Muscogee - Knowledge (XXG)

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always speak with a straight, and not with a forked tongue; that I have always told you the truth ... Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace. Your game is destroyed, and many of your people will not work and till the earth. Beyond the great River Mississippi, where a part of your nation has gone, your Father has provided a country large enough for all of you, and he advises you to remove to it. There your white brothers will not trouble you; they will have no claim to the land, and you can live upon it you and all your children, as long as the grass grows or the water runs, in peace and plenty. It will be yours forever. For the improvements in the country where you now live, and for all the stock which you cannot take with you, your Father will pay you a fair price ...

1968:. Noted historian Robert Remini wrote, "hey presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans." Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The Muscogee would be the first Native Americans to be "civilized" under Washington's six-point plan. Communities within the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes followed Muscogee efforts to implement Washington's new policy of civilization. 1950: 1389: 2467: 815: 2767:; the Commission separately registered intermarried whites and Creek Freedmen, whether or not they had any Creek ancestry. This ruined their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who had parents or other relative who were Creek. The Dawes Rolls have been used as the basis for many tribes to establish membership descent. European-American settlers had moved into the area and pressed for statehood and access to some of the tribal lands for settlement. 2359:. It ended the war and required the tribe to cede some 20 million acres (81,000 km) of land—more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings—to the United States. Even those who had fought alongside Jackson were compelled to cede land, since Jackson held them responsible for allowing the Red Sticks to revolt. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain and was admitted to the United States in 1819. 3586: 660: 1298: 3902: 2340: 2142: 3011: 6330: 3640: 2096: 1046: 2680: 3662: 45: 5722: 152: 2430:. The white pro-slave holding planters correctly felt its simple existence inspired escape or rebellion by the oppressed African-Americans, and they complained to the US government. The maroons had not received training in how to aim the Fort's cannons. After notifying the Spanish governor, who had very limited resources, and who said he had no orders to take action, U.S. General 1788: 2055: 1185: 1745:, on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians,' ceding a large portion of their lands to the federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return for federal recognition of Muscogee sovereignty and promises to evict white settlers. McGillivray died in 1793, and with the invention of the 2867:

boys. Clan members do not claim "blood relation" but consider each other as family due to their membership in the same clan. This is expressed by their using the same kinship titles for both family and clan relations. For example, clan members of approximately the same age consider each other "brother" and "sister", even if they have never met before.

2092:. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement by convincing, not only the Muscogee, but other Native American tribes as well, that the Shawnee must be supported. 2364:

is due to the rectitude of proceeding dictated by instructions relating to the re-establishment of peace: Be it remembered, that prior to the conquest of that part of the Creek nation hostile to the United States, numberless aggressions had been committed against the peace, the property, and the lives of citizens of the United States ...

2816: 3019: 2989:: Fayet aresasvtēs. Mont fayēpat vrēpēt omvtēs, hopvyēn. Momēt vrēpēt omvtētan, nake punvttv tat pvsvtēpet, momet hvtvm efvn sulkēn omvtēs. Momet mv efv tat efv fayvlket omekv, nak punvttuce tayen pvsvtēpēt omvtēs. Mont aret omvtētan, efv tat estvn nak wohēcēto vtēkat, nake punvttvn oken mv efv-pucase enkerrēt omvtēs. 2583:. The tribe ceded their lands to Georgia in return for $ 200,000, although they were not required to move west. Troup ignored the new treaty and ordered the eviction of the Muscogee from their remaining lands in Georgia without compensation, mobilizing state militia when Adams threatened federal intervention. 1773:. The two nations agreed to settle the dispute by ball-play. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for nearly three months. After a day-long struggle, the Muscogee won the game. A fight broke out and the two nations fought until sundown with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded. 3726:

in their petitioning the United States government to recognize a government-to-government relationship. On August 11, 1984, these efforts culminated in the United States Government, Department of Interior, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs acknowledging that the Poarch Band of Creek Indians existed as

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Biological fathers are important within the family system but must come from another clan than the mother. But, within the clan, it is the mother's brother (the mother's nearest blood relation) who functions as the primary teacher, protector, disciplinarian and role model for children, especially for

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By 1836, when extensive Creek removal was underway, Eneah Emathala emerged as leader of the Lower Creeks ... their desire was only to be left alone in their homeland ... Gen. Winfield Scott was ordered to capture Eneah Emathala ... Captured with Emathala were some one thousand other person ... their

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Because of this system, the Muscogee Creek children born of European fathers belonged to their mother's clans and were part of their tribal communities. High-ranking daughters of chiefs often found it advantageous to marry European traders, who could provide their families with goods. Muscogee Creek

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During the 17th century, the Muscogee adopted some elements of European fashion and materials. As cloth was lighter and more colorful than deer hide, it quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Trade cloth in a variety of patterns and textures enabled Muscogee women to develop new

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WHEREAS an unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary war, waged by the hostile Creeks against the United States, hath been repelled, prosecuted and determined, successfully, on the part of the said States, in conformity with principles of national justice and honorable warfare … And whereas consideration

1964:, the first U.S. Secretary of War, proposed a cultural transformation of the Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals as individuals but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and it was continued under President 1534:

society, their children belonged to their mother's clan. With the exception of McGillivray, mixed-raced Muscogee people worked against Muscogee Creek interests, as they understood them; to the contrary, in many cases, they spearheaded resistance to settler encroachment on Muscogee Creek lands. That

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Muscogee people were gradually influenced by interactions and trade with the Europeans: trading or selling deer hides in exchange for European goods such as muskets, or alcohol. Secondly, the Spanish pressed them to identify leaders for negotiations; they did not understand government by consensus.

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to fight trespassers. The bilingual and bicultural McGillivray worked to create a sense of Muscogee nationalism and centralize political authority, struggling against village leaders who individually sold land to the United States. He also became a wealthy landowner and merchant, owning as many as

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who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. De Soto, convinced of the "riches", wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, but Cabeza de Vaca declined his offer because of a payment dispute. From 1540 to 1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and

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That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or

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Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president of the United States in 1829, and with his inauguration the government stance toward Indians turned harsher. Jackson abandoned the policy of his predecessors of treating different Indian groups as separate nations. Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to

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Friends and Brothers – By permission of the Great Spirit above, and the voice of the people, I have been made President of the United States, and now speak to you as your Father and friend, and request you to listen. Your warriors have known me long You know I love my white and red children, and

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The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks. Stories of the origin of the Red Stick name varies, but one is that they were named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that mark the days until an event occurs. Sticks painted red symbolize war.

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before being forced to retreat. Although a Spanish force that set out to destroy Mikosuki got lost in the swamps, a second attempt to take San Marcos ended in disaster. After a European armistice led to the loss of British support, Bowles was discredited. The Seminole signed a peace treaty with

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and to admit them as full members and citizens of the Creek Nation, equal to the Creek in receiving annuities and land benefits. They were then known as Creek Freedmen. The US government required setting aside part of the Creek reservation land to be assigned to the freedmen. Many of the tribe

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At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill. In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was close. The Senate passed the measure 28 to 19, while in the House it squeaked by, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830.

1576:) in 1763, France lost its North American empire, and British-American settlers moved inland. Indian discontent led to raids against back-country settlers, and the perception that the royal government favored the Indians and the deerskin trade led many back-country white settlers to join the 1580:. Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation. 3727:

an "Indian Tribe". The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. On November 21, 1984, the US government took 231.54 acres (0.9370 km) of land into trust for the tribe as a communal holding. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289 km) were declared a

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In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' establish written laws, and form a National Creek Council. Later in the decade, he came to view relocation as inevitable. In 1821, McIntosh and several other chiefs, including Chief

2221:. Hawkins demanded that the Muscogees turn over Little Warrior and his six companions. Instead of handing the marauders over to the federal agents, Big Warrior and the old chiefs decided to execute the war party. This decision was the spark which ignited the civil war among the Muscogee. 2762:

of 1892. These efforts were part of the US government's attempt to impose assimilation on the tribes, to introduce household ownership of land, and to remove legal barriers to the Indian Territory's achieving statehood. Members of the Creek Nation were registered as individuals on the

2799:. Additionally, Muscogee descendants of varying degrees of acculturation live throughout the southeastern United States. The majority of the Muscogee citizens live in Oklahoma, where the Muscogee Reservation is located. The Muscogee Nation is headquartered out of the nation's capital 1704:

After the war ended in 1783, the Muscogee learned that Britain had ceded their lands to the now independent United States. That year, two Lower Creek chiefs, Hopoithle Miko (Tame King) and Eneah Miko (Fat King), ceded 800 square miles (2,100 km) of land to the state of Georgia.

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On the morning of August 30, 1813, few of Fort Mims' defenders stirred in the steaming heat. In the forested shade, the Creeks watched and waited. The fort's main gate, located on the east side of the stockade, had not been closed by the garrison troops ... No sentries occupied the

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Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal hides, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses, or reeds. During the harsh winters, they used animal skins and fur for warmth.

2998:: Someone was hunting. He went hunting in far away places. He went continually, killing small game, and he had many dogs. And the dogs were hunting dogs, so he had killed many animals. When hunting, he always knew his dogs had an animal trapped by the sound of their barking. 2453:

in 1819, ceding Florida to the U.S. In 1823, a delegation of Seminole chiefs met with the new U.S. governor of Florida, expressing their opposition to proposals that would reunite them with the Upper and Lower Creek, partly because the latter tribes intended to enslave the

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The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the

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responded by prescribing the death penalty for tribesmen who surrendered additional land. Georgian settlers continued to pour into Indian lands, particularly after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgia Governor

1555:. ... By virtue of their ancestry and upbringing, they had greater cultural, social, linguistic, and geographic ties to the colonial settlements, traveling periodically to Pensacola and the Georgia trading posts to unload their skins and pick up more trade goods. 2758:. They formed the core of a band that became known as the Snakes, which also included many Creek Freedmen. At the end of the century, they resisted the extinguishing of tribal government and break-up of communal tribal lands enacted by the US Congress with the 2502:

to the British cause, McIntosh never knew his white father. He had family ties to some of Georgia's planter elite, and after the wars became a wealthy cotton-planter. Through his mother, he was born into the prominent Wind Clan of the Creek; as the Creek had a

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Land was the most valuable asset, which the Native Americans held in collective stewardship. The southern English colonies, US government and settlers systematically obtained Muscogee land through treaties, legislation, and warfare. Some treaties, such as the

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with surrounding networks of satellite towns and farmsteads. Muscogee confederated town networks were based on a 900-year-old history of complex and well-organized farming and town layouts around plazas, ballparks, and square ceremonial dance grounds.

