419:
477:
Navy-Marine Corps Court of
Criminal Appeals, the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, and the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals. The Courts of Criminal Appeals review the cases for legal error, factual sufficiency, and sentence appropriateness. All other cases are subject to review by judge advocates under regulations issued by each service. After such review, the Judge Advocate General may refer a case to the appropriate Court of Criminal Appeals. The Courts of Criminal Appeals also have jurisdiction under Article 62 of the UCMJ to consider appeals by the United States of certain judicial rulings during trial. Review under Article 62 is limited to issues involving alleged legal errors.
61:
340:, and the Army created an internal legal review process for a limited number of cases. Following the war, in the Act of June 4, 1920, Congress required the Army to establish boards of review, consisting of three lawyers, to consider cases involving death, dismissal of an officer, an unsuspended dishonorable discharge, or confinement in a penitentiary, with limited exceptions. The legislation further required legal review of other cases in the
2511:
notifies the parties and counsel of the oral argument date, and the oral argument schedule is posted on the court's website. In a typical case, each counsel is given 30 minutes to present argument, on behalf of their client, to the court. Unlike most civilian criminal jurisdictions in the United States, the military does not require that a defendant prove an inability to pay in order to receive defense counsel at government expense.
3067:
664:
If the chief judge is not in the majority, the most senior judge in the majority assigns the case. After an opinion is drafted, it is circulated to all judges, who have the opportunity to concur, comment, or submit a separate opinion. After the judges have had an opportunity to express their views in writing, the opinion is released to the parties and the public.
391:. The committee also recommended that qualified attorneys serve as presiding officers and counsel, subject to limited exceptions. Numerous other changes were proposed by the committee to enhance the rights of servicemen in the context of the disciplinary needs of the armed forces. The recommendations included creation of an independent civilian appellate court.
663:
The judges regularly meet in conference to discuss recently argued cases. As a matter of custom, there is full discussion of each case followed by a tentative vote. If the chief judge is in the majority, the chief judge assigns the responsibility for drafting an opinion to a judge in the majority.
659:
Article 142 of the
Uniform Code of Military Justice provides that not more than three judges may be appointed to the court from the same political party, which is a common provision for Article I courts and administrative agencies, but is unlike Article III federal courts. To underscore the civilian
476:
If the sentence, as approved by the convening authority, includes death, a bad-conduct discharge, a dishonorable discharge, dismissal of an officer, or confinement for one year or more, the case is reviewed by an intermediate court. There are four such courts—the Army Court of
Criminal Appeals, the
355:
In 1948, Congress enacted significant reforms to the
Articles of War, including creation of a Judicial Council of three general officers to consider cases involving sentences of death, life imprisonment, or dismissal of an officer, as well as cases referred to the Council by a board of review or the
2067:
The position of chief judge is rotated among the judges to the most senior judge who has not previously served as chief judge. The chief judge serves in that position for five years unless his or her term as a judge expires sooner. Prior to 1992, the chief judge was designated by the president from
589:
where the CAAF has conducted a mandatory review (death penalty and certified cases), granted discretionary review of a petition, or otherwise granted relief. If the CAAF denies a petition for review or a writ appeal, consideration by the
Supreme Court may be obtained only through collateral review
2514:
Counsel appearing before the court must be admitted to the Bar of the Court or obtain permission of the court to appear in a specific case. An application for membership in the court's bar may be obtained from the Court's website, www.armfor.uscourts.gov, or by writing to the Clerk of the Court.
2510:
When the court grants review, and in cases involving mandatory review, the parties are notified of the briefing requirements under the court's rules. In most cases, oral argument is scheduled following submission of briefs, but the court decides a number of cases without oral argument. The court
351:
and its immediate aftermath. During the war, in which over 16 million persons served in the
American armed forces, the military services held over 1.7 million courts-martial. Many of these proceedings were conducted without lawyers acting as presiding officers or counsel. Studies conducted by the
489:
The Court of
Appeals for the Armed Forces shall review the record in: 1) all cases in which the sentence, as affirmed by a Court of Criminal Appeals, extends to death; 2) all cases reviewed by a Court of Criminal Appeals which the Judge Advocate General orders sent to the Court of Appeals for the
2528:
as part of a public awareness program to demonstrate the operation of a federal court of appeals and the military criminal justice system. Everett presided over an expansion of the Court's public-facing role during his association with the Court, including taking live telephone phone calls from
402:
Armed
Services Committee accompanying the legislation emphasized that the new court would be "completely removed from all military influence of persuasion." The legislation became effective on May 31, 1951. In 1968, Congress redesignated the court as the United States Court of Military Appeals.
