39:
178:
231:
31:
379:
406:
or "customary measures" for use in small retail businesses. However, all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education. Many pre-metric units were reintroduced, with their old relations to each other, but
222:
was introduced in the decree of 5 October 1793 under which the day was divided into 10 "decimal hours", the "hour" into 100 " decimal minutes" and the "decimal minute" into 100 "decimal seconds". The "decimal hour" corresponded to 2 hr 24 min, the "decimal minute" to 1.44 min and
129:
The names and relationships of many units of measure were adopted from Roman units of measure and many more were added – it has been estimated that there were seven or eight hundred different names for the various units of measure. In addition, the quantity associated with each unit of measure
394:
The metric system was introduced into France in 1795 on a district by district basis, starting with Paris. However, the introduction was by modern standards poorly managed. Although thousands of pamphlets were distributed, the Agency of
Weights and Measures, which oversaw the introduction,
205:. The forces of change that had been brewing manifested themselves across all of France, including the way in which units of measure should be defined. The savants of the day favored the use of a system of units that were inter-related and which used a decimal basis.
395:
underestimated the work involved. Paris alone needed 500,000 metre sticks, yet one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure, there were only 25,000 in store. This, combined with other excesses of the
Revolution made the metric system unpopular.
560:. The 1867 exhibition had a stand showing how the diverse units of measure were converging onto the metric system – a system that had been developed in France and whose standards were in the custody of the French government, but available for world use.
226:
The implementation of decimal time proved an immense task and under the article 22 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795), the use of decimal time was no longer mandatory. On 1 January 1806, France reverted to the traditional timekeeping.
94:. During the revolutionary era and motivated in part by the inhomogeneity of the old system, France switched to the first version of the metric system. This system was not well received by the public, and between 1812 and 1837, the country used the
567:
broke out. France was humiliated by
Prussia's military action, but in 1872 France seized the diplomatic initiative and re-issued the invitations for the 1870 conference. The conference met in 1875 and concluded with the signing of the
1497:
216:, approached the British and the Americans in the early 1790s with proposals of a joint effort to define the metre. In the end, these approaches came to nothing and France decided to "go it alone".
122:
of units, but there was no unified system of measurement. Charlemagne and successive kings had tried but failed to impose a unified system of measurement in France. (In
England, by contrast, the
742:
1260:
104:(pound) became exactly 500 g. After 1837, the metric system was reintroduced and progressively became the only system of use, with other units now in only residual use.
146:. It has been estimated that, on the eve of the Revolution, a quarter of a million different units of measure were in use in France. Although certain standards, such as the
917:"La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 (The law of 18 Germanial year 3) " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté ""
208:
There was also a wish that the units of measure should be for all people and for all time and therefore not dependent on an artefact owned by any one particular nation.
1297:
1246:
814:
1542:
1492:
1128:
398:
Napoleon ridiculed the metric system, but as an able administrator, he recognized the value of a sound basis for a uniform system of measurement. Under the
1536:
161:
in southeastern France differ from those catalogued later in this article as having been used in Paris. In many cases, the names are different, while the
2064:
1811:
563:
In 1870, while France was preparing to host an international conference to discuss international cooperation in the sphere of units of measurement, the
2177:
2089:
529:
had all adopted the metric system, albeit with local names for the "metre", "kilogram" and so on. The metric system was given a boost when the German
340:. These definitions enabled the construction of reference copies of the kilogram and metre, which were to be used as standards for the next 90 years.
254:
government. Article 5 of the law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure. The units and their preliminary values were:
2182:
686:
2084:
1801:
1621:
113:
1211:
2120:
2115:
2069:
1720:
1710:
1611:
1150:
310:
2125:
1695:
1633:
1290:
633:
with a velocity of 1 m/s, giving a value of 980.665 W. However, many other
European countries defined their units of power (the
2059:
1846:
1261:"Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement, (71/354/EEC)"
2099:
2074:
1927:
1675:
1983:
1502:
1085:
154:
across Europe, many traders chose to use their own measuring devices, giving scope for fraud and hindering commerce and industry.
