed and that aid, not diplomacy could prevent an MPLA win so aid of $ 14 million was approved for the FNLA and UNITA in July and that increased to $ 25 million in August and reached $ 32 million by September. The assistance would become known as
845:, 1000 mortars, 50,000 rifles and machine guns, 100,000 grenades, 25 million rounds of ammunition, 60 trucks, trailers, boats, radios, spare parts, medicine and food with training by retired US military advisors and five spotter planes as well as mercenaries. The CIA appointed
711:
because of Roberto's dictatorial leadership, unwillingness to accept non-western support and a lack of a political program. Roberto would see off a "coup d'état" in June 1965 by his defence minister and in November of the same year, his brother-in-law,
943:
fell on 4 January and so the FNLA rout began in earnest. By early 1976, defeated by the MPLA, the FNLA began retreating, looting villages in northern Angola, as they headed for the Zairian border. On 11 January 1976, FAPLA and the Cubans captured
598:
In an attempt to become a national political movement, it merged with the "Partido Democratico de Angola" (PDA) to form the "Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola" (FNLA). By February 1962, the FNLA had merged into an organisation called the
880:
failed disastrously. The MPLA retained Luanda, and Angola gained independence from the Portuguese High Commissioner with Neto declaring the People's Republic of Angola. The FNLA would continue its fight inside Angola for another four months.
2377:
2185:
2291:
789:, signed on 15 January 1975, which would grant Angola independence from Portugal on 11 November, ending the war of independence. The plan also called for a coalition government and a united army.
567:
Ahead of the first multiparty elections in 1992, the FNLA was reorganized as a political party. The FNLA received 2.4% of the votes and had five Members of Parliament elected. In the
1006:
by the Zairian President in November 1979 while he was in France for medical treatment. Elements of the FNLA would continue the fight after Roberto left, now called the FNLA-COMIRA (
301:
1497:
2301:
2107:
867:
themselves. The South Africans would advance close to Luanda from the south while a small force of South African artillery and advisors would support the FNLA in the north.
815:
The US government did not believe the Portuguese plan would work and that the MPLA would seize power and install a Soviet-backed regime in power. In late January 1975, the
2221:
588:
tribe who wished to re-establish its 16th-century feudal kingdom but was also a protest movement against forced labour. Holden Roberto was to be the king of that land.
2276:
2432:
2241:
691:
visited Israel during the 1960s, and FNLA members were sent to Israel for training. During the 1970s, the Israeli government shipped arms to the FNLA through
2362:
501:
2080:
1405:
600:
939:. Caxito would fall on 27 December 1975 and the FNLAs main airbase at Camabatela was captured on 1 January and Negage on 3 January while their capital at
2422:
2296:
923:
and on 19 December 1975, the Clark Amendment passed the Senate and covert US aid in Angola ended with the House following suit on 27 January 1976.
802:
to serve in Angola and end the violence between the MPLA and FNLA. The final straw was the dismissal in August of the Portuguese High Commissioner
2382:
2251:
2100:
1007:
422:
2085:
957:
would withdraw from Angola on 27 March 1976 after receiving guarantees from Angola and United Nations on the safety of the installations at the
797:
Within 24 hours of the Alvor Agreement, fighting broke out in Luanda amongst the FNLA and MPLA with further violence on 23 March when the MPLAs
2437:
2427:
916:
455:
828:
intervene and this would have negative diplomatic connotations for the United States in Africa, so the only option was a diplomatic solution.