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As Andrew Frank writes, "Terms such as mixed-blood and half-breed, which imply racial categories and partial Indianness, betray the ways in which Native peoples determined kinship and identity in the eighteenth- and early-nineteen-century southeast."

1356:. Fearing they would come under French influence, the British reopened the deerskin trade with the Lower Creeks, antagonizing the Yamasee, now allies of Spain. The French instigated the Upper Creeks to raid the Lower Creeks. In May 1718, the shrewd 2282:

The only explanation of this catastrophic event is that the Upper Creek leaders thought that fighting the United States was like fighting another Creek tribe, and taking Fort Mims was an even bigger victory than the Battle of Burnt Corn had been.

591:, which ceded 22,000,000 acres of land to the US, including land belonging to the Southern Muscogee who had fought alongside Jackson. The result was a weakening of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy and the forced cession of Muscogee lands to the US. 2034:, rejecting accommodation with white settlers and adaptation of European-American culture. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war among the Muscogee develop into a war with the United States. 2286:

The Red Stick victory spread panic throughout the southeastern United States, and the cry "Remember Fort Mims!" was popular among the public wanting revenge. With Federal troops tied up on the northern front against the British in Canada, the

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band, invited representatives of Britain, France, and Spain to his village and, in council with Upper and Lower Creek leaders, declared a policy of Muscogee neutrality in their colonial rivalry. That year, the Spaniards built the presidio of

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For years, Hawkins met with chiefs on his porch to discuss matters. He was responsible for the longest period of peace between the settlers and the tribe, overseeing 19 years of peace. In 1805, the Lower Creeks ceded their lands east of the

2422:, who had had military training, however rudimentary, and discipline (but whose English officers had departed). The Seminole only wanted to return to their villages, so the maroons became owners of the Fort. It soon came to be called the ' 447:, the Seminole emerged with a separate identity from the rest of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. The great majority of Seminole were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, where their descendants later formed 2858:

While families include people who are directly related to each other, clans are composed of all people who are descendants of the same ancestral clan grouping. Like many Native American nations, the Muscogee Creek are

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whom they took as captured booty. After the Indians killed nearly 250–500 at the fort, settlers across the American southwestern frontier were in a panic. Although the Red Sticks won the battle, they had lost the war.

3523:, an ambassador for the US to the Creek Nation and merchant who lived in southern Georgia estimated Creek population in year 1794 at 10,000 warriors (and therefore around 50,000 people). Around the same time (1789) 6764: 3951: 2026:, which destroyed his life work of improving the Muscogee quality of life. Hawkins saw much of his work toward building a peace destroyed in 1812. A faction of Muscogee joined the Pan-American Indian movement of 727:

religious and political elites. This culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500, especially along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries.

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that colonists conducted in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. As the survivors and descendants regrouped, the Muscogee Creek Confederacy arose as a loose alliance of Muskogee-speaking peoples.

2202:, Hawkins' most powerful ally. Before the Muscogee Civil War began, the Red Sticks attempted to keep their activities secret from the "old chiefs" of the Creek national government. They were emboldened when 2741:

Because many Muscogee Creek people did support the Confederacy during the Civil War, the US government required a new treaty with the nation in 1866 to define peace after the war. It required the Creek to

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to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to

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reported Creek population in 1857 as 28,214 people. It appears that Creek population declined during the subsequent years. Enumeration published in 1886 estimated only around 14,000 Creeks in Oklahoma (

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married a Muscogee woman. In Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women had great freedom over their own sexuality compared to European and European-American counterparts. Under the customs of Muscogee

2863:; each person belongs to the clan of their mother, who belongs to the clan of her mother. Inheritance and property are passed through the maternal line. Hereditary chiefs were born into certain clans. 2830:

influences; however, interaction with Spain, France, and England greatly shaped it as well. They were known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language, transitioning to

1741:, who persuaded him to travel to New York City, then the capital of the U.S., and deal directly with the federal government. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee chiefs signed the 1416:

was the daughter of an English trader and a Muscogee woman from the powerful Wind Clan, half-sister of 'Emperor' Brim. She was the principal interpreter for Georgia's founder and first Governor Gen.

2255:, where white settlers and their Indian allies had gathered. The Red Sticks captured the fort by surprise, and carried out a massacre, killing men, women, and children. They spared only the black 6318: 4214:

Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws

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Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws

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believed young men who became educated in European ways could help them manage under the new conditions related to colonialism, while preserving important Muscogee Creek cultural institutions.

2240:. The Red Sticks fled the scene, and the U.S. soldiers looted what they found, allowing the Red Sticks to regroup and retaliate with a surprise attack that forced the Americans to retreat. The 2011:

to Washington, D.C. to be built through their territory. A number of Muscogee chiefs acquired slaves and created cotton plantations, grist mills and businesses along the Federal Road. In 1806,

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styles of clothing, which they made for both men, women, and children. They incorporated European trade items such as bells, silk ribbons, glass beads, and pieces of mirror into the clothing.

1251:, known as Ochese-hatchee (creek), where a dozen towns relocated to escape the Spanish and acquire English goods. The name "Creek" most likely derived from a shortening of Ocheese Creek (the 867:, where the Native Americans were defeated. However, the victory came at great cost to the Spanish campaign in loss of supplies, casualties, and morale. The expedition never fully recovered. 6246: 6734: 2244:, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces, and was interpreted as a good omen, showing that in fact the Creeks could defeat the whites. 1396:

Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. Notice the Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.

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The Ochese Creeks joined the Yamasee, burning trading posts, and raiding back-country settlers, but the revolt ran low on gunpowder and was put down by Carolinian militia and their

4811: 1385:. As the three European colonial powers established themselves along the borders of Muscogee lands, the latter's strategy of neutrality allowed them to hold the balance of power. 2148:

was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C., in 1826 to protest the

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In 1871, Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act to end the United States' recognizing additional Indian tribes or nations, and prohibiting additional treaties.

6754: 2176:(to whom 19th-century writers attributed fiery speeches that he "must have said") and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders such as 5525: 2551:

at his hotel. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty ceded the last Lower Creek lands to Georgia, and allocated substantial sums to relocate the Muscogee to the

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carried unknowingly by the Europeans, but new to the Muscogee, the Spanish expedition resulted in epidemics of smallpox and measles, and a high rate of fatalities among the

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system, with children considered born into their mother's clan, and inheritance was through the maternal line. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The majority of

6719: 6311: 5837: 4162: 2307:. Outnumbered and poorly armed, much too far from Canada or the Gulf Coast to receive British aid, the Red Sticks put up a desperate fight. On March 27, 1814, General 389: 1931:

Spain. The following year, he was betrayed by Lower Creek supporters of Hawkins at a tribal council. They turned Bowles over to the Spanish, and he died in prison in

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are the four "mother towns" of the Muscogee Confederacy. Traditionally, the Cusseta and Coweta bands are considered the earliest members of the Muscogee Nation. The

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Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II

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quickly destroyed the Fort, in a famous and picturesque, though tragic, incident in 1816 that has been called "the deadliest cannon shot in American history" (see

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won the support of the Upper Creek towns. Allied with the British, they opposed white encroachment on Muscogee lands and the "civilizing programs" administered by

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Depiction of Red Eagle's surrender to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.

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as 'Chief of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations'; it was with British backing that he returned to train the Muscogee as pirates to attack Spanish ships.

863:. As the de Soto expedition's brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people in the 1911:

had negotiated with Spain and the U.S., threatening to declare war on the United States unless it returned Muscogee lands, and issuing a death sentence against

1829:, and later used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Creeks. In 1781, a 17-year-old Bowles led Muscogee forces at the 5680: 774:, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native 6749: 6739: 1240: 498: 6744: 6304: 6296: 5759: 5743: 1290:, who were sold into slavery in Carolina and the West Indies. A decade later, tensions between colonists and Indians in the American Southwest led to the 941:

was spoken in several towns along the Chattahoochee River and across much of present-day Georgia. The Muscogee were a confederacy of tribes consisting of

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The Triumph of Ecunnau-Nuxulgee: Land Speculators, George M. Troup, State Rights, and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama, 1825–38.

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The Seminole continued to welcome fugitive black slaves and raid American settlers, leading the U.S. to declare war in 1817. The following year, General

5662: 4030: 3551:. According to Indian Affairs 1841 the number of Creeks in Oklahoma (removed west of the Mississippi) was 24,549 while 744 still remained in the east. 1721:

with Spain, recognizing Muscogee control over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km) of land claimed by Georgia, and guaranteeing access to the British firm

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In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, was returning from Detroit when they killed two families of settlers along the

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These offspring of mixed marriages occupied a different position in the economy of the Deep South than did most Creeks and Seminoles. They worked as

786:), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered villages and chiefdoms of the late 6228: 3966: 1120:

led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others to agree with their decisions.

4689: 4593: 2426:' by Southern planters, and it was widely known among enslaved blacks by word of mouth – a place nearby where blacks were free and had guns, as in 583:

against the United States, while the Southern Muscogee remained US allies. Once the northern Muscogee Creek rebellion had been put down by General

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had sent him by giving the Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.

