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explain the left-right divide on topics such as redistribution through the level and quality of universalism in their respective politics (e.g., redistribution to US veterans, which is more morally loyalist, compared to redistribution via foreign aid). They find the political left to be broadly more universalistic. Haidt too has written about how his (broader) Moral
Foundations theory can be applied to modern US politics.
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387:"if we adopt the principle of universality: if an action is right (or wrong) for others, it is right (or wrong) for us. Those who do not rise to the minimal moral level of applying to themselves the standards they apply to others—more stringent ones, in fact—plainly cannot be taken seriously when they speak of appropriateness of response; or of right and wrong, good and evil."
567:. Although the Declaration has undeniably come to be accepted throughout the world as a cornerstone of the international system for the protection of human rights, a belief among some that the Universal Declaration does not adequately reflect certain important worldviews has given rise to more than one supplementary declaration, such as the
707:
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that these morals are cross-cultural, and alignment with them is present at birth. Of note, the Moral
Foundations Theory does not assert that every culture has the same morals, but rather each has developed their own set of acceptable behaviors, and there tends to be overlaps in the aforementioned areas listed earlier.
1021:). Though the number of laws was later increased to 30 with the addition of prohibitions against castration, sorcery, and other practices, the "seven laws," with minor variations, retained their original status as authoritative commandments and as the source of other laws. As basic statutes safeguarding
616:
presents a form of universalism, by way of the unconditional morality of God's commandments. It revolves around the idea that morality is synonymous with following God's commands. While various religions may have Gods that endorse different beliefs and behaviors, divine command theory encompasses all
372:
According to philosophy professor R. W. Hepburn: "To move towards the objectivist pole is to argue that moral judgements can be rationally defensible, true or false, that there are rational procedural tests for identifying morally impermissible actions, or that moral values exist independently of the
665:
of their supporters. Enke et al. have published a number of studies, including their canonical study, where they find that heterogeneity in universalism descriptively explains why the left and right both simultaneously support and oppose different types of government spending. They find that you can
833:
Let us say that moral objectivism maintains that moral judgments are ordinarily true or false in an absolute or universal sense, that some of them are true, and that people sometimes are justified in accepting true moral judgments (and rejecting false ones) on the basis of evidence available to any
652:
and colleagues, proposes that there are “intuitive ethics,” or morals that individuals subscribe to within cultures. There are five foundations that a person's behaviors tend to adhere to: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation. Haidt argues
681:
Enke and his coauthors also find that universalism is significantly related to observables: older people, men, the rich, the rural, and the religious exhibit less moral universalism. Moreover, universalists donate less money but to more global recipients. Behaviorally, universalists have fewer
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content from each culture. Seven fundamentals were identified beforehand, and historic writings were analyzed to search for either positive or negative moral valence of each one. It was found that 99.9% of the time, these seven behaviors were considered “moral”: helping kin, helping group,
685:
These studies also allow us to compare the prevalence of universalism across countries and cultures. A large, cross-country survey study finds that socioeconomic experiences determine levels of universalism, with experience of democracy greatly helping. Anthropologists at the
871:'s contention that the use of moral language conveys an implicit commitment to act accordingly. Thus, for example, saying that "Murder is wrong" not only entails acceptance of a universalizable obligation not to kill, but also leads to avoidance of the act of killing.
695:
reciprocating, being brave, respecting superiors, dividing resources, and respecting property. These principles appeared across all cultures studied, and only one counterexample was found: an instance of the “respecting property” value clashing with “being brave.”
633:. The body broadly attempts to describe correlates with universalist preferences and to study the moral origins of political preferences or polarization. These efforts can be attributed as loosely inspired by the work of social psychologist,
582:
is founded upon the "common heritage of mankind". Protecting this heritage is presented in the treaty as a shared moral duty requiring protective actions based on "common but differentiated responsibilities". This has been criticized as
850:: A meta-ethical theory according to which moral issues are not subject to rational determination. Dealing with values, not facts, moral assertions are neither true nor false, but merely express attitudes, feelings, desires, or demands.