437:
433:
2412:
2367:
2336:
2271:
568:
2392:
2116:
986:
374:
305:
179:
683:
actively supported and aided the FNLA. The French government supplied men and loaned one million pounds sterling without interest. The
2256:
2093:
1968:
1494:
931:
The MPLA and Cubans would maintain the initiative in Northern Angola after the defeat of the FNLA at Quifangondo with the advances on
894:
387:
2236:
2261:
2246:
2216:
2055:
1792:
1759:
1359:
1320:
1281:
1237:
989:
in their country while the Zairians promised to expel both the FNLA and UNITA from bases in Zaire but the deal did not hold and the
824:
897:
and briefed them that his organisation had not informed the committee fully on its activities in Angola and the following day, the
591:
By 1958, the organisation's name had been changed to the "União das Populações de Angola" (UPA) under Holden Roberto who came from
862:
hydroelectric facility, the South Africans army would enter Angola to defend its interests in the facility and would develop into
2387:
2311:
2266:
2231:
494:
399:
2407:
2281:
837:. The CIAs covert plan begun sending supplies to the FNLA through Zaire and Zambia and was able to supply by November 1975, 12
703:
By July 1964, GRAE's right as the only liberation movement was challenged with the resignation of the Congolese Prime Minister
1860:
Noer, Thomas J. (1993). "International Credibility and Political Survival: The Ford Administration's Intervention in Angola".
2226:
1410:
820:
2397:
2157:
1198:
1135:
1109:
1078:
1047:
616:
362:
357:
352:
2402:
2372:
2286:
846:
619:(OAU) as Angola's only freedom movement until 1971. Its core membership were Angolan refugees and expatriates in Zaire.
474:
253:
110:
695:. The People's Republic of China supplied the FNLA with military equipment and at least 112 military advisers in 1974.
1435:
966:
962:
952:
from the FNLA and then advanced on their headquarters at São Salvador its route defended by foreign mercenaries under
863:
728:, assuming office in 1969, he ordered a review of the United States policy towards Angola as well as South Africa and
542:
487:
412:
143:
325:
2417:
2306:
2131:
838:
296:
2206:
2151:
266:
803:
1478:
2201:
445:
1426:
965:. Elements of the FNLA that had taken part as South African army's Task Force Zulu, would be reformed into
1810:
European Destiny, Atlantic Transformations: Portuguese Foreign Policy Under the Second Republic: 1974–1992
842:
716:, took control of the Congo (later Zaire) in a coup. But by 1968, GRAE's unity had begun to disintegrate.
628:
229:
222:
1431:
985:
met in Brazzaville to sign a non-aggression pact which was meant to see the end of Angola's support for
877:
707:, their backer, and the departure of Jonas Savimbi, who would go on to form his own liberation movement
460:
271:
920:
912:
834:
242:
519:
394:
338:
249:
184:
119:
2075:
259:
2341:
2030:
1998:
1869:
1674:
1614:
1570:
1562:
899:
798:
684:
584:
In 1954, the United People of Northern Angola (UPNA) was formed as a separatist movement for the
199:
174:
130:
103:
1751:
1512:
1896:
769:
The increasing violence would result in the gathering of the FNLA and the other two parties in
1964:
1788:
1755:
1719:
1449:
278:
115:
1784:
1666:
1606:
1554:
998:
982:
713:
592:
450:
2331:
1501:
1482:
1420:
953:
908:
829:
786:
17:
1610:
2211:
1889:
1744:
1712:
1545:
Garrett, James; Neto, Agostinho (1976). "The Lessons of Angola: An Eyewitness Report".
1443:
1203:
1052:
978:
704:
688:
546:
75:
2326:
1746:
A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola
2356:
1777:
1732:
Liberia and Independent Africa, 1940s To 2012: A Brief Political Profile, 2013. p. 7.
1574:
1242:
1083:
890:
778:
725:
672:
604:
65:
2081:
National Front for the Liberation of Angola profile at the START terrorism database
1558:
1454:
1415:
816:
668:
644:
585:
527:
135:
123:
2180:
753:
208:
163:
757:
they did not want a future government dominated by the pro-Soviet MPLA so the
2054:(first-hand account of foreign mercenaries fighting on the side of the FNLA)
1438:
949:
1714:
The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945
1670:
1989:
Klinghoffer, Arthur J. (January 1986). "US-Soviet Relations and Angola".
994:
958:
859:
782:
729:
608:
538:
2034:
2002:
1873:
1678:
1566:
533:) is a political party and former militant organisation that fought for
990:
940:
904:
770:
680:
660:
640:
636:
571:, the FNLA received 1.11% of the vote, winning three out of 220 seats.