1733:, and Georgia mobilized its militia. McGillivray refused to negotiate with the state that had confiscated his father's plantations, but President 2531:. As a reward, McIntosh was granted 1,000 acres (4 km) at the treaty site, where he built a hotel to attract tourists to local hot springs. 634:

are federally recognized. Formed in part originally by Muscogee refugees, the Seminole people today have three federally recognized tribes: the

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wrote that the Creek lived in at least 100 towns and villages. Census taken in 1832 reported 22,700 Creeks and 900 Black slaves. Following the

2331:. Though the Red Sticks had been soundly defeated and about 3,000 Upper Muscogee died in the war, the remnants held out several months longer. 643: 5091: 5705: 5486: 5368: 4852: 4785: 4567: 4495: 4456: 4424: 4119: 859:. De Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in 533: 5435: 6553: 526: 6473: 5547: 4514: 5693: 5258: 4632: 2803:. The Muscogee Nation has over 100,000 citizens as of 2024, The Muscogee Nation has increased in popularity due to the television series 6346: 4819: 3547:

to Oklahoma, Indian Affairs 1836 reported 17,894 Creeks already removed to Oklahoma while an estimated 4,000 still remained east of the

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and related settlements to influence Native Americans. The British and the French opted for trade over conversion. In the 17th century,

579:(Creek War, 1813–1814). Begun as a civil war within Muscogee factions, it enmeshed the Northern Muscogee bands as British allies in the 435:. Another Muscogee group moved into Florida between roughly 1767 and 1821, trying to evade European encroachment, and intermarried with 5147: 1949: 827: 6493: 5789: 5173: 3739: 856: 6363: 5501: 3750:

reservation. The ruling also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate alcohol and casino gambling.

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sites. Precontact Muscogee societies shared agriculture, transcontinental trade, craft specialization, hunting, and religion. Early

379: 128: 5409: 6255: 3807:–1825), Muscogee chief prior to removing to Indian Territory led part of the pro-American Muscogee forces against the Red Sticks 3562:

Creek population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2020 there were 107,370 Creeks (including 50,168 in Oklahoma).

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The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from

1646: 1243:. The Spanish and their "mission Indians" burned most of the towns along the Chattahoochee after they welcomed Scottish explorer 1196: 631: 466:

The respective languages of all of these modern-day branches, bands, and tribes, except one, are closely related variants called

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and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.

1987:. He began to teach agricultural practices to the tribe, starting a farm at his home on the Flint River. In time, he brought in 6135: 3288: 2548: 2324: 2149: 1401: 5453: 3850:–1863), speaker, Muscogee chief, warrior leader during first two Seminole Wars and the Civil War, treaty signer, American ally 3769:, Maryland-born English adventurer and organizer of Muscogee Creek attempts to create a state outside of Euro-American control 6068: 6037: 5307: 4749: 4722: 4291: 4261: 3926: 3687: 2528: 2495: 1893: 1880:, encompassing large portions of present-day Florida, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and incorporating the 1802: 1678: 1634: 1620: 522: 431:. A small group of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy remained in Alabama, and their descendants formed the federally recognized 66: 2980:, with some words being identical in pronunciation. The following table is an example of Muscogee text and its translation: 2445:

invaded Florida with an army that included more than 1,000 Lower Creek warriors; they destroyed Seminole towns and captured

5198: 4995: 4614:

Wood, Brian M. (1984). "Fort Okfuskee: A British Challenge to Fort Toulouse aux Alibamons". In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.).

1388: 6628: 6260: 6201: 6140: 5932: 5901: 4139: 3997: 3613: 2698: 2403: 2394:

tripled the Seminole population, and strengthened the tribe's Muscogee characteristics. In 1814, British forces landed in

1662: 1627: 1507: 818:

Hernando de Soto and his men burn Mabila, after a surprise attack by Chief Tuskaloosa and his people in 1540; painting by

795: 763:, Icofan, Patican and others, until at length they had overcome them, and absorbed some as confederates into their tribe. 719:

led to agricultural surpluses and population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional

607: 436: 1424:

near Oakfuskee to compete with French trade with the Creeks at Fort Toulouse. The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s,

6280: 6265: 5360: 3723: 3571: 2842:

and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stickball games, and language classes. The

1806: 1670: 705: 627: 623: 432: 5610:

Swanton, John R. (1928). "Social Organization and the Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy", in Forty-

2299:

militias were commissioned and invaded the Upper Creek towns. They were joined by Indian allies, the Lower Creek under

109: 6508: 6383: 6212: 5472: 3776: 3536: 3310: 2596: 2580: 2077:, where he told the Muscogee that the comet signaled his coming. McKenney reported that Tecumseh would prove that the 1279: 1208: 635: 448: 5672: 3672: 2683:

Members of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma around 1877. They included men of mixed Creek, European and African ancestry.

1725:

which controlled the deerskin trade, while making himself an official representative of Spain. In 1786, a council in

1722: 1600: 81: 1749:

white settlers on the Southwestern frontier who hoped to become cotton planters clamored for Indian lands. In 1795,

6443: 6393: 5850: 5677: 3559:) as of 1884. Indian Affairs 1910 reported 11,911 in Oklahoma. While the census of 1910 counted only 6,945 Creeks. 3018: 2049: 2016: 2004: 2000: 1830: 1522:, William Perryman, and others. These reflect Muscogee women having children with British colonists. For instance, 1420:, using her connections to foster peace between the Creek Indians and the new colony. In 1735, Georgia constructed 1220: 876: 619: 514: 3691: 3676: 1677:

in March 1780, with the aid of an Upper Creek war-party, but reinforcements from the Lower Creeks and local white

1412:, a Yamasee band that remained allies of Britain, allowed John Musgrove to establish a fur-trading post. His wife 55: 6413: 6398: 6191: 5339: 3683: 3204: 3140: 2419: 1742: 1244: 1195:

Britain, France, and Spain all established colonies in the present-day Southeastern woodlands. Spain established

639: 452: 62: 31: 6658: 6513: 2450: 1539:, and knew European customs as well, made them community leaders; they "dominated Muskogee politics". As put by 548:", because they were said to have integrated numerous cultural and technological practices of their more recent 88: 6523: 6478: 6285: 6207: 3784:(unknown–1918), she was subject to a known lawsuit, highlighting a pattern of abuse against freedmen among the 3629: 3504:

impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.

2776: 2374:

Many Muscogee refused to surrender and escaped to Florida. They allied with other remnant tribes, becoming the

2089: 1980: 1588: 1155:. Clans organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of the 1050: 615: 168: 2709:

began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the

4027: 6453: 6275: 6104: 3762: 3747: 3612:

Three Muscogee tribal towns are federally recognized tribes: Alabama-Quassarte, Kialegee, and Thlopthlocco.

3602: 2787:, and Muscogee live in essentially undocumented ethnic towns in Florida. The Alabama reservation includes a 2535: 1795: 1654: 603: 483: 463:, resisting removal. These two tribes gained federal recognition in the 20th century and remain in Florida. 2751:

resisted these changes. The loss of lands contributed to problems for the nation in the late 19th century.

2466: 755:. Here they waged war against other bands of Native American Indians, such as the Savanna, Ogeeche, Wapoo, 6428: 6423: 6196: 6170: 6130: 6089: 5782: 5229:"The Creek stories of Earnest Gouge, "Tiger helps man defeat a giant lizard" [#16 on linked page]" 5047: 3998:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010" 3772: 3532: 3226: 2788: 2714: 2710: 2592: 2356: 2276: 2214: 1991:

and workers, cleared several hundred acres, and established mills and a trading post as well as his farm.

1927: 1370: 1333: 838:

had said that America was the "richest country in the world". Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and

588: 564: 95: 5737: 1718: 1689:

retook Augusta in 1781. The next year an Upper Creek war-party trying to relieve the British garrison at

6175: 6078: 6053: 5822: 5384: 4686: 4590: 3961: 3931: 3791: 3785: 3028: 2731: 2524: 2508: 2507:

system of descent and inheritance, he achieved his chieftainship because of her. He was also related to

2296: 2085: 2012: 1953:

Painting (1805) of Benjamin Hawkins on his plantation, instructing Muscogee Creek in European technology

1944: 1908: 1754: 1706: 1612: 1569: 1503: 1474:, remnants of the 'mission Indians,' and escaped African slaves. Their name comes from the Spanish word 1011: 966: 787: 732: 712: 678: 667: 545: 502: 5285: 4392: 3519:

Early estimates of the Creek probably did not cover the whole nation but just parts of the population.

831: 791: 575:, actively resisted European-American encroachment. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the 5385:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Creek People in the USA | County Ethnic Groups | Statimetric" 4657:"'Burning & Destroying All Before Them': Creeks and Seminoles on Georgia's Revolutionary Frontier" 3794:, Hoboi-Hili-Miko (1750–1793), principal chief of the Upper Creek towns during the American Revolution 1979:. He personally assumed the role of principal agent to the Muscogee. He moved to the area that is now 1826: 1729:

decided to wage war against white settlers on Muscogee lands. War parties attacked settlers along the

6438: 6270: 6120: 6063: 6022: 4217: 4198: 3936: 3921: 3621: 2435: 2292: 2241: 1984: 1865: 1682: 1650: 1624: 1592: 1365: 1224: 1090: 962: 902: 844: 663: 611: 518: 405: 250: 196: 77: 4471: 4309:

Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida as told by a Knight of Elvas

1486:" emerges linguistically from this root as well—and American Indians who fled the Europeans. In the 6759: 6663: 6027: 5973: 5963: 5083: 3946: 3863: 2847: 2566: 2512: 2352: 2248: 2195:, and clashed with many of the leading chiefs of the Muscogee Nation, most notably the Lower Creek 2177: 2059: 2043: 1877: 1857: 1849: 1818: 1642: 1616: 1584: 1573: 1519: 1452: 1321: 1283: 1015: 918: 910: 882: 560: 475: 267: 5714: 5702: 5323: 1439:

in present-day Florida, guaranteeing Native hunting grounds for the deerskin trade and protecting

814: 6613: 6593: 6503: 6217: 6155: 6145: 6125: 5986: 5817: 5631:

Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and Early History", in Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.),

4374: 3956: 3743: 3728: 3606: 3590: 3162: 2800: 2755: 2688: 2627: 2399: 2136: 1922:, who won the loyalty of the Lower Creeks. He built a tiny navy, and raided Spanish ships in the 1814: 1275: 1007: 890: 886: 491: 5753: 3010: 5583:

Of One Mind and of One Government: The Rise and Fall of the Creek Nation in the Early Republic.