1013:, the Babylonian Talmud listed the first six commandments as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, and robbery and the positive command to establish courts of justice (with all that this implies). After
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can be read as assuming characteristics and attributes akin to moral universalism. The drafting committee of the
Universal Declaration did assume, or at least aspired to, a "universal" approach to articulating international
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among others, with some of the sages going so far as to make a list of 30 laws. The Talmud expands the scope of the Seven Laws of Noah to cover about 100 of the
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There is a body of work studying moral universalism using experimental and survey data in
Economics, recently reinvigorated by Harvard Economist
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expanded the concept of universal morality within the Seven Laws of Noah and added several other laws beyond the seven listed in the Talmud and
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Encyclopedia
Talmudica: A Digest of Halachic Literature and Jewish Law from the Tannaitic Period to the Present Time, Alphabetically Arranged
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Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). "Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël".
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published a study in 2019 examining 60 different cultures and their principles. This study was conducted by reviewing
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Measurement regarding universalism and politics typically seeks to explain political divides from the moral
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1371:"Approaches to Foreign Law in Biblical Israel and Classical Judaism through the Medieval Period"
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1577:. Thailand: UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific.
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a seventh commandment, given to Noah, forbade the eating of flesh cut from a living animal (
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1852:"Is It Good to Cooperate? Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies"
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Rai, Jasdev Singh; Thorheim, Celia; Dorjderem, Amarbayasgalan; Macer, Darryl (2010).
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Global environmental treaties may also assume and present a moral universalism. The
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Curry, Oliver Scott; Mullins, Daniel Austin; Whitehouse, Harvey (2 February 2019).
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thus regarded anyone who observed these laws as one "assured of a portion in the
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1938:
1759:
Enke, Benjamin; RodrĂguez-Padilla, Ricardo; Zimmermann, Florian (1 May 2022).
1669:
1529:
Learn Torah With 1994-1995 Torah Annual: A Collection of the Year's Best Torah
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1030:
1022:
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Enke, Benjamin; RodrĂguez-Padilla, Ricardo; Zimmermann, Florian (July 2020).
1460:
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Beyond the
Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment
1311:
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621:" is a dialogue written to point out the inconsistencies of this philosophy.
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Righteous Mind : Why Good People Are
Divided by Politics and Religion
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309:, or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to
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788:...moral imperatives must be regarded as equally binding on everyone.
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Hepburn, RW (January 2005). "Ethical objectivism and subjectivism".
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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1695:
281:, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of
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Cappelen, Alexander W.; Enke, Benjamin; Tungodden, Bertil (2022).
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attempts to derive a supreme principle of morality that binds all
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829:
The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition)
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instances of a deity dictating a society's morals. Plato's "
27:
Meta-ethical position that a system of ethics applies to all
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friends, spend less time with them, and feel more lonely.
3222:
1761:"Moral Universalism: Measurement and Economic Relevance"
1429:. Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Vol. 66.
1328:. In Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (eds.).
1006:
and consequently binding on all mankind. Beginning with
431:
An early example of moral universalism can be found in
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101:
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1144:
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in society, these laws provided a legal framework for
890:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 667
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and state-centric but it does assert universal goals.
467:. The Seven Laws of Noah include prohibitions against
329:, are non-absolutist, and some forms, such as that of
2093:
International
Council of Unitarians and Universalists
580:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1560:. United Nations General Assembly. 10 December 1948.
1526:
Grishaver, Joel Lurie; Kelman, Stuart, eds. (1996).
373:
feeling-states of individuals at particular times."