1953:
1917:
1826:
1564:
47:
478:
by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840. However, many units of measure, such as the
118:
In the pre-revolutionary era (before 1795), France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern
2039:
2024:
1978:
1856:
1831:
1816:
1776:
1700:
1283:
336:. The law 19 Frimaire An VIII (10 December 1799) defined the metre in terms of this value and the kilogram as being 18,827.15
2187:
2034:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1937:
1907:
1877:
1841:
1766:
1685:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1347:
1110:
797:
1024:
605:
New prototypes of the kilogram and metre would be manufactured. These were ultimately made in
England and delivered in 1889.
2029:
2004:
1968:
1932:
1912:
1902:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1781:
1705:
1606:
1337:
1327:
707:
694:
557:
553:
2094:
2014:
1973:
1963:
1892:
1796:
1735:
1730:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1569:
1471:
1466:
1385:
1380:
1342:
1419:
1922:
1897:
1836:
1786:
1771:
1761:
1725:
1579:
1548:
34:
Woodcut dated 1800 illustrating the new decimal units which became the legal norm across all France on 4 November 1800
667:, which was identical to equivalent units of measure in neighboring countries. In 1977, these units, along with the
1958:
1806:
1740:
1638:
1584:
1574:
2172:
1851:
1390:
100:– traditional names were restored, but the corresponding quantities were based on metric units: for example, the
82:
of units but with no unified system. There was widespread abuse of the king's standards, to the extent that the
651:
in Italy) using 75 kg rather than 100 kg, which gave a value of 735.49875 W (about 0.985
1414:
1365:
895:
732:
1306:
815:"The French Revolution not only toppled a king and spurred The Terror —it also forged the metric system"
235:
737:
712:
595:
502:
387:
329:
202:
158:
43:
1222:
78:
and until 1795, France used a system of measures that had many of the characteristics of the modern
2079:
1599:
1530:
569:
564:
344:
309:- "myria", "kilo", "hecta" (100), "deka" - and Latin prefixes - "deci", "centi" and "milli". Using
64:
489:
When this legislation was introduced, the metric system was beginning to take hold across Europe.
1594:
1370:
1165:
1104:
1043:
974:
942:
843:
767:
588:) support for coordinating calibrations of national standards against an international standard.
1240:
1081:
793:
251:
194:
50:
17:
1071:
1626:
727:
722:
690:
630:
545:
373:
96:
75:
38:
1791:
1056:
987:
955:
856:
618:
198:
119:
79:
1002:
617:
During the early part of the twentieth century, the French introduced their own units of
896:"Dials & Symbols of the French revolution. The Republican Calendar and Decimal time"
870:
2141:
1715:
1332:
629:, which was defined as being the power required to raise a mass of 100 kg against
402:(imperial decree of 12 February 1812), he introduced a revised system of measure – the
139:
87:
1189:
177:
2166:
1589:
1461:
1429:
1401:
471:
186:
135:
68:
230:
2146:
1434:
1424:
1409:
348:
219:
182:
130:
differed from town to town and even from trade to trade to such an extent that the
916:
1745:
1476:
1375:
510:
490:
123:
238:. The metre was defined along this meridian using a survey that stretched from
30:
652:
531:
317:
was assigned to the metre which, in turn, defined the other units of measure.
263:
262:, for length – defined as being one ten millionth of the distance between the
209:
790:
The
Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey That Transformed the World
591:
One of the eighteen seats on the CIPM would always be filled by a
Frenchman.
537:
378:
306:
305:
Decimal multiples and submultiples of these units would be defined by Greek
243:
213:
871:"DĂ©cret relatif aux poids et aux mesures. 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)"
594:
France would provide premises for the secretariat. These premises, at the
250:
The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the
165:
is shown as being 403 g, as opposed to 489 g – the value of the
1275:
1025:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system"
624:
522:
321:
284:
143:
126:
decreed that "there shall be one unit of measure throughout the realm.")
91:
1210:
Thiery
Thomasset, Universitié de Technology, Compiègne (December 2010).
576:
A three-tier organization would be put into place to provide political (
2151:
514:
325:
301:, for mass – defined as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water
277:
267:
239:
151:
609:
Thus the French metre and kilogram passed into international control.