4511: 4441: 4252:

Saunt, Claudio (1999). "'Martial virtue, and not riches': The Creek relationship to property".

3758:

Muscogee people from the 20th and 21st centuries will be listed under their respective tribes.

6714: 6638: 6623: 6608: 6588: 6583: 6222: 6165: 6099: 6001: 5991: 5775: 5690: 5593: 5482: 5364: 5354: 4936: 4913: 4888: 4848: 4842: 4789: 4745: 4718: 4629: 4563: 4491: 4452: 4420: 4335: 4312: 4287: 4284:

A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816

4257: 4254:

A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816

4168: 4115: 4109: 4090:

Walter, Williams (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline".

3837:–1765) served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and the Muscogee Creek community. 3746:

on July 9, 2020. The Court recognized a large part of eastern Oklahoma as part of the state's

3639: 3617: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3352: 2963: 2835: 2827: 2819: 2647: 2635: 2631: 2576: 2470: 2348: 2153: 2099:

The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee to support the Shawnee's resistance.

1957: 1912: 1873: 1845: 1782: 1734: 1690: 1658: 1536: 1425: 1405: 1232: 1106: 914: 748: 549: 537: 471: 467: 341: 233: 229: 5617:

Walker, Willard B. (2004). "Creek Confederacy Before Removal", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.),

4977: 4557: 3856:(1644–1741), Creek chief who mediated with the British who established colonial Georgia, and 2701:, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, 6688: 6683: 6678: 6618: 6603: 6598: 6568: 6563: 6543: 6388: 6094: 5996: 5981: 5938: 5476: 5340:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841" 5151: 4485: 3885: 3797: 3633: 3556: 2977: 2804: 2759: 2706: 2639: 2565:

led about 200 Law Menders to execute McIntosh according to their law. They burned his upper

2483: 2474: 2328: 2300: 2207: 2199: 2192: 1972: 1965: 1919: 1753:

and several hundred followers defied the Treaty of New York and established the short-lived

1694: 1674: 1526: 1511: 1417: 1378: 1349: 1341: 1062: 1045: 930: 864: 835: 743:, Georgia, and Alabama. They may have been related to the Tama of central Georgia. Muscogee 599: 420: 347: 5165: 3585: 659: 6673: 6653: 6578: 6463: 6408: 6378: 6235: 6073: 6017: 5886: 5729: 5709: 5697: 5684: 5505: 5498: 5457: 4999: 4693: 4636: 4597: 4518: 4399: 4209: 4190: 4034: 3916: 2973: 2784: 2780: 2735: 2722: 2415: 2229: 1926:, and, in 1800, declared war on Spain, briefly capturing the presidio and trading post of 1861: 1710: 1577: 1483: 1440: 1436: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1297: 1271: 1204: 934: 736: 701: 689: 5312:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 526–528. 1665:

control over the Georgia and Carolina interior and instigated Cherokee raids against the

5667: 5125: 2339: 704:, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the 587:

with the aid of the Southern Muscogee Creek, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the

6693: 6648: 6643: 6573: 6538: 6160: 5860: 5845: 5551: 5413: 3544: 3520: 2643: 2552: 2544: 2455: 2442: 2431: 2308: 2141: 1996: 1923: 1738: 1666: 1630: 1596: 1552: 1448: 1432: 1393: 1382: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1236: 1082: 1078: 1027: 1019: 999: 954: 950: 799: 779: 771: 767: 760: 752: 688:

lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were

595: 584: 506: 487: 428: 416: 271: 2458:. Instead, the Seminoles agreed to move onto a reservation in inland central Florida. 2164:, began as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, only to become enmeshed within the 1623:

fur-trader and planter, whose properties were confiscated by Georgia. His ex-partner,

102: 6708: 6518: 6488: 6483: 6368: 6150: 6114: 5943: 3840: 3827: 2693: 2571: 2181: 1901: 1813:

by age 15. Cashiered for dereliction of duty after returning too late to his ship at

1770: 1750: 1698: 1686: 1540: 1515: 1421: 1413: 1374: 1337: 1212: 1094: 1086: 1066: 922: 576: 393: 246: 157: 4992: 4773:

The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier

536:

officially considered by the early United States government to be "civilized" under

6633: 6468: 6458: 6058: 5450: 4355: 4105: 3781: 3133: 2796: 2575:, traveled to Washington D.C. to protest the 1825 treaty. They convinced President 2540: 2491: 2395: 2379: 2233: 2189: 2095: 2078: 2074: 1932: 1916: 1897: 1730: 1726: 1548: 1523: 1357: 1291: 1189: 1141: 1070: 1023: 978: 860: 839: 756: 744: 685: 479: 444: 2679: 2599:, the Muscogee were confined to a small strip of land in present-day east central 1791:

William Augustus Bowles (1763–1805) was also known as Estajoca, his Muscogee name.

1030:

rivers (between 1690 and 1715), were Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta), Koloni, Tuskegee,

897:

The Muscogee lived in autonomous villages in river valleys throughout present-day

5478:

Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.

1975:

as General Superintendent of Indian Affairs dealing with all tribes south of the

6032: 5916: 5911: 5827: 5736: 5726:

Remonstrance of the Creek Indians against being removed from their own Territory

5663:

Creek (Muskogee) by Kenneth W. McIntosh – Encyclopedia of North American Indians

5202: 4955: 4359: 3971: 3661: 2860: 2843: 2764: 2504: 2407: 2304: 2165: 2027: 2008: 1531: 1478:, which originally referred to a domestic animal that had reverted to the wild. 1471: 1456: 1345: 1179: 1160: 1145: 1128:

or lesser chiefs, and various advisers, including a second-in-charge called the

1058: 1003: 990: 852: 783: 716: 697: 580: 556: 200: 44: 2838:

and African-Americans into their society. Muscogee people continue to preserve

151: 6433: 6109: 5876: 5721: 5569:

Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815.

5025: 3941: 3897: 3853: 3524: 2743: 2423: 2132: 1976: 1961: 1838: 1810: 1746: 1305: 1200: 1159:

was complemented by the clan mothers, mostly women elders. The Muscogee had a

724: 460: 456: 279: 5767: 4867: 4307:

Gentleman of Elva (1557). "Chapter II, How Cabeza de Vaca arrived at court".

4065: 5953: 5855: 5228: 3528: 2969: 2702: 2559: 2487: 2446: 2391: 2288: 2270:

A Short History of the Ft. Mims Massacre of 1813 during the Creek Indian War

2252: 2237: 2225: 2218: 2128: 2023: 1885: 1853: 1787: 1641:, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779 1608: 1604: 1463: 1353: 1287: 1102: 898: 740: 720: 693: 397: 295: 287: 208: 4403:

Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.

2569:

plantation. A delegation of the Creek National Council, led by the speaker

2398:

and began arming the Seminoles. The British had built a strong fort on the

2054: 1817:, Bowles escaped north and found refuge among the Lower Creek towns of the 1431:

In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from the

17: 5633:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory.

4451:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 271, 279–282. 2826:

Muscogee culture has greatly evolved over the centuries, combining mostly

1184: 6403: 6338: 6329: 5906: 5896: 5881: 5871: 5865: 5657: 5526:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation" 4449:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory

4230: 2727: 2607:

move all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.

2520: 2499: 2375: 2320: 2316: 2203: 2173: 2070: 2031: 2019:, to protect expanding settlements and serve as a reminder of U.S. rule. 1881: 1822: 1799: 1709:

led pan-Indian resistance to white encroachment, receiving arms from the

1638: 1487: 1467: 1444: 1409: 1313: 1301: 1259:), and broadly applies to all of the Muscogee Confederacy, including the 1252: 1216: 1039: 1035: 982: 974: 958: 938: 819: 775: 572: 440: 424: 336: 303: 299: 212: 4378: 1188:

A raiding party against Spanish missions in Florida passes the Ocmulgee

513:

The Muscogee Creek are associated with multi-mound centers, such as the

6528: 5958: 5752: 4556:

Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C. (1996).

4316: 3857: 3575: 2600: 2312: 2169: 2066: 1889: 1834: 1766: 1502:

Many Muscogee Creek leaders, due to intermarriage, have British names:

1228: 1163: 1098: 946: 926: 906: 848: 568: 409: 401: 291: 283: 275: 216: 204: 192: 5356:

Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians

4641: 4601: 4523: 4487:

Creek Indian Medicine Ways: The Enduring Power of the Mvskoke Religion

1286:. These raids captured thousands of Spanish-allied Indians, primarily 6668: 6498: 6084: 5948: 5891: 5812: 5651: 5645: 4330:

Ethridge, Robbie (2003). "Chapter 5: 'The People of Creek Country'".

3810: 2831: 2792: 2747: 2562: 2411: 2256: 2185: 2145: 1988: 1872:

Kanache, his father-in-law and strongest ally. Bowles envisioned the

1089:

during the Spanish explorations), Itawa (original inhabitants of the

1074: 1031: 995: 970: 5576:

Rivers of History-Life on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba and Alabama.