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Universalism and ethical values for the environment
317:. However, not all forms of moral universalism are
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3124:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
1739:
1685:"Moral Universalism and the Structure of Ideology"
459:as a binding set of universal moral laws for the "
3212:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
1610:Plato: Euthyphro; Apology of Socrates; and Crito
451:), a set of imperatives which, according to the
772:"A Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names"
1741:"The Righteous Mind: Moral Foundations Theory"
1272:
1270:
3238:
2343:
1909:
1253:: Yad Harav Herzog (Emet). pp. 360–380.
8:
4185:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1427:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays
1326:"Ha-Me'iri's Theory of Religious Toleration"
1230:
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1224:
940:
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2103:Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship
1612:. Oxford University Press. 1 January 1924.
1423:"Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism"
1080:
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1074:
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673:has also been put forward within politics.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2012:
2003:
1989:
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1894:
1379:The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law
569:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
511:, such as prohibitions against committing
1558:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
499:, as well as the obligation to establish
348:moral theories, such as the subjectivist
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1283:World Religions and Spirituality Project
4217:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
3044:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
762:
598:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
591:Attempts to define a universal morality
3136:List of human rights abuses by country
2624:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
2589:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2028:Baháʼà Faith and the unity of religion
2023:Baháʼà Faith and the unity of humanity
1832:
1821:
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1532:. Torah Aura Productions. p. 18.
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497:eating flesh torn from a living animal
325:; many forms of universalism, such as
3207:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1808:"Moral Universalism: Global Evidence"
1277:Feldman, Rachel Z. (8 October 2017).
770:Kemerling, Garth (12 November 2011).
560:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
1289:from the original on 21 January 2020
1209:from the original on 5 February 2012
966:from the original on 21 January 2016
834:reasonable and well-informed person.
521:pairing animals of different species
344:, moral universalism includes other
168:adding citations to reliable sources
4233:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
444:
2634:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
2496:National human rights institutions
2491:List of human rights organisations
1279:"The Bnei Noah (Children of Noah)"
887:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
25:
990:for seven biblical laws given to
823:Gowans, Chris (9 December 2008).
525:grafting trees of different kinds
52:This article has multiple issues.
4414:
4413:
2619:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1738:Schuman, Joseph (15 July 2018).
1443:10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.7
1338:University of Pennsylvania Press
1191:; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906).
1087:Pardés: Études et culture juives
705:
399:
277:, or a universal ethic, applies
144:
82:
41:
2744:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
2450:Natural rights and legal rights
2440:Claim rights and liberty rights
340:In addition to the theories of
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
4201:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
3571:Value monism – Value pluralism
2614:against Palestinians by Israel
2108:Universalist Church of America
2098:Primitive Baptist Universalist
1618:10.1093/oseo/instance.00254375
1097:: Éditions In Press: 211–236.
625:Modern studies and measurement
1:
2264:Society, health and economics
960:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
915:Chomsky, Noam (2 July 2002).
273:position that some system of
4265:On the Genealogy of Morality
4225:Critique of Practical Reason
2455:Negative and positive rights
827:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
677:Determinants of universalism
3197:List of human rights awards
3069:in the United Arab Emirates
2445:Individual and group rights
321:, nor are they necessarily
108:the claims made and adding
4466:
4193:A Treatise of Human Nature
3119:of the Marcos dictatorship
1387:Cambridge University Press
917:"Terror and Just Response"
29:
4409:
3064:in the State of Palestine
3049:in the Dominican Republic
2629:during the Gaddafi regime
2511:
2404:
2365:
2270:
2259:
2248:
2210:
2196:
2002:
1988:
1967:Universality (philosophy)
1945:
1931:
1690:. Cambridge, MA: w27511.
1151:Spitzer, Jeffrey (2018).
657:Universalism and politics
449:Sheva Mitzvot B'nei Noach
3544:Universal prescriptivism
2290:Universal basic services
2166:Church of Divine Science
2072:Universal reconciliation
2062:Trinitarian universalism
1648:Haidt, Jonathan (2012).
1369:Berkowitz, Beth (2017).