1618:
627:
The United States government began aiding the FNLA in 1961 during the
46:
2121:
945:
936:
932:
807:
escalation of violence for the control of Angola prior to that date.
656:
652:
534:
99:
631:
and rerouted one-third of its official aid to Zaire to the FNLA and
564:) guerrilla movement, and from 1961 as the FNLA guerrilla movement.
1657:
Ekaney, Nkwelle (1976). "Angola : Post-Mortem of a Conflict".
785:, Portugal on 10 January 1975 and resulted in the formation of the
85:
1954 (as the União dos Povos do Norte de Angola guerrilla movement)
2145:
1597:
Stevens, Christopher (April 1976). "The Soviet Union and Angola".
1475:
1003:
774:
761:
funded the FNLA with $ 300,000 to help it achieve that objective.
708:
692:
676:
664:
648:
632:
612:
635:
organisations. Over the course of many years, the governments of
2139:
741:
2089:
758:
2292:
Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola
2021:
Kosnett, Philip S. (March 1980). "Angola Four Years Later".
87:
1959 (as the União dos Povos de Angola guerrilla movement)
2186:
Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance
777:, from 3–5 January 1975 by the invitation of President
850:
undermine the United States diplomatically in Africa.
740:
In late 1972, the FNLA concluded a ceasefire with the
2378:
African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa
903:
released the testimony to the world. By 26 November,
2302:
Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola
2194:
2173:
2130:
1471:
1469:
556:guerrilla movement, it was known after 1959 as the
156:
141:
129:
109:
95:
81:
71:
61:
53:
32:
2222:Angolan Union for Peace, Democracy and Development
1888:
1776:
1743:
1711:
1002:result of this pact saw Holden Roberto exiled to
2277:Movement for the National Independence of Angola
1779:The Israeli Connection: Whom Israel Arms and Why
1485:, official FNLA website (French and Portuguese)
1984:
1982:
1980:
2242:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Angola
2101:
495:
8:
935:and the latter's airbases at Camabatela and
687:gave aid to the FNLA between 1963 and 1969.
1961:The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991
1406:Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile
977:On 29 February 1976, the Angolan President
516:National Front for the Liberation of Angola
2108:
2094:
2086:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
502:
488:
194:
45:
29:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1690:
1688:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
603:(GRAE) with Roberto as its President and
601:Angolan Revolutionary Government in Exile
2297:Party of the Angolan Communist Community
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1166:
1022:
993:invasion would occur in March 1977. The
2252:Independent National Alliance of Angola
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1465:
524:Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola
197:
38:Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola
1697:The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa
2433:Political parties established in 1991
1513:National Electoral Commission website
1008:Angolan Military Resistance Committee
858:On the pretext of attacks around the
89:1961 (as the FNLA guerrilla movement)
7:
2272:Movement for the Democracy of Angola
1611:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096706
2363:National Liberation Front of Angola
2164:National Liberation Front of Angola
2076:National Liberation Front of Angola
811:US covert aid to the FNLA increases
35:National Liberation Front of Angola
2257:Independent Social Party of Angola
895:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
854:South Africans enter the civil war
764:
607:as its foreign minister, based in
554:União dos Povos do Norte de Angola
25:
2423:Organizations established in 1954
2217:Angolan National Democratic Party
961:hydroelectric facility so ending
889:On 6 November 1975, CIA Director
793:Transitional government's failure
2325:
2232:Communist Organization of Angola
2120:
1775:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1988).
1386:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1225:
1224:
1149:
1123:
1097:
1066:
747:
719:
207:
162:
2282:Movement of Young Intellectuals
1742:Walker, John Frederick (2004).
1010:) but ceased to exist by 1983.
419:Ministry of External Relations
2383:Conservative parties in Angola
2227:Communist Committee of Cabinda
1862:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1559:10.1080/00064246.1976.11413832
1411:African independence movements
1347:
1269:
821:U.S. National Security Council
1:
2438:1991 establishments in Angola
2428:1954 establishments in Angola
2237:Democratic Angola – Coalition
617:Organisation of African Unity
2287:National Union for Democracy
2023:Harvard International Review
1991:Harvard International Review
1808:B. MacDonald, Scott (1993).