3952:

List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition

1482:

was used by the Spanish and Portuguese to refer to fugitive slaves—"

1274:

led the Carolina militia and Ochese Creek and Yamasee warriors on a

933:

were spoken in the upper Alabama River basin and along parts of the

505:. Between 800 and 1600 CE, they built complex cities with earthwork 4618:. Montgomery, Alabama: Auburn University at Montgomery. p. 41. 2982: 2815: 2414:, cannons, powder, shot, cannonballs) to the locals: Seminoles and 6448: 6373: 3644: 3638: 3605:

is a federally recognized Indian Nation. Their headquarters is in

3584: 3017: 3009: 2814: 2678: 2486:

led the Lower Creek warriors who fought alongside the U.S. in the

2465: 2427: 2338: 2275:

The Fort Mims Massacre was followed two days later by the smaller

2140: 2094: 2053: 1999:

to Georgia, with the exception of the sacred burial mounds of the

1948: 1786: 1387: 1296: 1260: 1183: 1044: 942: 813: 658: 263: 4311:. Kallman Publishing Co. (1968), Translated by Buckingham Smith. 3824:) was a principal leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars. 2555:. It provided for an equally large payment directly to McIntosh. 2355:). On August 9, 1814, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the 1227:. Traders from Carolina went to Muscogee settlements to exchange 4114:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 233–235. 2418:(escaped slaves). A few hundred maroons constituted a uniformed 1247:

in 1685. In 1690, English colonists built a trading post on the

1152: 396:. Their historical homelands are in what now comprises southern 6300: 5771: 5614:

Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 23–472.

5084:"The Deadliest Cannon Shot in American History (July 27, 1816)" 4037:

Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives

3775:(1833–1911), represented the Creek and Seminole nations in the 3154:

Boundaries defined, Civilization of Creek, Animosities to cease

2579:

that the treaty was invalid, and negotiated the more favorable

2236:, where they had bought munitions from the Spanish governor at 529:

encountered ancestors of the Muscogee in the mid-16th century.

4094:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7–10. 3655: 3624:

is headquartered in Wetumka, and Jeremiah Hoia is the current

1633:, initially persuaded the Lower Creeks to remain neutral, but 1231:, gunpowder, axes, glass beads, cloth and West Indian rum for 598:, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to 544:. In the 19th century, the Muscogee were known as one of the " 371: 38: 5548:"'Reservation Dogs' Is a Near-Perfect Study of Dispossession" 1408:, was founded the following year, on a river bluff where the 474:, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the 5590:

Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South,

5328:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861. 2976:, of the early 19th century. The language is related to the 2775:

Some Muscogee in Alabama live near the federally recognized

2642:. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the 2206:

rallied his followers and joined with a British invasion to

2022:

Hawkins was disheartened and shocked by the outbreak of the

1825:

and the other a daughter of the Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain

6765:

Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America

5635:

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 265–298.

5026:"Ft. Mims Massacre Baldwin County, Alabama August 30, 1813" 4885:

Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South

2807:, which follows the lives of four Creek teens in Oklahoma. 1466:), they became the center of a new tribal confederacy, the 751:, in which they eventually settled on the east bank of the 365: 353: 4715:

Old Hickory's War. Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire

3022:

Ceded area as deemed by the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814

2972:

family and was well known among the frontiersmen, such as

5612:

Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

4559:

The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514–1861

2347:

In August 1814, the Red Sticks surrendered to Jackson at

1018:(before 1690 and after 1715), and farther east along the 368: 4931:

Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit".

4883:

Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 'Both White and Red'".

2390:

The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the

2323:

and Lower Creek warriors, crushed the Red Sticks at the

2232:) stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from 1136:

or ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The

670:

site, occupied by ancestors of the Muscogee people from

478:. These languages are mostly mutually intelligible. The 5619:

Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast.

5605:

Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors.

4023: 4021: 3889:

is filmed entirely in Muscogee Nation land in Oklahoma.

3873:– 1824), leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars 3033: 3031:, indirectly affected the Muscogee. The treaties were: 1443:

from further British encroachment. Ca. 1750 a group of

1109:), and Tuskegee ("Napochi" in the de Luna chronicles). 4419:. University Press of Florida. pp. 6, 87, 88–91. 4334:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 93. 1112:

The most important leader in Muscogee society was the

770:

made their first forays inland from the shores of the

497:

The ancestors of the Muscogee people were part of the

2717:. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief 2498:

officer of the same name who had recruited a band of

1105:(Koasati; they had absorbed the Kaski/Casqui and the 380: 362: 356: 181:

2010: self-identified 88,332 alone and in combination

5481:

Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82.

4744:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4. 3609:

and their current Principal Chief is David W. Hill.

2791:

and 16-story hotel. The Creek tribe holds an annual

2617:

President Andrew Jackson addressing the Creeks, 1829

2378:. Muscogee were later involved on both sides of the 1647:

during the Mobile and Pensacola campaigns of 1780–81

855:

area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee

834:, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that 731:

The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the

567:, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the 427:) by the federal government in the 1830s during the 6552: 6345: 6245: 6184: 6046: 6010: 5972: 5925: 5836: 5805: 5588:Perdue, Theda. Chapter 2: "Both White and Red", in 3574:are a tribe of Muscogee people, descended from the 1447:moved to the neutral zone, after clashing with the 1144:officiated at various rituals, including providing 359: 350: 257: 240: 223: 185: 175: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4231:"Moundbuilders, North Georgia's early inhabitants" 1837:, he travelled to London. He was received by King 1637:Capt. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British 1470:, which grew to include earlier refugees from the 5678:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1763–1842 5222: 5220: 4786:"Alexander McGillivray – Encyclopedia of Alabama" 766:In the mid-16th century, when explorers from the 5193: 5191: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 4562:. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 88–89. 4332:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and their World 4164:Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition 2882:Beaver Clan (Itamalgi, Isfanalgi, Itchhasuaigi), 2646:in 1834, with additional removals following the 2630:, in 1832 the Creek National Council signed the 2247:On August 30, 1813, Red Sticks led by Red Eagle 2073:, whose name meant "shooting star", traveled to 1645:. Muscogee warriors fought on behalf of Britain 1336:in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build 1223:(modern-day Charleston), the capital of the new 1132:, respected village elders, medicine men, and a 696:, which became extinct following the end of the 390:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 4887:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. 3501: 2652: 2609: 2361: 2262: 2102: 1896:, which drew the boundary between the U.S. and 1545: 1490:language, which lacked an 'r' sound, it became 692:who pursued a wide range of animals, including 684:At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or 6735:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state) 5717:, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 5607:Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 5511:November 8, 2007 (retrieved February 25, 2010) 5201:. AAANativeArts.com. 1999–2005. Archived from 4713:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003). 4256:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–63. 4186: 4184: 4133: 4131: 2160:The Creek War of 1813–1814, also known as the 1255:name for the body of water known today as the 747:describes a migration from places west of the 6312: 5783: 5673:Comprehensive Creek Language materials online 5592:The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. 5499:"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup." 2638:to the U.S., and accepting relocation to the 2449:. Jackson's victory forced Spain to sign the 802:also recorded encounters with these peoples. 27:Indigenous people from Southeastern Woodlands 8: 2930:Turtle Clan (Locvlke) – related to Wind Clan 2523:, signed away Lower Creek lands east of the 1939:Pre-removal (late 18th–early 19th centuries) 499:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere 144: 6755:Native Americans in the American Revolution 5519: 5517: 4360:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast" 4092:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era 3690:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2939:Wolf Clan (Yahalgi) – related to Bear Clan. 2754:The Loyalists among the Creek tended to be 2634:, ceding their remaining lands east of the 1892:. Bowles' first act was declaring the 1796 1404:was created in 1732; its first settlement, 6319: 6305: 6297: 5790: 5776: 5768: 5309:Primitive society and its vital statistics 4844:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions 4708: 4706: 4417:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee 2675:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 1904:, because the Indians were not consulted. 415:Most of the Muscogee people were forcibly 143: 4878: 4876: 4847:. Harvard University Press. p. 113. 3908:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3710:Learn how and when to remove this message 2968:The Muscogee language is a member of the 2038:A comet, earthquakes, and Tecumseh (1811) 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 6229:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States 5621:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 5578:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 5410:"Executive Branch – the Muscogee Nation" 5126:"Fort Benning – The Land and the People" 4484:Lewis, David Jr; Jordan, Ann T. (2008). 4277: 4275: 4273: 4167:. Indiana University Press. p. 19. 3967:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park 1809:at age 14 and becoming an ensign in the 1761:Muscogee and Choctaw land dispute (1790) 1607:. This alliance was orchestrated by the 1603:, against white settlers in present-day 1428:exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year. 1280:Spanish missions in the Florida interior 830:, a castaway who survived the ill-fated 6720:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 5668:History of the Creek Indians in Georgia 5546:St. Felix, Doreen (September 20, 2021) 5094:from the original on September 14, 2017 3989: 3597:Federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma 3243:23 million acres (93,000 km) 1151:The most important social unit was the 889:. These losses were exacerbated by the 723:. Stratified societies developed, with 715:arose as the cultivation of maize from 5585:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5571:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5263:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac 5082:Administrative staff (July 27, 2016). 4442:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History" 3652:Federally recognized tribes in Alabama 3014:Muscogee Creek land cessions 1733–1832 2662:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now 1535:they usually spoke English as well as 1270:In 1704, Irish colonial administrator 1174:British, French, and Spanish expansion 1038:, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Apalachicola, and 644:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 335: 5658:Creek Nation Indian Territory Project 5446: 5444: 4908:Remini, Robert. "The Reform Begins". 4717:(revised ed.). Stackpole Books. 2906:Maize Clan (Aktayatsalgi, Atchialgi), 2697:refused to form an alliance with the 2655:colors were black, red, and white ... 2410:, offered it, with all its ordnance ( 2058:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by 1320:, the Ochese Creeks fled west to the 7: 5567:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (1993). 3688:adding citations to reliable sources 3176:Boundary lines, Animosities to cease 2918:Raccoon Clan (Wahlakalgi, Wotkalgi), 2850:are revered gatherings and rituals. 2406:, and in 1815, after the end of the 2065:A comet appeared in March 1811. The 2015:was built on a hill overlooking the 1777:State of Muskogee and William Bowles 1769:were in conflict over land near the 1093:), Hothliwahi (Ullibahali), Hilibi, 988:The basic social unit was the town ( 186:Regions with significant populations 67:adding citations to reliable sources 6750:Native American tribes in Tennessee 6740:Native American tribes in Louisiana 5646:Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma 5628:Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. 5238:from the original on August 3, 2010 5231:. The College of William and Mary. 3413:Treaty with the Creeks And Seminole 3237:Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama 2915:Panther Clan (Chukotalgi, Katsalg), 2822:(or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief. 1316:allies. The Yamasee took refuge in 1148:, used in purification ceremonies. 790:, beginning on April 2, 1513, with 494:, unrelated to any other language. 6745:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 6634:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 5461:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission 5176:from the original on July 30, 2024 5124:Sharyn Kane & Richard Keeton. 4935:. History Book Club. p. 258. 4912:. History Book Club. p. 201. 4687:The Origin of the Seminole Indians 4140:"Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief" 4111:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times 3754:Notable historical Muscogee people 2927:Toad Clan (Pahosalgi, Sopaktalgi), 2921:Salt Clan (Okilisa, Oktchunualgi), 2879:Bear Clan (Muklasalgi, Nokosalgi), 1587:, the Upper Creeks sided with the 1215:. In 1670, English colonists from 700:age. During the time known as the 25: 6730:Native American tribes in Florida 6725:Native American tribes in Alabama 5738:"Creek or Muskogee Indians" 5524:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020). 5463:. 2010 (retrieved April 10, 2010) 4983:1997 (retrieved December 5, 2009) 4229:About North Georgia (1994–2006). 3580:Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas 3509:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 3495:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 3332:Treaty of the Creek Indian Agency 3173:Colerain (Camden County, Georgia) 2650:, although some remained behind. 2088:shook the Muscogee lands and the 1821:basin. He married two wives, one 6328: 6256:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 5720: 4812:"Relationship With Other Tribes" 4391:Isham, Theodore and Blue Clark. 3900: 3660: 3620:and its chief is Tarpie Yargee. 1960:, the first U.S. president, and 1856:. He established his capital at 1455:, where they had fled after the 1057:The Upper Towns, located on the 871:Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy 794:'s landing in Florida. The 1526 632:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 346: 150: 43: 6136:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) 5703:Encyclopedia of Alabama article 5509:University of New Mexico Today. 5003:War of 1812 People and Stories. 4956:"George Washington And Indians" 3740:The United States Supreme Court 2874:Muscogee clans are as follows: 2834:farming methods, and accepting 2549:second Treaty of Indian Springs 1053:, occupied during the mid-1500s 54:needs additional citations for 6038:College of the Muscogee Nation 5691:New Georgia Encyclopedia entry 5574:Jackson,Harvey H. III (1995). 4286:. Cambridge University Press. 3927:College of the Muscogee Nation 2903:Hickory-Nut Clan (Odshisalgi), 2529:first Treaty of Indian Springs 1971:In 1796, Washington appointed 1894:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso 1833:. After seeking refuge in the 1737:sent a special emissary, Col. 1081:(Kusa; the dominant people of 810:Spanish expedition (1540–1543) 1: 6261:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 6197:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814) 6141:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites 5902:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites 4700:, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1937. 3867: 3844: 3831: 3814: 3801: 3643:Micah Wesley, Muscogee Creek- 3636:. George Scott is the mekko. 3614:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 3453:Treaty with the Creeks, Etc., 3117:Treaty of Shoulder-bone Creek 2888:Bog Potato Clan (Ahalakalgi), 1860:, a village on the shores of 1595:(Lower Cherokee) warriors of 1377:. In 1721, the British built 1124:ruled with the assistance of 847:, and then westward into the 671: 618:, all based in Oklahoma, are 608:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 161: 6281:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 6266:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 6081:(predecessor to Lower Towns) 5652:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 5451:"Oklahoma's Tribal Nations." 5361:University of Oklahoma Press 5265:. Digital Library of Georgia 5259:"Shoulder-bone Creek Treaty" 5166:"Home - The Muscogee Nation" 5005:(retrieved December 5, 2009) 4868:Chris Kimball, "W.A. Bowles" 4661:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4197:(2nd ed.), London 1794, pp. 3724:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 3572:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 2933:Wild-Cat Clan (Koakotsalgi), 2369:Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814 1807:Maryland Loyalists Battalion 1170:have belonged to this clan. 706:Eastern Agricultural Complex 628:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 624:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 532:The Muscogee were the first 433:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 191:United States (historically 6247:Federally recognized tribes 6213:Treaty of Washington (1826) 5473:Native American Rights Fund 5284:Onecle (November 8, 2005). 4602:Georgia Encyclopedia Online 4517:September 25, 2012, at the 4367:Anthropological Linguistics 4216:(2nd ed.), London 1794, p. 3866:, also known as Red Eagle ( 3860:, his wife and partial heir 3777:Second Confederate Congress 3765:(1763–1805), also known as 3589:Muscogee Creek-Navajo from 3537:Treaty of Washington (1826) 3268:Treaty of the Indian Spring 2734:, where they would receive 2597:Treaty of Washington (1826) 2581:Treaty of Washington (1826) 1844:In 1799, Bowles formed the 1805:family, enlisting with the 1717:In 1784, he negotiated the 1649:, where Spain re-conquered 1494:, and eventually Seminole. 