1346:10.9783/9780812205862.71
1025:and guaranteeing proper
741:Universal basic services
646:Moral Foundations theory
639:Moral Foundations Theory
362:universal prescriptivism
30:Not to be confused with
3333:Artificial intelligence
3187:History of human rights
2594:Enforced disappearances
2584:Crimes against humanity
1554:"Article 29, Section 3"
1498:6 November 2017 at the
951:Encyclopædia Britannica
549:613 Jewish commandments
379:and political theorist
3131:Incitement to genocide
2424:Universal jurisdiction
2285:Universal basic income
2067:Unitarian Universalism
1831:Cite journal requires
1777:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4086
1719:Cite journal requires
1324:Reiner, Gary (2011) .
1103:10.3917/parde.052.0211
736:Universal basic income
721:Christian universalism
671:universal basic income
389:
4257:The Methods of Ethics
3495:Divine command theory
3490:Ideal observer theory
3192:List of global issues
2300:Universal health care
2215:Concepts and theories
1950:Concepts and theories
1033:in Jewish territory.
614:divine command theory
385:
354:divine command theory
350:ideal observer theory
4374:Political philosophy
3074:in the United States
2849:in Jammu and Kashmir
2395:Fundamental concepts
2227:Perennial philosophy
1856:Current Anthropology
1389:. pp. 147–149.
988:Talmudic designation
688:University of Oxford
463:" – that is, all of
179:"Moral universalism"
164:improve this article
4344:Evolutionary ethics
4305:Reasons and Persons
4281:A Theory of Justice
3435:Uncertain sentience
3059:in the Soviet Union
2959:in Papua New Guinea
2609:Human rights abuses
2567:Human rights abuses
2471:Corporal punishment
2077:Unlimited atonement
1654:. Random House US.
1237:Zevin, Shlomo Yosef
1203:Kopelman Foundation
1198:Jewish Encyclopedia
1000:revelation to Moses
786:Richard Mervyn Hare
573:Bangkok Declaration
4339:Ethics in religion
4334:Descriptive ethics
4169:Nicomachean Ethics
3054:in the Philippines
2579:Crime of apartheid
2305:Universal suffrage
2275:Cultural universal
1972:Universalizability
1957:Moral universalism
1765:Management Science
1437:. pp. 30–32.
1340:. pp. 86–87.
1157:My Jewish Learning
1153:"The Noahide Laws"
825:"Moral Relativism"
726:Cultural universal
517:cruelty to animals
437:Seven Laws of Noah
411:. You can help by
303:sexual orientation
263:Moral universalism
93:possibly contains
4427:
4426:
4394:Social philosophy
4379:Population ethics
4369:Philosophy of law
4349:History of ethics
3832:Political freedom
3509:Euthyphro dilemma
3300:Suffering-focused
3220:
3219:
3202:Three generations
2562:
2561:
2479:
2478:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2244:
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2240:
2239:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2171:Religious Science
2145:
2144:
2116:
2115:
2036:
2035:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1810:. Rochester, NY.
1661:978-0-307-37790-6
1627:978-0-19-814015-3
1584:978-92-9223-301-3
1539:978-1-881283-13-3
1452:978-90-04-15309-7
1396:978-1-107-03615-4
1355:978-0-8122-0586-2
1120:978-2-84835-260-2
1055:External link in
1048:cite encyclopedia
962:14 January 2008.
802:External link in
713:Philosophy portal
619:Euthyphro dilemma
501:courts of justice
489:sexual immorality
469:worshipping idols
429:
428:
267:moral objectivism
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
214:
138:
137:
130:
95:original research
75:
16:(Redirected from
4457:
4450:Ethical theories
4417:
4416:
4364:Moral psychology
4309:
4301:
4293:
4289:Practical Ethics
4285:
4277:
4273:Principia Ethica
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4177:Ethics (Spinoza)
4173:
3812:Moral imperative
3270:Consequentialism
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
2974:in Punjab, India
2599:Forced migration
2509:
2402:
2397:and philosophies
2352:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2295:Universal design
2268:
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2250:
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2198:
2156:
2127:
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2013:
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1771:(5): 3590–3603.