2523:
Most of the court's oral arguments are held at its courthouse in
Washington, D.C. On occasion, as part of the court's judicial outreach program, the Court will hold arguments at law schools, military bases, and other public facilities. This practice, known as Project Outreach, was developed
2506:
Each service Judge
Advocate General has established separate appellate divisions to represent the government and the defense before the service Courts of Criminal Appeals, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and the Supreme Court of the United States regardless of indigency. A
398:(UCMJ), enacted on May 5, 1950. Its name was changed from council to Court in the house, out of fear that council sounded to much like city council. Article 67 of the UCMJ established the Court of Military Appeals as a three-judge civilian court. The report of the
612:(Columbia Law Review Ass'n et al. eds, 18th ed. 2005). The official reporters are Decisions of the United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.) (1951–75), Court Martial Reports (C.M.R.) (1951–75) and West's Military Justice Reporter (M.J.) (1975–present).
494:
Under Article 67(c), the Court's review is limited to issues of law. The Courts of Criminal Appeals and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces also have jurisdiction to consider petitions for extraordinary relief under the All Writs Act
335:
Until 1920, court-martial convictions were reviewed either by a commander in the field or by the president, depending on the severity of the sentence or the rank of the accused. The absence of formal review received critical attention during
2618:
An Act To amend section 867(a) of title 10, United States Code, in order to establish the Court of Military Appeals as the United States Court of Military Appeals under article I of the Constitution of the United States, and for other
2076:
Judges retiring from the court at the end of their term are eligible to serve as senior judges, who may be called upon to serve on the court in instances of a vacancy, recusal, or other inability of a current judge to serve.
660:
nature of the Court, the statute provides that a person may not be appointed as a judge of the Court within seven years after retirement from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force.
449:
Beyond the review by the convening authority, court-martial cases may be appealed to two additional levels of judicial review. These are the Courts of Criminal Appeals and the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
637:
446: – the person who referred the case for trial by court-martial. The convening authority may approve the conviction of the court-martial, but also has the discretion to mitigate the findings and sentence.
2507:
servicemember whose case is eligible for review is entitled to free representation by government-furnished counsel, and also may be represented by civilian counsel provided at the servicemember's own expense.
490:
Armed Forces for review; and 3) all cases reviewed by a Court of Criminal Appeals in which, upon petition of the accused and on good cause shown, the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has granted a review.
1762:
1618:
568:
3329:
556:
406:
In 1989, Congress enacted comprehensive legislation to enhance the effectiveness and stability of the court. The legislation increased the court's membership to five judges, consistent with the
368:, created a committee under the chairmanship of Professor Edmund Morgan to study the potential for unifying and revising the services' disparate military justice systems under a single code.
352:
military departments and the civilian bar identified a variety of problems in the administration of military justice during the war, including the potential for improper command influence.
3171:
1468:
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3113:
1515:
1421:
1374:
1327:
3134:
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629:
71:
328:
and the Articles for the Government of the Navy. Congress's authority "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" is contained in the
3344:
3339:
3276:
1609:
981:
936:
656:. Judges serve fifteen-year terms. After their term, they must be either re-appointed or retire from the court. When hearing a case, all five judges sit as a panel.
3117:
1803:
1116:
1071:
857:
820:
783:
746:
539:
549:. In the year ending September 1, 2009, the court had 1,002 cumulative filings and disposed of 1,033 cases. Of these 1,033 cases, 46 were disposed of by signed or
1753:
1706:
1659:
3051:
894:
3324:
3256:
110:
3271:
3012:
463:
294:
120:
21:
410:'s Standards for Court Organization. In 1994, Congress gave the court its current designation, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.
