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told by an officer: "There is a lumber storage facility on the fourth floor. You never go above the second floor, you got it." several units referred to human test subjects and corpses as ‘logs’ to be burned/incinerated, also solidifying soldier’s assumption of what really happened on floors they were not granted access to. There was an incinerator in the Unit in which dead prisoners were cremated.
74:, Unit Ei engaged in "producing on a mass scale lethal bacteria to be used as weapons against the Chinese forces and civilian population" and "took a direct part in employing bacteriological weapons against the Chinese forces and local inhabitants during the military operations of the Japanese troops," according to its Chief,
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A soldier stationed at the Unit testified, that ordinary soldiers were not allowed beyond the second floor and not informed that human experiments were taking place there, but they were aware of rumours to that effect. The soldier had heard that they were prisoners kept at the fourth floor, and was
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The human experiments on Unit Ei 1644 took place in the confines of the fourth floor in the facility, which was out of bounds for the majority of the Unit Ei 1644. Reportedly, only a minority of the staff took part in the BW experiments on humans at Unit Ei 1644, such as the unit's doctors and high
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Sato testified that while Chief of the Unit, it was "devising bacteriological weapons and producing them on a mass scale. For this purpose the
Nanking Detachment Ei was supplied with high-capacity equipment and with bacteriological experts, and it produced lethal bacteria on a mass scale. Under my
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testified, ".. bacteriological weapon was employed on the ground, the contaminating of the territory being done by sabotage action. ... The advancing
Chinese troops entered the contaminated zone and came under the action of the bacteriological weapon." Cholera and plague cultures used during the
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Sato also testified about the equipment of Unit Ei, "The output capacity of the
Nanking Detachment Ei 1644 for the production of lethal bacteria was up to 10 kilograms per production cycle." To produce this quantity of bacteria, Detachment Ei 1644 had the following equipment:
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germs were employed against the
Chinese by spraying. The plague germs were disseminated through fleas, the other germs in the pure form—by contaminating reservoirs, wells, rivers, etc." The plague fleas were also from Unit Ei.
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level technicians. Each week between ten and twenty persons were exposed to poisons, germs and different gases, and about ten were killed weekly by gases, lethal injections and bullets after having been used as test subjects.
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A Japanese who was part of Unit Ei 1644 admitted that the
Japanese suffered a major disaster in their 1942 biological weapons attack in Zhejiang, saying that he saw papers which said 1,700 killed at the
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According to Sato, "...the output of bacteria substance was 10 kilograms per production cycle." The facility also bred fleas for the purposes of plague infection.
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When the war ended, the remaining test subjects were killed, the East
Zhingsahn Street complex was destroyed with explosive charges and the staff evacuated.
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When the war ended, the remaining test subjects were killed, the East
Zhingsahn Street complex was destroyed with explosive charges and the staff evacuated.
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direction ... the
Training Division every year trained about 300 bacteriologists with the object of employing them in bacteriological warfare."
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164:, then Colonel Oota. In February 1943, Sato was appointed Chief of Unit Ei. He served as Chief until February 1944. Sato testified at the
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Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
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Lieutenant
Colonel Onadera was Chief of the General Division. Captain Murata was in charge of breeding fleas.
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An anonymous researcher, who claims he was attached to Unit 1644, says that it regularly carried out human
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In late August 1942, Unit Ei participated in a biological attack against Chinese citizens and soldiers in
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that Unit Ei "possessed high-capacity equipment for the breeding of germs for bacteriological warfare."
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but admitted Japanese regularly downplayed their own casualties so the real death toll was higher.
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105:. The researcher and his family had not yet reached an agreement about releasing his name.
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Sato claimed in his testimony that Unit Ei "did not conduct experiments on human beings."
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover-up
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover-up
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover-up
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attack were made at Unit Ei. Sato testified he was told that "plague, cholera and
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393:. Vol. 30 of International Humanitarian Law Series. BRILL. p. 186.
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Ishii cultivators, about 200; incubator room, 1, dimensions 5x5x3 meters;
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387:"13 Reasons for the Failure to Prosecute Unit 731 and its Significance"
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2 cylindrical autoclaves, 1 .5 meters in diameter and 2.5 meters long;
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389:. In Tanaka, Yuki; McCormack, Timothy L.H.; Simpson, Gerry (eds.).
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Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited
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and for cooking media, the detachment had large retorts..."
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Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
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Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
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Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
67:. It had 12 branches and employed about 1,500 men.
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59:. It was established in 1939 in Japanese-occupied
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623:Japanese prisoner of war and internment camps
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262:. Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1950.
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309:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 150–152.
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7:
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566:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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279:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 75.
93:as well as infecting humans with
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51:, was a Japanese laboratory and
653:Japanese military history stubs
643:Second Sino-Japanese War crimes
613:Japanese human subject research
160:The first Chief of Unit Ei was
55:facility under control of the
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618:Biological warfare facilities
648:Japanese war crimes in China
385:Tsuneishi, Kei-ichi (2011).
166:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
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148:Koch boilers, about 40–50,
560:military history of Japan
451:
24:
638:Second Sino-Japanese War
145:steam sterilizers, 40-50
72:Second Sino-Japanese War
558:This article about the
142:incubators, about 40-50
63:as a satellite unit of
633:Imperial Japanese Army
442:Imperial Japanese Army
45:The Nanking Detachment
369:Sheldon H. Harris:
349:Sheldon H. Harris:
329:Sheldon H. Harris:
306:Unit 731 Testimony
303:Gold, Hal (2004).
276:Unit 731 Testimony
273:Gold, Hal (2004).
175:Biological warfare
53:biological warfare
33:Detachment Ei 1644
27:) — also known as
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316:978-0-8048-3565-7
286:978-0-8048-3565-7
193:Kawashima Kiyoshi
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568:expanding it
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496:Unit Ei 1644
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120:Capabilities
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91:vivisections
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47:, or simply
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17:Unit Ei 1644
16:
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198:paratyphoid
162:Shirō Ishii
76:Shunji Sato
70:During the
607:Categories
221:References
534:Singapore
526:Unit 9420
520:Guangzhou
516:Unit 8604
506:Unit 1855
460:Changchun
213:Aftermath
29:Unit 1644
486:Unit 543
476:Unit 516
470:Pingfang
466:Unit 731
456:Unit 100
65:Unit 731
21:Japanese
510:Beijing
500:Nanjing
480:Qiqihar
355:, p 148
335:, p 143
156:Members
95:cholera
61:Nanjing
49:Unit Ei
25:栄1644部隊
530:Malaya
490:Hailar
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313:
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189:Fuqing
187:, and
185:Jinhua
101:, and
99:typhus
562:is a
191:. As
564:stub
532:and
395:ISBN
311:ISBN
281:ISBN
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19:(
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