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1415:
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1375:Hayes, Christine
1366:
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1249:. Vol. IV.
1239:, eds. (1992) .
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455:, were given by
446:
445:שבע מצוות ×‘× ×™ × ×—
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360:moral theory of
315:moral relativism
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3847:Self-discipline
3807:Moral hierarchy
3755:Problem of evil
3700:Double standard
3690:Culture of life
3648:
3577:
3524:Non-cognitivism
3439:
3314:
3256:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3175:
3004:in South Africa
2994:in Sierra Leone
2989:in Saudi Arabia
2719:in Burkina Faso
2674:in Azad Kashmir
2558:
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1516:on Genesis 9:4.
1500:Wayback Machine
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1193:"Noachian Laws"
1189:Singer, Isidore
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746:Universal value
711:
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648:, developed by
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607:rational agents
593:
585:anthropocentric
425:
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409:needs expansion
394:
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358:non-cognitivist
356:, and also the
335:value pluralist
307:gender identity
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18:Universal ethic
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4389:Secular ethics
4386:
4384:Rehabilitation
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4249:Utilitarianism
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3609:Existentialist
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3504:Constructivism
3501:
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3478:Non-naturalism
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3305:Utilitarianism
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3026:
3024:in Switzerland
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:in South Korea
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
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2976:
2971:
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2946:
2944:in North Korea
2941:
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2934:in New Zealand
2931:
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2906:
2901:
2896:
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2879:in Kyrgyzstan‎
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2764:in El Salvador
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2639:in Afghanistan
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2574:Atrocity crime
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1868:10.1086/701478
1842:
1833:|journal=
1798:
1751:
1730:
1721:|journal=
1696:10.3386/w27511
1675:
1660:
1640:
1626:
1597:
1583:
1563:
1545:
1538:
1518:
1512:9:4; see also
1482:
1451:
1410:
1395:
1361:
1354:
1316:
1300:
1266:
1259:
1220:
1169:
1138:
1119:
1068:
979:, also called
946:"Noahide Laws"
926:
907:
900:
876:
864:Prescriptivism
855:
838:
815:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
700:
697:
678:
675:
669:The idea of a
658:
655:
650:Jonathan Haidt
635:Jonathan Haidt
626:
623:
592:
589:
556:United Nations
427:
426:
406:
404:
393:
390:
369:
366:
327:utilitarianism
311:moral nihilism
256:
255:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
118:September 2012
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4306:
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4121:
4119:
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4019:
4016:
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4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
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3989:
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3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Moral courage
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
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3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:Good and evil
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Family values
3723:
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3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
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3673:
3671:
3668:
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3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Quasi-realism
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
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3486:
3483:
3479:
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3428:
3426:
3423:
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3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:Environmental
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Particularism
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
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3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
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3225:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3190:
3188:
3185:
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3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
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3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:in Uzbekistan
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
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3037:
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3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:in the Russia
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
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2940:
2937:
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2932:
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2927:
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2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:in Kazakhstan
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
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2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
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2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
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2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:in Bangladesh
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:in Azerbaijan
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:South America
2543:
2541:
2539:
2538:North America
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:Organizations
2482:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
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2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2392:
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2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
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2341:
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2334:
2333:
2330:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Housing First
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Apocatastasis
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:(in French).