3187:
3212:
2869:
418:
399:
144:
60:
3266:
2604:
471:
298:
115:
2573:
2765:
2542:
633:
542:, a petition for extraordinary relief or a writ appeal petition. Statistics show that the court reviews approximately 10 percent of all
356:
judge advocate general. During the same period, Congress placed the departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force under the newly created
3261:
3235:
3088:
467:
357:
347:
The military justice system under the Articles of War and Articles for the Government of the Navy received significant attention during
302:
105:
3299:
3154:
2805:
594:). Since 2007, several bills have been introduced into Congress to expand the accessibility of the Supreme Court to service members.
578:
574:
496:
427:
361:
154:
88:
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341:
3056:
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395:
270:
166:
3005:
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2635:
3240:
2702:
459:
290:
274:
177:
3334:
608:
form for the CAAF is provided in Table T.1 (C.A.A.F.), previously United States Court of Military Appeals (C.M.A.), of
2862:
1273:
704:
209:
2847:
2998:
2659:
2622:
384:
329:
321:
262:
3082:
439:
388:
3035:
407:
3207:
2332:
1954:
1678:
380:
538:(which occurs in 10 percent of cases), by certificate from an individual service Judge Advocate General, a
2855:
258:
2228:
1631:
3349:
2770:
591:
2215:
1934:
1534:
2547:
2319:
2293:
1944:
1581:
1542:
1393:
876:
839:
802:
765:
728:
317:
282:
183:
2836:
2525:
2124:
1964:
1775:
653:
551:
535:
443:
254:
2965:
2945:
2358:
2345:
2034:
1974:
1135:
955:
527:
519:
507:
376:
372:
278:
186:
2950:
2940:
2515:
Over 33,000 attorneys have been admitted to practice since the Court was established in 1951.
2306:
2241:
2189:
2137:
1994:
1984:
1440:
1346:
1000:
910:
531:
2718:
3030:
2990:
2970:
2955:
2914:
2462:
2410:
2397:
2372:
2111:
2014:
2004:
1822:
1725:
1213:
1045:
796:
625:
621:
76:
2975:
2903:
2747:
2706:
2476:
2150:
2098:
2055:
2044:
1924:
1299:
1177:
722:
365:
325:
286:
214:
485:
The Court's primary jurisdictional statute is Article 67(a) of the UCMJ, which provides:
2960:
2924:
2909:
2729:
2449:
2268:
2254:
2202:
2164:
2024:
1869:
1783:
1733:
1487:
1090:
870:
759:
652:
The court has five judges, who are nominated by the president of the United States and
515:
2740:
3318:
2919:
2424:
1278:
833:
709:
641:
605:
543:
313:
242:
2668:
2809:
2631:
1830:
1307:
511:
348:
273:. The court is composed of five civilian judges appointed for 15-year terms by the
2699:
582:
500:
435:
431:
324:
through the middle of the twentieth century, courts-martial were governed by the
162:
158:
337:
266:
2574:"The Army, the Courts, and the Constitution: The Evolution of Military Justice"
2792:
2585:
586:
546:
506:
Cases on the court's docket address a broad range of legal issues, including
36:
23:
442:. If the trial results in a conviction, the case is then reviewed by the
2676:
1877:
1639:
1448:
602:
320:
first authorized the use of courts-martial in 1775. From the time of the
2639:
1401:
2530:
1686:
523:
534:
law. The cases before the court may only be reviewed upon a granted
394:
The committee's recommendations, as revised by Congress, became the
2750:
by Anna C. Henning, Congressional Research Service, October 6, 2008
638:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
1495:
417:
222:
2827:
2760:
1589:
1354:
2994:
2851:
2741:
Supreme Court Appellate Jurisdiction Over Military Court Cases
569:
Equal Justice for United States Military Personnel legislation
371:
The committee recommended a unified system applicable to the
2085:
316:
are judicial proceedings conducted by the armed forces. The
555:
and 987 were by memorandum or order. (By comparison, the
636:, was erected in 1910, and was formerly the home of the
2793:
Practice & Procedure Before the Court, CAAF website
2656:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995
422:
Courthouse for the Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C.
620:
Since October 31, 1952, the Court has been located in
2837:"United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces"
2443:
2391:
2287:
2183:
2092:
1918:
481:
Final review – Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
285:. The court reviews decisions from the intermediate
16:
Federal tribunal for appeal of lower military courts
3330:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
3285:
3249:
3228:
3221:
3200:
3180:
3164:
3143:
3127:
3106:
3097:
3074:
3044:
2933:
2895:
2886:
2880:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
2828:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
414:
Jurisdiction and appellate review of courts-martial
239:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
208:
200:
192:
173:
150:
140:
132:
94:
84:
67:
54:
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
53:
2660:
2623:
2843:. Library of Congress Federal Research Division.