909:, speaking several related 666:, was part of a precontact 636:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 449:federally recognized tribes 6781: 6202:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost 5799:Muscogee Creek Confederacy 5708:November 11, 2014, at the 5306:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 4998:November 18, 2005, at the 4405:Retrieved August 20, 2012. 4033:February 13, 2012, at the 3248:Treaty of the Creek Agency 2961: 2672: 2462:Treaties of Indian Springs 2351:(near the present city of 2315:, aided by the 39th U. S. 2126: 2084:On December 16, 1811, the 2050:1812 New Madrid earthquake 2047: 2041: 1942: 1907:He denounced the treaties 1884:, Upper and Lower Creeks, 1848:, with the support of the 1780: 1765:In 1790, the Muscogee and 1564:American Revolutionary War 1348:in 1717, trading with the 1177: 877:Mississippian shatter zone 874: 559:'s interpretations of the 388:), are a group of related 329:Muscogee Creek Confederacy 29: 6192:Treaty of New York (1790) 5624:Winn, William W. (2015). 5603:Swanton, John R. (1922). 5434:Oklahoma Indian Affairs. 4738:Frank, Andrew K. (2005). 2669:American Civil War (1861) 2515:, both mixed-race Creek. 2420:Corps of Colonial Marines 1671:Battle of King's Mountain 1591:, fighting alongside the 1340:at the confluence of the 640:Seminole Tribe of Florida 622:tribes. In addition, the 476:Muscogean language family 262: 245: 228: 190: 180: 149: 32:Muskogee (disambiguation) 6286:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 6208:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 5754:"Muskhogean Stock" 5581:Kokomoor, Kevin (2019). 5148:"Woodson County history" 5088:Explore Southern History 5048:"Treaty with The Creeks" 4841:Jane G. Landers (2010). 4816:South East Indian Tribes 4655:Kokomoor, Kevin (2014). 4645:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4642:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4604:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4524:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4474:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4161:Finger, John R. (2001). 3742:issued their ruling for 3735:Expansion of reservation 3722:Eddie L. Tullis led the 3630:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 3289:Treaty of Indian Springs 3184:Treaty of Fort Wilkinson 2777:Poarch Creek Reservation 2591:In the aftermath of the 2543:, a leading advocate of 2335:Muscogee diaspora (1814) 2325:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 2150:treaty of Indian Springs 1798:was born into a wealthy 1723:Panton, Leslie & Co. 1332:as the first capital of 616:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 169:Birmingham Museum of Art 6599:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 6276:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 5760:Encyclopædia Britannica 5744:Encyclopædia Britannica 5456:March 28, 2010, at the 5353:Foreman, Grant (1972). 4440:Worth, John E. (2000). 4282:Saunt, Claudio (1999). 3763:William Augustus Bowles 3748:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 3603:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 2936:Wind Clan (Hutalgalgi), 2924:Skunk Clan (Kunipalgi), 2897:Fish Clan (Hlahloalgi), 2687:At the outbreak of the 2303:and the Cherokee under 1796:William Augustus Bowles 1669:back-country after the 1462:Led by Chief Secoffee ( 1451:-speaking towns of the 796:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 604:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 484:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 6335:Native American tribes 6171:Creek National Capitol 6131:Kimbell-James Massacre 6090:Leon-Jefferson culture 5763:(11th ed.). 1911. 5747:(11th ed.). 1911. 5696:July 23, 2013, at the 5683:April 7, 2020, at the 5227:Earnest Gouge (2010). 5170:www.muscogeenation.com 4981:New York Times: Books. 4741:Creeks and Southerners 4698:Chronicles of Oklahoma 4635:July 23, 2013, at the 4596:June 14, 2013, at the 4528:Accessed May 12, 2010. 4415:Hann, John H. (2006). 4398:July 20, 2010, at the 4142:. Southeast Chronicles 4138:Prentice, Guy (2003). 3773:Samuel Benton Callahan 3648: 3593: 3533:Treaty of Fort Jackson 3512: 3473:Treaty with the Creeks 3433:Treaty with the Creeks 3393:Treaty with the Creeks 3373:Treaty with the Creeks 3227:Treaty of Fort Jackson 3132:All lands east of the 3023: 3015: 2912:Otter Clan (Osanalgi), 2909:Mole Clan (Takusalgi), 2894:Deer Clan (Itchualgi), 2891:Cane Clan (Kohasalki), 2823: 2684: 2666: 2620: 2593:Treaty of Fort Jackson 2536:Creek National Council 2477: 2372: 2357:Treaty of Fort Jackson 2344: 2277:Kimbell-James Massacre 2273: 2157: 2116: 2100: 2062: 1954: 1928:San Marcos de Apalache 1876:, with its capital at 1792: 1601:Cherokee–American wars 1557: 1397: 1371:San Marcos de Apalache 1309: 1235:pelts (as part of the 1192: 1054: 823: 681: 589:Treaty of Fort Jackson 565:New Madrid earthquakes 503:Mississippian cultures 482:today are part of the 408:and parts of northern 6176:Crazy Snake Rebellion 6079:Apalachicola Province 6054:Mississippian culture 5935:(Francis the Prophet) 5504:July 3, 2012, at the 5436:2008 Pocket Pictorial 5090:. Old Kitchen Media. 4954:Miller, Eric (1994). 4616:Fort Toulouse Studies 4028:Transcribed documents 3962:Nuyaka (Creek Nation) 3932:Crazy Snake Rebellion 3792:Alexander McGillivray 3786:Five Civilized Tribes 3642: 3588: 3566:Muscogee tribes today 3077:Treaty of Coweta Town 3029:Treaty of San Lorenzo 3021: 3013: 2885:Bird Clan (Fusualgi), 2818: 2732:Wilson County, Kansas 2682: 2660:Burt & Ferguson- 2509:Alexander McGillivray 2469: 2342: 2297:Mississippi Territory 2144: 2127:Further information: 2098: 2086:New Madrid earthquake 2057: 2048:Further information: 2042:Further information: 2013:Fort Benjamin Hawkins 1952: 1945:Five Civilized Tribes 1943:Further information: 1909:Alexander McGillivray 1790: 1781:Further information: 1755:Trans-Oconee Republic 1707:Alexander McGillivray 1657:raised a division of 1619:, a wealthy Scottish 1613:Alexander McGillivray 1570:French and Indian War 1504:Alexander McGillivray 1391: 1300: 1187: 1178:Further information: 1048: 817: 788:Mississippian culture 733:Mississippian culture 713:Mississippian culture 679:Cartersville, Georgia 668:Mississippian culture 662: 546:Five Civilized Tribes 459:moved south into the 258:Related ethnic groups 6629:Mescalero-Chiricahua 6384:Cheyenne and Arapaho 6271:Kialegee Tribal Town 6121:Battle of Burnt Corn 6023:Four Mothers Society 4978:"The Shooting Star.' 4692:May 9, 2008, at the 4512:Creek Indian Leaders 3937:Etowah Indian Mounds 3922:Battle of Burnt Corn 3684:improve this section 3632:is headquartered in 3622:Kialegee Tribal Town 3616:is headquartered in 3311:Treaty of Washington 3205:Treaty of Washington 2900:Fox Clan (Tsulalgi), 2721:contacted President 2436:Battle of Negro Fort 2242:Battle of Burnt Corn 2208:capture Fort Detroit 1714:sixty black slaves. 1651:British West Florida 1568:With the end of the 1381:at the mouth of the 1091:Etowah Indian Mounds 917:was spoken from the 620:federally recognized 612:Kialegee Tribal Town 519:Etowah Indian Mounds 337:[məskóɡəlɡi] 315:, also known as the 251:Four Mothers Society 63:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 6028:Green Corn Ceremony 5964:William Weatherford 5389:www.statimetric.com 5205:on February 1, 2010 5199:"Creek Confederacy" 4792:on October 15, 2013 4447:. In McEwan (ed.). 4055:Mahon, pp. 187–189. 3947:Green corn ceremony 3864:William Weatherford 2848:Green Corn Ceremony 2513:William Weatherford 2353:Montgomery, Alabama 2249:William Weatherford 2178:William Weatherford 2123:Red Stick rebellion 2112:The American Indian 2060:William Henry Smyth 2044:Great Comet of 1811 2017:Ocmulgee Old Fields 2001:Ocmulgee Old Fields 1831:Battle of Pensacola 1719:Treaty of Pensacola 1699:'Mad' Anthony Wayne 1643:Capture of Savannah 1617:Lachlan McGillivray 1585:American Revolution 1572:(also known as the 1520:William Weatherford 1016:Chattahoochee River 985:, and many others. 911:Muskogean languages 883:infectious diseases 881:Because of endemic 146: 6399:Citizen Potawatomi 6218:Indian Removal Act 6156:Indian Removal Act 6146:Battle of Ocheesee 6126:Fort Mims Massacre 5732:published in 1827. 5068:Merwyn Garbarino, 4870:, Southern History 4393:"Creek (Mvskoke)." 3957:Muskogee, Oklahoma 3878:In popular culture 3744:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3649: 3607:Okmulgee, Oklahoma 3594: 3591:Okmulgee, Oklahoma 3515:Population history 3163:Treaty of Colerain 3141:Treaty of New York 3097:Treaty of Savannah 3057:Treaty of Savannah 3024: 3016: 2836:European-Americans 2824: 2689:American Civil War 2685: 2628:Indian Removal Act 2558:In April, the old 2492:First Seminole War 2478: 2400:Apalachicola River 2345: 2168:. Inspired by the 2158: 2137:Fort Mims massacre 2110:Roger L. Nichols, 2101: 2063: 1955: 1868:. It was ruled by 1793: 1743:Treaty of New York 1711:Spanish in Florida 1697:troops under Gen. 1653:. Loyalist leader 1398: 1328:explorers founded 1310: 1308:and nephew in 1733 1225:colony of Carolina 1193: 1116:or village chief. 1097:, Wakokai, Atasi, 1055: 1049:The protohistoric 891:Indian slave trade 887:indigenous peoples 832:Narváez expedition 824: 792:Juan Ponce de León 682: 492:linguistic isolate 6702: 6701: 6624:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 6364:Alabama-Quassarte 6294: 6293: 6223:Treaty of Cusseta 6166:Creek War of 1836 6117:(Creek civil war) 6100:State of Muskogee 6002:Mikasuki-Hitchiti 5806:Four mother towns 5487:978-1-55591-655-8 5416:on April 21, 2021 5370:978-0-8061-1172-8 5286:"Indian Treaties" 5172:. July 30, 2024. 5154:on June 28, 2011. 5024:Steve Canerossi. 4854:978-0-674-05416-5 4822:on March 19, 2022 4569:978-1-57003-090-1 4546:Incomplete source 4497:978-0-8263-2368-2 4458:9-780-8130-2086-0 4426:978-0-8130-2982-5 4121:978-1-4000-3072-9 3720: 3719: 3712: 3618:Wetumka, Oklahoma 3553:Henry Schoolcraft 3492: 3491: 3366:create allotments 3353:Treaty of Cusseta 3103:Colony of Georgia 3083:Colony of Georgia 3063:Colony of Georgia 3003: 3002: 2964:Muscogee language 2828:European-American 2820:Selocta Chinnabby 2648:Creek War of 1836 2632:Treaty of Cusseta 2577:John Quincy Adams 2494:. The son of the 2471:Charles Bird King 2451:Adams–Onís Treaty 2154:Charles Bird King 2003:. They allowed a 1958:George Washington 1935:two years later. 1913:George Washington 1874:State of Muskogee 1864:near present-day 1846:State of Muskogee 1783:State of Muskogee 1735:George Washington 1233:white-tailed deer 749:Mississippi River 594:During the 1830s 550:European American 542:civilization plan 538:George Washington 527:Spanish explorers 472:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 468:Muscogee, Mvskoke 342:Muscogee language 309: 308: 234:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 6772: 6554:Tribal languages 6534:United Keetoowah 6464:Muscogee (Creek) 6424:Fort Sill Apache 6359:Absentee Shawnee 6333: 6332: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6185:Politics and law 6095:Battle of Taliwa 5939:William McIntosh 5868:(four locations) 5838:Groups and towns 5792: 5785: 5778: 5769: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5724: 5555: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5521: 5512: 5496: 5490: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5412:. Archived from 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5257:Seibert, David. 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5150:. Archived from 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5121: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4984: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4818:. Archived from 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4788:. Archived from 4782: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4710: 4701: 4685:Forbs, Gerald, " 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4652: 4646: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4412: 4406: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4364: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4279: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4201: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3994: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3886:Reservation Dogs 3872: 3869: 3849: 3846: 3836: 3833: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3806: 3803: 3798:William McIntosh 3715: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3664: 3656: 3634:Okemah, Oklahoma 3557:Indian Territory 3541:Second Creek War 3510: 3123:State of Georgia 3034: 2983: 2978:Choctaw language 2805:Reservation Dogs 2760:Dawes Commission 2707:Seminole Indians 2664: 2640:Indian Territory 2618: 2484:William McIntosh 2475:William McIntosh 2370: 2329:Tallapoosa River 2301:William McIntosh 2271: 2210:in August 1812. 