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1039:world to come
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
981:Noachian Laws
978:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
927:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
901:9780199264797
897:
893:
889:
888:
880:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
842:
839:
835:
830:
826:
819:
816:
811:
796:
789:
787:
783:
782:Immanuel Kant
780:According to
777:
773:
766:
763:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
703:
698:
696:
693:
689:
683:
676:
674:
672:
667:
664:
656:
654:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
615:
610:
608:
604:
603:Immanuel Kant
600:
599:
590:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:homosexuality
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
438:
434:
423:
414:
410:
407:This section
405:
402:
398:
397:
391:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:moral realism
338:
336:
332:
331:Isaiah Berlin
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:(also called
264:
260:
252:
249:
234:
231:
223:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181: –
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4445:Universalism
4398:
4354:Human rights
4297:After Virtue
4023:Schopenhauer
3797:Moral agency
3670:Common sense
3566:Universalism
3565:
3534:Expressivism
3514:Intuitionism
3485:Subjectivism
3430:Terraforming
3405:Professional
3099:in Venezuela
3014:in Sri Lanka
2894:in Lithuania
2819:in Indonesia
2799:in Hong Kong
2794:in Guatemala
2664:in Australia
2654:in Argentina
2505:By continent
2433:Distinctions
2414:Positive law
2359:Human rights
2204:spirituality
2176:Unity Church
2042:Christianity
2008:Baháʼà Faith
1956:
1925:Universalism
1862:(1): 47–69.
1859:
1855:
1845:
1824:cite journal
1801:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1745:
1733:
1712:cite journal
1678:
1650:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1573:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1528:
1521:
1509:Avodah Zarah
1507:
1485:
1426:
1413:
1378:
1364:
1334:Philadelphia
1329:
1319:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1282:
1244:
1211:. Retrieved
1196:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1131:– via
1090:
1086:
1058:|quote=
980:
977:Noahide Laws
976:
975:
968:. Retrieved
949:
920:
910:
891:
885:
879:
863:
858:
845:
841:
832:
828:
818:
805:|quote=
779:
775:
765:
751:Universalism
692:ethnographic
684:
680:
668:
662:
660:
643:
628:
611:
596:
594:
577:
565:human rights
553:
533:emasculation
505:Jewish sages
461:sons of Noah
448:
430:
420:October 2008
417:
413:adding to it
408:
386:
381:Noam Chomsky
375:
371:
339:
323:value monist
271:meta-ethical
266:
262:
261:
259:
244:
226:
217:
207:
200:
193:
186:
174:
162:Please help
157:verification
154:
124:
115:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
4172:(c. 322 BC)
4038:Kierkegaard
3857:Stewardship
3634:Rousseauian
3551:Rationalism
3463:Cognitivism
3410:Programming
3385:Meat eating
3358:Engineering
3146:Persecution
3114:in Zimbabwe
3039:in Thailand
2949:in Pakistan
2904:in Malaysia
2769:in Ethiopia
2729:in Cambodia
2709:in Botswana
2521:Middle East
2419:Sovereignty
2409:Natural law
2151:New Thought
2137:Neo-Vedanta
1606:"Euthyphro"
1019:Genesis 9:4
998:before the
970:10 November
731:Natural law
612:Similarly,
473:cursing God
346:cognitivist
299:nationality
279:universally
4440:Metaethics
4434:Categories
4068:Bonhoeffer
3777:Immorality