2533:viewers on a July 14, 1989, television program.
2519:Project Outreach and Judge Everett's public role
454:Intermediate review – Courts of Criminal Appeals
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
3006:
2863:
426:Courts-martial are conducted under the UCMJ (
8:
3272:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
464:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
295:Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
3225:
3103:
3013:
2999:
2991:
2892:
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2848:
2603:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCox1987p.14 (
1254:
674:
610:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
50:
3172:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force
3021:United States Military Judicial Authority
3345:Courts and tribunals established in 1951
3340:1951 establishments in the United States
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2693:
2691:
2689:
2440:
2388:
2284:
2180:
2089:
1915:
3213:Military tribunals in the United States
3057:Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)
2598:
2564:
630:United States Court of Military Appeals
72:U.S. Court of Military Appeals Building
2761:"National Register Information System"
3295:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
3267:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
3052:United States Constitution, Article I
2888:Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
654:confirmed by the United States Senate
472:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
299:Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
7:
3151:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy
3135:Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division
3114:Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army
3099:Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)
2766:National Register of Historic Places
2543:Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada
634:National Register of Historic Places
559:issued 92 signed opinions in 2009.)
342:Office of the Judge Advocate General
3325:Courts-martial in the United States
3277:Court of Military Commission Review
3262:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
2719:CAAF Fiscal Year 2009 Annual Report
468:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
303:Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
101:Service Courts of Criminal Appeals:
2665:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2628:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
585:to review cases under the UCMJ on
575:Supreme Court of the United States
89:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2502:Counsel in cases before the court
269:and other persons subject to the
3065:
672:As of January 3, 2023:
668:Current composition of the court
640:. The building was designed by
396:Uniform Code of Military Justice
271:Uniform Code of Military Justice
59:
3241:Guantanamo military commissions
2795:(retrieved on October 13, 2008)
2709:(retrieved on October 13, 2008)
438:, U.C.M.J. art. 1–146) and the
3257:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
2700:Appellate Review, CAAF website
460:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
291:Army Court of Criminal Appeals
275:president of the United States
1:
169:Subchapter XII, Art. 141–146)
2524:principally by Chief Judge
2518:
3366:
3188:Coast Guard Legal Division
2068:among the sitting judges.
566:
457:
330:United States Constitution
322:American Revolutionary War
263:United States Armed Forces
3083:Manual for Courts-Martial
3063:
3026:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
440:Manual for Courts-Martial
332:at Article I, Section 8.
257:that exercises worldwide
220:
58:
3036:Law of the United States
2841:Military Legal Resources
408:American Bar Association
3201:Non-judicial punishment
2572:Cox, Walter T. (1987).
2584:(1): 1–30 – via
1679:Albert B. Fletcher Jr.
423:
259:appellate jurisdiction
2771:National Park Service
1251:List of former judges
592:writ of habeas corpus
577:has discretion under
421:
358:Department of Defense
289:of the services: the
2730:SCOTUS Slip Opinions
2599:Cox, 1987 & p.14
2548:Summary Appeal Court
1726:Matthew J. Perry Jr.
1582:Robert Morton Duncan
1394:Paul William Brosman
563:Supreme Court review
362:Secretary of Defense
318:Continental Congress
283:United States Senate
261:over members of the
3335:Article I tribunals
3089:Convening authority
2578:Military Law Review
2526:Robinson O. Everett
2081:Succession of seats
1776:Robinson O. Everett
1632:William Holmes Cook
552:per curiam opinions
536:petition for review
444:convening authority
37:38.8958°N 77.0183°W
33: /
2746:2011-07-19 at the
2705:2009-01-17 at the
1136:Charles E. Erdmann
956:Eugene R. Sullivan
587:writ of certiorari
528:administrative law
520:criminal procedure
508:constitutional law
424:
279:advice and consent
187:advice and consent
174:Composition method
145:Article I tribunal
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3196:
3195:
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2983:
2773:. April 15, 2008.