1821:
1124:
717:
549:
526:
518:
60:
54:
1005:(in French). Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie
599:
494:
377:
291:
271:
259:
229:
176:
37:
29:
585:
581:
577:
298:
150:(the king's foot) had a degree of pre-eminence and were used by
1279:
919:. Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) – Forum des Anciens
1151:"Standard Kilogram Weights: A Story of Precision Fabrication"
1098:
Alte Meß und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen
Sprachgebiet
743:
Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution
357:. An arc on the earth’s surface formed by an angle of one
320:
The final value of the metre had to wait until 1799, when
42:
Table of the measuring units used in the 17th century at
697:(SI) and therefore to use the watt and its multiples.
552:
was followed by international exhibitions in Paris in
347:
was implemented. The right angle was divided into 100
501:(foot) as being 300 mm and the German state of
482:, remained in colloquial use for many years and the
67:
due to its radical decision to invent and adopt the
2134:
2108:
2052:
1992:
1946:
1865:
1754:
1557:
1523:
1516:
1485:
1454:
1447:
1400:
1358:
1320:
1313:
572:. The principal agreements under the treaty were:
407:were redefined in terms of metric units. Thus the
415:(fathom) as being two metres, with as before six
343:At the same time, a new decimal-based system for
1027:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69.
157:As an example, the weights and measures used at
443:(pound) was defined as being 500 g, each
332:that fixed the length of the metre at 443.296
313:survey of 1744, a provisional value of 443.44
169:. (The Imperial pound is about 453.6 g.)
1291:
646:
234:The Paris meridian, which passes through the
8:
1245:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1129:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1127:. Bureau international des poids et mesures/
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
634:
622:
1164:(2). Johnson Matthey: 66–68. Archived from
640:
181:A clock of the republican era showing both
1520:
1451:
1317:
1298:
1284:
1276:
1023:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906).
762:
760:
758:
1078:Official units of measure in Europe 1842
792:. Nepal: Jay Prajapatri. pp. 2–3.
754:
411:was defined as 120 centimetres and the
294: (1 dm) for volumes of liquid
287: (1 m) for volume of firewood
114:Traditional French units of measurement
1238:
1102:
1052:
1041:
983:
972:
951:
940:
852:
841:
463:The metric system restored (1840–1875)
223:the "decimal second" to 0.864 s.
439:. Likewise, for mass and weight, the
7:
1073:Amtliche MaĂźeinheiten in Europa 1842
509:as being 250 mm. Moreover, the
330:survey between Dunkirk and Barcelona
353:, which in turn was divided in 100
138:) could vary from 3.268 km in
27:Units of measurement used in France
1328:International System of Units (SI)
1212:"Jean Victor Poncelet (1788-1867)"
400:décret impérial du 12 février 1812
25:
212:, at the prompting of the savant
86:could vary from 3.268 km in
2178:Science and technology in France
679:(and amongst others, the German
613:International era (1875 onwards)
470:(the law of 4 July 1837) of the
173:Revolutionary France (1795–1812)
2183:Units of measurement by country
1192:. The Free Dictionary by Farlex
602:would have a diplomatic status.
535:(Customs Union) introduced the
474:effectively revoked the use of
328:presented the results of their
280: (10.000 m) for area
18:Units of measurement in France
1:
1338:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1219:Tout sur les unités de mesure
708:International System of Units
695:International System of Units
71:after the French Revolution.
898:. The Horological Foundation
1221:(in French). Archived from
875:Le systeme metrique decimal
645:in the Netherlands and the
486:still does to some extent.
2204:
1109:: CS1 maint: postscript (
371:
111:
48:Provence-Alpes-CĂ´te d'Azur
1391:English Engineering Units
46:in the covered market at
1070:Wolfgang Appell (2002).
1038:Adler. pp. 349–357.
1003:"Un historique du mètre"
813:@NatGeoUK (2020-09-11).
768:"History of measurement"
687:EEC Directive 71/354/EEC
493:and the German state of
468:La loi du 4 juillet 1837
63:has a unique history of
1430:Quantum chromodynamical
541:of 500 g in 1850.
497:had both defined their
427:(inches) making up one
108:Ancien régime (to 1795)
1543:centimetre–gram–second
1307:Systems of measurement
1158:Platinum Metals Review
1125:"The Metre Convention"
838:Adler. pp. 88–96.