1695:AlʻAmin Mazrui, Ali (1977).
1425:James George Butler "major"
2413:Angolan War of Independence
2368:Political parties in Angola
2117:Political parties in Angola
1891:The Destruction of a Nation
1163:National Assembly elections
973:Military demise of the FNLA
765:Africa's attempt to mediate
615:. It was recognised by the
569:2008 parliamentary election
2454:
2393:Military history of Angola
2307:Republican Party of Angola
2073:(in Portuguese and French)
665:People's Republic of China
545:, under the leadership of
18:Union of Peoples of Angola
2337:List of political parties
2320:
1495:Consulado Geral de Angola
1241:
1082:
927:FNLA retreats from Angola
558:União dos Povos de Angola
425:: Manuel Domingos Augusto
170:
161:
44:
27:Political party in Angola
2262:Liberal Democratic Party
2247:Democratic Renewal Party
2207:Angolan Democratic Forum
997:invasion of the Zairian
804:Antonio da Silva Cardoso
720:Nixon's policy to Angola
388:Administrative divisions
37:
2388:Guerrilla organizations
2312:Social Democratic Party
2267:Liberal Socialist Party
2202:Angolan Communist Party
1959:George, Edward (2012).
1710:Wright, George (1997).
1446:, Angolan War mercenary
792:
748:Ford's policy to Angola
552:Founded in 1954 as the
131:Political position
2408:Separatism in Portugal
1671:10.3917/presa.098.0211
1019:Presidential elections
981:and Zairian President
911:, named after Senator
629:Kennedy administration
523:
434:Diplomatic missions of
306:F. d. P. D. dos Santos
1432:Charlie Christodoulou
1427:Angolan War mercenary
878:Battle of Quifangondo
825:U.S. State Department
2398:Separatism in Angola
2158:Social Renewal Party
893:appeared before the
835:Operation IA Feature
326:Constitutional Court
2403:Genocides in Africa
2373:Angolan nationalism
2332:Politics portal
1699:. pp. 226–228.
871:FNLA attacks Luanda
543:war of independence
120:Christian democracy
2342:Politics of Angola
1659:Présence Africaine
1500:2013-11-03 at the
1481:2010-08-05 at the
963:Operation Savannah
864:Operation Savannah
799:Lopo do Nascimento
685:Israeli government
537:independence from
272:Esperança da Costa
200:Politics of Angola
175:Politics of Angola
104:Republic of Angola
2418:Angolan Civil War
2350:
2349:
2132:National Assembly
1547:The Black Scholar
1476:Projet de Societé
1450:Angolan Civil War
1397:
1396:
1160:
1159:
1014:Electoral history
512:
511:
456:Visa requirements
413:Foreign relations
375:Political parties
345:Recent elections
297:National Assembly
193:
192:
180:Political parties
144:National Assembly
116:Civic nationalism
91:1992 (as a party)
16:(Redirected from
2445:
2330:
2329:
2125:
2124:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2074:
2059:Peter McAleese,
2050:Chris Dempster,
2039:
2038:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1654:
1623:
1622:
1605:(299): 137–151.
1594:
1579:
1578:
1542:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1492:
1486:
1473:
1421:"Colonel" Callan
1389:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1029:Party candidate
1023:
987:Katangese rebels
983:Mobuto Sese Seko
736:Coup in Portugal
714:Mobutu Sese Seko
699:Break up of GRAE
504:
497:
490:
211:
195:
166:
151:
49:
30:
21:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2324:
2316:
2190:
2169:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2072:
2069:
2061:No Mean Soldier
2047:
2045:Further reading
2042:
2020:
2019:
2010:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1904:
1887:Wright (1997).