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2064:
1909:
1908:
1535:William H. Darden
1441:Homer S. Ferguson
1347:George W. Latimer
1248:
1247:
1001:Susan J. Crawford
911:Walter T. Cox III
540:sentence of death
532:national security
235:
234:
201:Judge term length
121:Navy-Marine Corps
95:Appeals from
42:38.8958; -77.0183
3357:
3226:
3104:
3069:
3068:
3031:Military justice
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2893:
2872:
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2832:, official site
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1823:H. F. Gierke III
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1214:Margaret A. Ryan
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1046:Andrew S. Effron
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797:Gregory E. Maggs
693:Term of service
675:
632:, listed on the
626:Washington, D.C.
622:Judiciary Square
557:US Supreme Court
287:appellate courts
231:
228:
226:
224:
210:Chief Judge
77:Washington, D.C.
63:
51:
48:
47:
45:
44:
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3208:UCMJ Article 15
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2748:Wayback Machine
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2707:Wayback Machine
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2681:October 5, 1994
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1761:appointment to
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1382:term expired
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1226:
1223:
1220:
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1209:
1207:Senior Judge
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1199:
1196:
1194:2021–present
1193:
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1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
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1174:Senior Judge
1173:
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1169:
1163:
1157:
1155:2017–present
1154:
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1137:
1131:
1129:Senior Judge
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1110:2015–present
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:Senior Judge
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1065:2011–present
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1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:Senior Judge
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1020:2006–present
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:Senior Judge
993:
990:
989:
983:
977:
975:2002–present
974:
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968:
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951:
949:Senior Judge
948:
945:
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938:
932:
930:2000–present
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
912:
906:
904:Senior Judge
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
890:
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885:2023–present
884:
881:
878:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
848:2020–present
847:
844:
841:
837:
835:
834:Liam P. Hardy
832:
829:
826:
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822:
819:
816:
813:
811:2018–present
810:
807:
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789:
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774:2016–present
773:
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761:
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748:
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742:
740:2021–present
739:
737:2013–present
736:
733:
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724:
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696:Appointed by
687:Duty station
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642:Elliott Woods
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584:
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3350:Military law
3294:
3128:Marine Corps
3081:
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1919:Chief Judge
1912:Chief judges
1667:resignation
1288:termination
719:Chief Judge
671:
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658:
651:
619:
609:
601:
572:
550:
512:criminal law
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484:
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385:Marine Corps
370:
360:. The first
354:
349:World War II
346:
334:
312:
250:
246:
238:
236:
178:Presidential
18:
3181:Coast Guard
2671:, 108
1898:G.H.W. Bush
1851:G.H.W. Bush
1714:retirement
1476:retirement
1274:Chief Judge
1027:G.H.W. Bush
583:§ 1259
547:convictions
501:§ 1651
432:§§ 801
389:Coast Guard
338:World War I
267:active duty
159:§§ 941
133:Established
116:Coast Guard
40: /
3319:Categories
2679:, enacted
2642:, enacted
2634:, 82
2586:HeinOnline
2559:References
2470:1996–2011
2457:1992–1995
2418:2006–2020
2405:1991–2006
2398:Gierke III
2366:2002–2017
2353:1986–2002
2340:1975–1985
2327:1971–1974
2314:1957–1971
2301:1951–1955
2262:2000–2015
2249:1984–2000
2236:1974–1984
2223:1968–1973
2210:1961–1968
2197:1951–1961
2158:2006–2021
2145:1991–2006
2132:1980–1992
2119:1976–1979
2112:Perry, Jr.