3720:Eudaimonia
3680:Conscience
3675:Compassion
3561:Skepticism
3556:Relativism
3473:Naturalism
3453:Absolutism
3425:Technology
3275:Deontology
3171:War crimes
3104:in Vietnam
3089:in Ukraine
2979:in Romania
2939:in Nigeria
2924:in Myanmar
2919:in Morocco
2909:in Manipur
2884:in Lebanon
2859:in Kashmir
2834:in Ireland
2789:in Germany
2724:in Burundi
2704:in Bolivia
2699:in Belarus
2684:in Bahrain
2669:in Austria
2659:in Armenia
2644:in Algeria
2222:Nondualism
1939:philosophy
1670:1031966889
1502:, quoting
1469:2006049637
1405:2016028972
1293:7 November
1260:0873067142
1241:"BEN NOAH"
1213:7 November
1162:7 November
1133:Cairn.info
1035:Maimonides
1023:monotheism
869:R. M. Hare
757:References
637:, and his
529:castration
485:bestiality
319:absolutist
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
4329:Casuistry
4241:Either/Or
4148:Korsgaard
4143:Azurmendi
4108:MacIntyre
4048:Nietzsche
3978:Augustine
3973:Confucius
3953:Aristotle
3929:Ethicists
3887:Intrinsic
3852:Suffering
3762:Happiness
3735:Free will
3715:Etiquette
3660:Authority
3604:Epicurean
3599:Confucian
3594:Christian
3529:Emotivism
3353:Discourse
3290:Pragmatic
3262:Normative
3084:in Uganda
3079:in Turkey
3034:in Taiwan
2969:in Poland
2954:in Panama
2914:in Mexico
2899:in Malawi
2874:in Kuwait
2839:in Israel
2774:in France
2734:in Canada
2714:in Brazil
2649:in Angola
2232:Theosophy
1884:150324056
1876:0011-3204
1793:221701522
1785:0025-1909
1704:214116079
1633:21 August
1490:Sanhedrin
1477:161369763
1461:1871-6636
1251:Jerusalem
1129:0295-5652
1111:2271-1880
1015:the Flood
1004:Mt. Sinai
956:Edinburgh
541:pederasty
333:, may be
269:) is the
106:verifying
63:talk page
4419:Category
4359:Ideology
4324:Axiology
4153:Nussbaum
4103:Frankena
4098:Anscombe
4088:Williams
4043:Sidgwick
3963:Valluvar
3958:Diogenes
3943:Socrates
3867:Theodicy
3862:Sympathy
3827:Pacifism
3817:Morality
3730:Fidelity
3710:Equality
3665:Autonomy
3653:Concepts
3614:Feminist
3589:Buddhist
3519:Nihilism
3458:Axiology
3415:Research
3348:Computer
3343:Business
3109:in Yemen
3029:in Syria
3019:in Sudan
2999:in Sindh
2929:in Nepal
2889:in Libya
2869:in Kenya
2854:in Japan
2844:in Italy
2814:in India
2809:in Haiti
2804:in Egypt
2784:in Ghana
2779:in Gabon
2759:in Egypt
2749:in China
2739:in Chile
2604:Genocide
2375:Children
2122:Hinduism
1996:religion
1590:24 April
1496:Archived
1421:(2007).
1383:New York
1307:Compare
1287:Archived
1207:Archived
964:Archived
795:cite web
699:See also
631:Ben Enke
601:(1785),
571:and the
481:adultery
465:humanity
383:states:
377:Linguist
368:Overview
295:religion
220:May 2015
4317:Related
4063:Tillich
4028:Bentham
4003:Spinoza
3998:Aquinas
3983:Mencius
3897:Western
3872:Torture
3837:Precept
3792:Loyalty
3787:Liberty
3782:Justice
3695:Dignity
3685:Consent
3629:Kantian
3619:Islamic
3582:Schools
3468:Realism
3400:Nursing
3395:Medical
3380:Machine
3320:Applied
3180:Related
3166:Victims
3161:Torture
3156:Slavery
2964:in Peru
2829:in Iraq
2824:in Iran
2754:in Cuba
2550:Oceania
2464:Aspects
2050:Beliefs
2016:Beliefs
1816:4291744
1504:Tosefta
1377:(ed.).
1309:Genesis
1008:Genesis
994:and to
663:origins
595:In his
545:sorcery
509:Tosefta
433:Judaism
392:History
283:culture
204:scholar
100:Please
4308:(1984)
4300:(1981)
4292:(1979)
4284:(1971)
4276:(1903)
4268:(1887)
4260:(1874)
4252:(1861)
4244:(1843)
4236:(1820)
4228:(1788)
4220:(1785)
4212:(1780)
4204:(1759)
4196:(1740)
4188:(1726)
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