1886:
1885:
1881:
1859:
1858:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1656:
1655:
1626:
1599:African Affairs
1596:
1595:
1582:
1544:
1543:
1522:
1516:(in Portuguese)
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:Wayback Machine
1493:
1489:
1483:Wayback Machine
1474:
1467:
1463:
1402:
1374:
1371:
1335:
1332:
1296:
1293:
1257:
1254:
1218:
1215:
1165:
1154:
1150:
1128:
1124:
1102:
1098:
1071:
1067:
1021:
1016:
975:
929:
909:Clark Amendment
887:
873:
856:
830:Henry Kissinger
813:
795:
787:Alvor Agreement
767:
750:
738:
722:
701:
625:
582:
577:
508:
479:
475:Other countries
466:
465:
446:Nationality law
442:
430:
415:
405:
404:
390:
380:
379:
369:
341:
331:
330:
321:
313:
312:
292:
284:
283:
245:
235:
234:
225:
202:
189:
152:
149:
122:
118:
90:
88:
86:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Angolan League
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2152:Humanist Party
2149:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2067:External links
2065:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2008:
1976:
1970:978-0415350150
1969:
1902:
1879:
1868:(4): 771–785.
1815:
1800:
1793:
1767:
1760:
1734:
1725:
1702:
1684:
1665:(2): 211–233.
1624:
1580:
1520:
1505:
1487:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1444:Peter McAleese
1441:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:Holden Roberto
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:Holden Roberto
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
999:Shaba Province
979:Agostinho Neto
974:
971:
954:Colonel Callan
928:
925:
900:New York Times
886:
883:
872:
869:
855:
852:
847:John Stockwell
812:
809:
794:
791:
766:
763:
749:
746:
737:
734:
721:
718:
705:Cyrille Adoula
700:
697:
689:Holden Roberto
624:
621:
581:
578:
576:
573:
547:Holden Roberto
510:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
481:
480:
478:
477:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
441:
440:
429:
428:
427:
426:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
400:Municipalities
397:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
371:
370:
368:
367:
360:
355:
348:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
275:
274:
267:Vice President
264:
263:
262:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
226:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
148:
146:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
113:
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
76:Holden Roberto
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
34:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:Unrepresented
2172:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1963:. Routledge.
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:. p. 56.
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1794:9780394559223
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1761:9780802140685
1757:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Ngola Kabangu
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:Party leader
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Ngola Kabangu
1080:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
891:William Colby
885:US aid ceases
884:
882:
879:
870:
868:
865:
861:
853:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
810:
808:
805:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
779:Jomo Kenyatta
776:
772:
762:
760:
755:
745:
743:
735:
733:
731:
727:
726:Richard Nixon
724:On President
717:
715:
710:
706:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:United States
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Jonas Savimbi
602:
596:
594:
589:
587:
579:
574:
572:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
435:
432:
431:
424:
421:
420:
418:
417:
414:
409:
408:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
376:
373:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
350:
349:
347:
346:
344:
343:
340:
335:
334:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
307:
303:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:João Lourenço
258:
257:
255:
251:
248:
247:
244:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
206:
205:
201:
196:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
165:
160:
155:
147:
145:
142:Seats in the
140:
137:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:Ngola Kabangu
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
31:
19:
2163:
2060:
2051:
2029:(6): 12–14.
2026:
2022:
1997:(3): 15–19.
1994:
1990:
1960:
1890:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1809:
1803:
1778:
1770:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1662:
1658:
1602:
1598:
1550:
1546:
1508:
1490:
1455:Lucas Ngonda
1416:Luanda Trial
1191:
1146:
1120:
1094:
1063:
1037:
1032:
976:
967:32 Battalion
930:
898:
888:
874:
857:
817:40 Committee
814:
796:
768:
751:
739:
723:
702:
669:South Africa
645:West Germany
626:
597:
593:São Salvador
590:
583:
566:
561:
557:
553:
551:
530:
515:
513:
363:
230:Human rights
223:Constitution
136:Centre-right
124:Conservatism
96:Headquarters
54:Abbreviation
1553:(9): 2–15.