2106:1951–1975
2049:2017–2021
2039:2015–2017
2029:2011–2015
2019:2006–2011
2009:2004–2006
2005:Gierke III
1999:1999–2004
1989:1995–1999
1979:1990–1995
1969:1980–1990
1959:1975–1980
1949:1973–1974
1939:1971–1973
1929:1951–1971
1885:1992–1995
1882:1929–1995
1844:2006–2016
1841:2004–2006
1838:1991–2006
1835:1943–2016
1797:1992–2009
1794:1980–1990
1791:1980–1992
1788:1928–2009
1741:1976–1979
1738:1921–2011
1697:1975–1980
1694:1975–1985
1691:1925–1998
1647:1974–1984
1644:1920–1999
1600:1973–1974
1597:1971–1974
1594:1927–2012
1563:L. Johnson
1556:1973–2016
1553:1971–1973
1550:1968–1973
1547:1923–2016
1503:1961–1968
1500:1900–1968
1469:Eisenhower
1462:1971–1976
1456:1957–1971
1453:1889–1982
1409:1951–1955
1406:1899–1955
1362:1951–1961
1359:1901–1990
1318:1951–1971
1315:1951–1975
1312:1894–1975
1286:Reason for
1267:Born–died
1227:2006–2020
1191:2017–2021
1188:2006–2021
1152:2015–2017
1149:2002–2017
1107:2011–2015
1104:2000–2015
1062:2006–2011
1059:1996–2011
1017:1999–2004
1014:1991–2006
972:1990–1995
969:1986–2002
927:1995–1999
924:1984–2000
567:See also:
301:, and the
180:nomination
28:77°01′06″W
25:38°53′45″N
3165:Air Force
3075:Standards
3045:Authority
2806:10 U.S.C.
1619:S.D. Ohio
1240:G.W. Bush
1198:G.W. Bush
1162:G.W. Bush
875:Federal (
838:Federal (
801:Federal (
764:Federal (
727:Federal (
590:(e.g., a
381:Air Force
277:with the
227:.uscourts
141:Authority
106:Air Force
3155:Navy JAG
3118:Army JAG
2951:Crawford
2946:Sullivan
2744:Archived
2703:Archived
2683:, § 924.
2619:purposes
2537:See also
2346:Sullivan
2307:Ferguson
2138:Crawford
1995:Crawford
1975:Sullivan
616:Location
606:citation
603:Bluebook
516:evidence
253:) is an
247:C.A.A.F.
204:15 years
167:U.C.M.J.
68:Location
2966:Erdmann
2925:Johnson
2669:103–337
2661:Pub. L.
2624:Pub. L.
2444:Seat 5
2392:Seat 4
2359:Erdmann
2294:Brosman
2288:Seat 3
2242:Cox III
2190:Latimer
2184:Seat 2
2165:Johnson
2125:Everett
2093:Seat 1
2035:Erdmann
1985:Cox III
1965:Everett
1516:Kennedy
1117:Clinton
1072:Clinton
701:Active
309:History
281:of the
225:.armfor
3288:review
3250:Appeal
2976:Stucky
2956:Effron
2934:Senior
2910:Sparks
2904:Ohlson
2896:Active
2808:
2675:
2667:
2638:
2632:90–340
2630:
2531:C-SPAN
2493:
2477:Ohlson
2463:Effron
2320:Duncan
2269:Sparks
2216:Darden
2203:Kilday
2151:Stucky
2056:Ohlson
2045:Stucky
2015:Effron
1945:Duncan
1935:Darden
1905:death
1858:death
1811:death
1804:Carter
1763:D.S.C.
1570:death
1523:death
1429:death
1422:Truman
1375:Truman
1335:death
1328:Truman
1264:State
1261:Judge
982:Reagan
937:Reagan
867:Judge
830:Judge
793:Judge
756:Judge
710:Senior
684:Judge
681:Title
648:Judges
581:
530:, and
524:ethics
499:
470:, and
430:
387:, and
297:, the
293:, the
251:USCAAF
193:Judges
184:Senate
157:
3229:Trial
2961:Baker
2920:Hardy
2915:Maggs
2673:Stat.
2636:Stat.
2554:Notes
2425:Hardy
2373:Maggs
2255:Baker
2099:Quinn
2025:Baker
1925:Quinn
1610:Nixon
1224:1964
1185:1948
1146:1946
1101:1960
1056:1948
1011:1947
966:1941
921:1942
895:Biden
882:1959
858:Trump
845:1973
821:Trump
808:1964
784:Obama
771:1953
747:Obama
734:1960
705:Chief
690:Born
400:House
182:with
3144:Navy
3107:Army
2971:Ryan
2677:2831
2605:help
2450:Wiss
2411:Ryan
2229:Cook
1754:Ford
1707:Ford
1660:Ford
628:The
573:The
377:Navy
373:Army
241:(in
237:The
229:.gov
136:1951
111:Army
2941:Cox
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1816:15
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1719:10
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1126:19
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265:on
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2402:ND
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2324:OH
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2259:VA
2246:SC
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2194:UT
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