770:. Métrologie française
733:Systems of measurement
693:to standardize on the
681:
675:
669:
663:
661:was replaced with the
657:
647:
641:
635:
623:
391:
247:
201:marked the end of the
190:
57:
35:
2188:Metrication in France
2065:Biblical and Talmudic
1531:metre–kilogram–second
685:) were proscribed by
419:(feet) making up one
381:
236:Observatoire de Paris
233:
180:
41:
33:
1190:"poncelet (physics)"
738:Units of measurement
713:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
596:Pavillon de Breteuil
252:French Revolutionary
203:Age of Enlightenment
159:Pernes-les-Fontaines
142:to 5.849 km in
90:to 5.849 km in
65:units of measurement
44:Pernes-les-Fontaines
1080:] (in German).
969:Adler. p. 269.
937:Adler. p. 106.
819:National Geographic
788:Adler, Ken (2002).
655:). Eventually, the
584:) and secretarial (
570:Treaty of the Metre
447:comprising sixteen
386:were introduced by
361:was one kilometre.
345:angular measurement
1537:metre–tonne–second
1333:UK imperial system
392:
248:
191:
58:
36:
2160:
2159:
2048:
2047:
1512:
1511:
1503:Foot–pound–second
1443:
1442:
1420:Heaviside–Lorentz
1149:FJ Smith (1973).
1096:Website based on
1051:Missing or empty
982:Missing or empty
950:Missing or empty
851:Missing or empty
195:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
2195:
2173:Systems of units
1627:Mesures usuelles
1521:
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985:
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928:
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775:
764:
723:Mesures usuelles
691:EU member states
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
650:
644:
639:in Germany, the
638:
631:standard gravity
628:
546:Great Exhibition
505:has defined its
503:Hessen-Darmstadt
476:mesures usuelles
384:Mesures usuelles
374:Mesures usuelles
366:Mesures usuelles
97:mesures usuelles
53:of southeastern
21:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
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2194:
2193:
2192:
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2161:
2156:
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2104:
2044:
1988:
1942:
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1750:
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1001:Denis FĂ©vrier.
1000:
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981:
971:
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747:
703:
689:which required
615:
580:), scientific (
465:
404:mesures uselles
376:
370:
199:Napoleonic Wars
197:and subsequent
175:
120:Imperial System
116:
110:
80:Imperial System
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2142:Absolute scale
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2017:
2012:
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1990:
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648:cavallo vapore
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187:standard time
184:
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137:
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76:Ancien régime
72:
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69:metric system
66:
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56:
52:
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45:
40:
32:
19:
2090:Mesopotamian
1984:Puerto Rican
1616:
1381:Astronomical
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1230:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1205:
1194:. Retrieved
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1157:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1119:
1097:
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1077:
1072:
1065:
1053:|title=
1033:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
996:
984:|title=
964:
952:|title=
932:
921:. Retrieved
911:
900:. Retrieved
890:
879:. Retrieved
874:
865:
853:|title=
833:
822:. Retrieved
818:
808:
789:
783:
772:. Retrieved
642:paardekracht
636:Pferdestärke
616:
608:
562:
543:
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249:
225:
220:Decimal time
218:
207:
192:
167:livre du roi
166:
162:
156:
147:
131:
128:
117:
101:
95:
83:
73:
59:
1954:Costa Rican
1918:Seychellois
1827:Singaporean
1622:Traditional
1477:Metrication
1415:Geometrised
1371:Avoirdupois
877:(in French)
548:of 1851 in
511:Netherlands
491:Switzerland
431:and twelve
368:(1812–1839)
148:pied du roi
124:Magna Carta
2167:Categories
2040:Venezuelan
2025:Paraguayan
1979:Nicaraguan
1857:Vietnamese
1832:Sri Lankan
1817:Philippine
1777:Indonesian
1701:Portuguese
1595:Winchester
1498:Comparison
1448:Background
1386:Electrical
1266:2009-02-07
1232:2011-02-17
1196:2011-02-17
1175:2011-03-07
1135:2011-02-13
1093:2011-02-10
1009:2011-03-10
923:2010-03-02
902:2011-02-07
881:2011-02-07
824:2022-02-28
799:0349115079
774:2011-02-06
750:References
532:Zollverein
388:Napoleon I
355:centigrads
264:North Pole
210:Talleyrand
2035:Uruguayan
2020:Colombian
2010:Brazilian
2000:Argentine
1938:Tanzanian
1908:Mauritian
1878:Ethiopian
1842:Taiwanese
1812:Pakistani
1792:Mongolian
1767:Cambodian
1686:Norwegian
1656:Icelandic
1651:Hungarian
1644:Byzantine
1600:Exchequer
1348:Hong Kong
1105:cite book
1044:cite book
975:cite book
943:cite book
844:cite book
538:Zollpfund
451:and each
423:, twelve
359:centigrad
311:Cassini's
244:Barcelona
214:Condorcet
2121:Obsolete
2116:Humorous
2070:Egyptian
2030:Peruvian
2005:Bolivian
1969:Honduran
1933:Tunisian
1913:Moroccan
1903:Malagasy
1888:Eritrean
1883:Egyptian
1873:Algerian
1802:Nepalese
1782:Japanese
1716:Scottish
1706:Romanian
1607:Estonian
1517:Historic
1493:Overview
1462:Overview
1359:Specific
1241:cite web
701:See also
673:and the
658:poncelet
625:poncelet
523:Lombardy
322:Delambre
307:prefixes
270:through
266:and the
144:Provence
92:Provence
2152:Modulor
2126:Unusual
2095:Persian
2053:Ancient
2015:Chilean
1974:Mexican
1964:Haitian
1893:Guinean
1797:Myanmar
1736:Swedish
1731:Spanish
1721:Serbian
1711:Russian
1691:Ottoman
1681:Maltese
1671:Latvian
1666:Italian
1612:Finnish
1590:English
1570:Cypriot
1565:Cornish
1472:History
1467:Outline
1402:Natural
1343:Chinese
1321:General
1314:Current
598:, near
515:Belgium
390:in 1812
326:Mechain
268:Equator
240:Dunkirk
183:decimal
152:savants
74:In the
2147:N-body
2085:Indian
2060:Arabic
1923:Somali
1898:Libyan
1866:Africa
1837:Syrian
1787:Korean
1772:Indian
1762:Afghan
1726:Slovak
1696:Polish
1634:German
1617:French
1580:Danish
1558:Europe
1524:Metric
1455:Metric
1435:Stoney
1425:Planck
1410:Atomic
1131:(BIPM)
1084:
796:
718:Mansus
621:– the
550:London
527:Venice
519:Greece
455:eight
433:lignes
338:grains
334:lignes
315:lignes
140:Beauce
136:league
88:Beauce
61:France
55:France
51:region
2135:Other
2100:Roman
2080:Hindu
2075:Greek
1959:Cuban
1847:Tatar
1807:Omani
1746:Welsh
1741:Swiss
1661:Irish
1639:Greek
1585:Dutch
1575:Czech
1545:(CGS)
1539:(MTS)
1533:(MKS)
1505:(FPS)
1486:UK/US
1226:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1154:(PDF)
1076:[
682:Pfund
676:livre
670:stère
619:power
600:Paris
495:Baden
484:livre
480:livre
445:livre
441:livre
437:pouce
425:pouce
421:toise
413:toise
350:grads
292:litre
285:stère
272:Paris
260:metre
163:livre
132:lieue
102:livre
84:lieue
1852:Thai
1822:Pegu
1755:Asia
1393:(US)
1376:Troy
1247:link
1111:link
1082:ISBN
1057:help
988:help
956:help
857:help
794:ISBN
586:BIPM
582:CIPM
578:CGPM
558:1867
556:and
554:1855
544:The
525:and
457:gros
453:once
449:once
429:pied
417:pied
409:aune
382:The
324:and
299:gram
297:The
290:The
283:The
276:The
258:The
193:The
185:and
565:war
507:FuĂź
499:FuĂź
278:are
242:to
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1239:{{
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653:HP
521:,
517:,
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1055:(
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986:(
958:)
954:(
926:.
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884:.
859:)
855:(
827:.
802:.
777:.
246:.
189:.
134:(
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