1436:Angolan War
1393:Opposition
1354:Opposition
1315:Opposition
1276:Opposition
1232:Opposition
754:Gerald Ford
623:Foreign aid
528:abbreviated
461:Visa policy
291:Legislature
2357:Categories
2052:Fire Power
1895:. p.
1783:. p.
1750:. p.
1718:. p.
1461:References
913:Dick Clark
823:(NSC) and
520:Portuguese
157:Party flag
1575:147031567
1439:mercenary
1188:Position
1170:Election
1026:Election
950:Ambrizete
438:in Angola
395:Provinces
351:General:
339:Elections
320:Judiciary
250:President
243:Executive
185:Elections
62:President
2035:42760744
2003:42759853
1874:27551153
1679:24349794
1567:41066044
1498:Archived
1479:Archived
1400:See also
995:Shaba II
959:Calueque
860:Calueque
783:Portimao
730:Rhodesia
609:Kinshasa
539:Portugal
451:Passport
423:Minister
111:Ideology
2195:Defunct
2181:CASA–CE
1372:2 / 220
1364:66,337
1333:1 / 220
1325:63,658
1294:2 / 220
1286:65,163
1255:3 / 220
1247:71,416
1216:5 / 220
1208:94,742
1192:Outcome
1140:66,337
1114:63,658
1088:65,163
1057:83,135
1042:Result
991:Shaba I
941:Carmona
905:Nigeria
771:Mombasa
681:Liberia
661:Romania
641:Tunisia
637:Algeria
586:Bakongo
575:History
541:in the
535:Angolan
302:Speaker
279:Cabinet
150:2 / 220
82:Founded
72:Founder
2033:
2001:
1967:
1872:
1791:
1758:
1677:
1619:721234
1617:
1573:
1565:
1367:1.06%
1328:0.93%
1289:1.13%
1250:1.11%
1211:2.40%
1182:Seats
1176:Votes
1143:1.06%
1117:0.93%
1091:1.13%
1060:2.11%
946:Ambriz
937:Negage
933:Caxito
921:Senate
679:, and
671:, the
663:, the
657:France
653:Israel
580:Origin
100:Luanda
2146:UNITA
2142:(124)
2031:JSTOR
1999:JSTOR
1870:JSTOR
1675:JSTOR
1615:JSTOR
1571:S2CID
1563:JSTOR
1033:Votes
1004:Gabon
917:House
841:, 50
775:Kenya
752:When
709:UNITA
693:Zaire
677:Zaire
649:Ghana
633:UNITA
613:Zaire
2148:(90)
2140:MPLA
1965:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1390:4th
1360:2022
1351:5th
1321:2017
1312:5th
1282:2012
1273:4th
1238:2008
1229:4th
1221:New
1199:1992
1185:+/–
1147:Lost
1136:2022
1121:Lost
1110:2017
1095:Lost
1079:2012
1064:Lost
1048:1992
948:and
843:SAMs
742:MPLA
531:FNLA
514:The
364:2022
358:2017
353:2012
254:list
57:FNLA
2166:(2)
2160:(2)
2154:(2)
1752:143
1667:doi
1607:doi
1555:doi
919:or
839:APC
759:CIA
562:UPA
2359::
2025:.
2011:^
1993:.
1979:^
1905:^
1897:57
1866:23
1864:.
1818:^
1787:.
1785:65
1754:.
1687:^
1673:.
1663:98
1661:.
1627:^
1613:.
1603:75
1601:.
1583:^
1569:.
1561:.
1549:.
1523:^
1468:^
1434:,
1382:1
1343:1
1304:1
1265:2
1179:%
969:.
773:,
675:,
667:,
659:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
643:,
639:,
611:,
549:.
526:;
522::
436:/
304::
256:)
102:,
2109:e
2102:t
2095:v
2037:.
2027:2
2005:.
1995:8
1973:.
1899:.
1876:.
1797:.
1764:.
1722:.
1720:9
1681:.
1669::
1621:.
1609::
1577:.
1557::
1551:7
1518:.
1155:N
1129:N
1103:N
1072:N
1038:%
560:(
518:(
503:e
496:t
489:v
252:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