2200:William McIntosh 2193:Benjamin Hawkins 2114: 1973:Benjamin Hawkins 1966:Thomas Jefferson 1920:Benjamin Hawkins 1827:William Perryman 1695:Continental Army 1681:never came, and 1574:Seven Years' War 1527:Benjamin Hawkins 1512:William McIntosh 1418:James Oglethorpe 1379:Fort King George 1364:of the powerful 1284:Queen Anne's War 929:(Coushatta) and 865:Battle of Mabila 857:Native Americans 836:Hernando de Soto 690:hunter-gatherers 676: 673: 626:of Alabama, the 600:Indian Territory 534:Native Americans 501:, also known as 421:Indian Territory 384: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 339: 334: 211:; now primarily 176:Total population 166: 163: 154: 147: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6556: 6548: 6419:Eastern Shawnee 6409:Delaware Nation 6350: 6348: 6341: 6327: 6325: 6295: 6290: 6241: 6236:Sharp v. Murphy 6180: 6105:Forbes purchase 6074:Long Swamp Site 6042: 6006: 5968: 5921: 5832: 5801: 5796: 5751: 5735: 5730:Lydia Sigourney 5715:Creek (Mvskoke) 5710:Wayback Machine 5698:Wayback Machine 5685:Wayback Machine 5654:, official site 5648:, official site 5642: 5562:Further reading 5559: 5558: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5506:Wayback Machine 5497: 5493: 5471: 5467: 5458:Wayback Machine 5449: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5363:. p. 111. 5352: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5000:Wayback Machine 4991: 4987: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4694:Wayback Machine 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4637:Wayback Machine 4627: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598:Wayback Machine 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4519:Wayback Machine 4509: 4505: 4498: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400:Wayback Machine 4390: 4386: 4362: 4358:(Spring 2005). 4354: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4271: 4264: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4210:William Bartram 4208: 4204: 4191:William Bartram 4189: 4182: 4175: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035:Wayback Machine 4026: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3976: 3917:Black Seminoles 3906: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3880: 3870: 3847: 3834: 3821: 3817: 3804: 3756: 3737: 3716: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3681: 3665: 3654: 3599: 3568: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3497: 3363:Washington City 3126:Sparta, Georgia 3008: 2974:Gideon Lincecum 2966: 2960: 2947: 2942: 2856: 2813: 2785:Mobile, Alabama 2773: 2756:traditionalists 2723:Abraham Lincoln 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2619: 2616: 2589: 2473:'s portrait of 2464: 2456:Black Seminoles 2388: 2371: 2368: 2337: 2272: 2269: 2230:Mobile, Alabama 2139: 2125: 2115: 2109: 2052: 2046: 2040: 1981:Crawford County 1947: 1941: 1862:Lake Miccosukee 1852:Creeks and the 1785: 1779: 1763: 1685:militia led by 1578:Sons of Liberty 1566: 1500: 1441:Spanish Florida 1437:St. Johns River 1326:French Canadian 1318:Spanish Florida 1276:series of raids 1205:Spanish Florida 1197:Jesuit missions 1182: 1176: 935:Tennessee River 879: 873: 812: 737:Tennessee River 702:Woodland period 674: 657: 652: 382: 349: 345: 332: 171: 164: 156:Muscogee Creek 142: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6557:(still spoken) 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474:Otoe-Missouria 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6414:Delaware Tribe 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6343: 6342: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6249:(20th century) 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Trail of Tears 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5992:Creek-Seminole 5989: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5933:Josiah Francis 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5749: 5733: 5718: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5640:External links 5638: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5557: 5556: 5552:The New Yorker 5539: 5513: 5491: 5465: 5440: 5427: 5401: 5376: 5369: 5345: 5331: 5315: 5298: 5276: 5249: 5216: 5187: 5157: 5139: 5105: 5074: 5061: 5050:. First People 5038: 5016: 5014:Adams, 777–778 5007: 4985: 4976:Sugden, John. 4969: 4946: 4933:Andrew Jackson 4923: 4910:Andrew Jackson 4900: 4893: 4872: 4860: 4853: 4833: 4803: 4777: 4771:Edward Cashin 4764: 4750: 4730: 4723: 4702: 4678: 4647: 4621: 4606: 4582: 4568: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4503: 4496: 4476: 4464: 4457: 4432: 4425: 4407: 4384: 4347: 4340: 4322: 4299: 4292: 4269: 4262: 4244: 4221: 4202: 4180: 4173: 4153: 4127: 4120: 4097: 4082: 4066:"Yuchi/Euchee" 4057: 4048: 4039: 4017: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3883:The TV series 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3861: 3851: 3838: 3825: 3808: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3770: 3755: 3752: 3736: 3733: 3718: 3717: 3668: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3628:or chief. The 3598: 3595: 3567: 3564: 3521:James Seagrove 3516: 3513: 3506: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3193:Fort Wilkinson 3191: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2991: 2990: 2962:Main article: 2959: 2956: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2855: 2852: 2812: 2809: 2772: 2769: 2670: 2667: 2657: 2644:Trail of Tears 2626:Following the 2614: 2588: 2587:Removal (1834) 2585: 2553:Arkansas River 2545:Indian removal 2463: 2460: 2443:Andrew Jackson 2432:Andrew Jackson 2404:Prospect Bluff 2387: 2384: 2366: 2336: 2333: 2309:Andrew Jackson 2267: 2124: 2121: 2107: 2039: 2036: 1940: 1937: 1924:Gulf of Mexico 1778: 1775: 1762: 1759: 1739:Marinus Willet 1693:was routed by 1667:North Carolina 1659:King's Rangers 1631:George Galphin 1597:Dragging Canoe 1565: 1562: 1508:Josiah Francis 1499: 1496: 1400:The colony of 1383:Altamaha River 1257:Ocmulgee River 1249:Ocmulgee River 1245:Henry Woodward 1237:deerskin trade 1175: 1172: 1142:medicine maker 1083:East Tennessee 1028:Savannah River 872: 869: 828:Cabeza de Vaca 811: 808: 800:South Carolina 798:expedition in 780:Coosa chiefdom 772:Gulf of Mexico 753:Ocmulgee River 664:Etowah Mound C 656: 653: 651: 648: 596:Indian Removal 585:Andrew Jackson 555:Influenced by 488:Yuchi language 451:. Some of the 429:Trail of Tears 321:Muscogee Creek 307: 306: 260: 259: 255: 254: 243: 242: 238: 237: 226: 225: 221: 220: 188: 187: 183: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 155: 140: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6777: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6514:Seneca-Cayuga 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Seminole Wars 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6115:Red Stick War 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Peter McQueen 5942: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5762: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5598:0-8203-2731-X 5595: 5591: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5302: 5299: 5287: 5280: 5277: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5127: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5049: 5042: 5039: 5027: 5020: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4993:"The Creeks." 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4957: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4941:0-9650631-0-7 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4918:0-9650631-0-7 4915: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4894:0-8203-2731-X 4890: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4630:Creek Indians 4625: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591:Mary Musgrove 4586: 4583: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4490:. UNM Press. 4489: 4488: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4373:(1): 11, 34. 4372: 4368: 4361: 4357: 4356:Goddard, Ives 4351: 4348: 4343: 4341:0-8078-5495-6 4337: 4333: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4174:0-253-33985-5 4170: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4154: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4106:Brands, H. W. 4101: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3842: 3841:Opothleyahola 3839: 3829: 3828:Mary Musgrove 3826: 3812: 3809: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3714: 3711: 3703: 3700:February 2023 3693: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3669:This section 3667: 3663: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3647:artist and DJ 3646: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3578:, as are the 3577: 3573: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3360:United States 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3234:United States 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3190:United States 3189: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170:United States 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151:New York City 3150: 3148:United States 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3020: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2783:northeast of 2782: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2694:Opothleyahola 2690: 2681: 2676: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2572:Opothleyahola 2568: 2567:Chattahoochee 2564: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547:, signed the 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2380:Seminole Wars 2377: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319:Regiment and 2318: 2314: 2311:'s Tennessee 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Peter McQueen 2180:(Red Eagle), 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:Red Stick War 2155: 2152:. Painted by 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1902:null and void 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:Chattahoochee 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Chattahoochee 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1771:Noxubee River 1768: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:Elijah Clarke 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687:Elijah Clarke 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1541:Claudio Saunt 1538: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Peter McQueen 1513: 1509: 1505: 1498:Intermarriage 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1453:Chattahoochee 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:Fort Okfuskee 1419: 1415: 1414:Mary Musgrove 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:Apalachee Bay 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Fort Toulouse 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:Chattahoochee 1319: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:Indian slaves 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Apalachee Bay 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:North Georgia 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069:rivers, were 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Alabama River 920: 919:Chattahoochee 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 888: 884: 878: 870: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 837: 833: 829: 821: 816: 809: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 778:(such as the 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 686:Paleo-Indians 680: 677:–1550 CE, in 669: 665: 661: 654: 649: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:Red Stick War 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:United States 391: 387: 386: 376: 343: 338: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 252: 248: 247:Protestantism 244: 239: 236:, and English 235: 231: 227: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 170: 159: 158:bandolier bag 153: 148: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6524:Thlopthlocco 6234: 6227: 6204:(unratified) 6059:Pisgah phase 5851:Apalachicola 5798: 5758: 5742: 5728:. A poem by 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5542: 5530:. Retrieved 5508: 5494: 5477: 5468: 5460: 5430: 5418:. Retrieved 5414:the original 5404: 5392:. Retrieved 5388: 5379: 5355: 5348: 5334: 5324: 5318: 5308: 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5279: 5269:November 30, 5267:. Retrieved 5262: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5207:. Retrieved 5203:the original 5178:. Retrieved 5169: 5160: 5152:the original 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5096:. Retrieved 5087: 5077: 5070:The Seminole 5069: 5064: 5052:. Retrieved 5046:Paul Burke. 5041: 5029:. Retrieved 5019: 5010: 5002: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4958:. Eric Mille 4949: 4932: 4926: 4909: 4903: 4884: 4863: 4843: 4836: 4826:February 24, 4824:. Retrieved 4820:the original 4815: 4806: 4796:December 22, 4794:. Retrieved 4790:the original 4780: 4772: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4740: 4733: 4714: 4697: 4681: 4671:February 14, 4669:. Retrieved 4664: 4660: 4650: 4640: 4624: 4615: 4609: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4558: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4522: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4467: 4448: 4435: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4387: 4370: 4366: 4350: 4331: 4325: 4308: 4302: 4283: 4253: 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4233:. Golden Ink 4224: 4213: 4205: 4194: 4163: 4156: 4146:February 11, 4144:. Retrieved 4110: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4008:. Retrieved 4004: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3884: 3782:Stella Mason 3766: 3757: 3738: 3721: 3706: 3697: 3682:Please help 3670: 3625: 3611: 3600: 3569: 3561: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3240:Land cession 3196:Land cession 3134:Oconee River 3129:Land cession 3025: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2967: 2952: 2948: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2839: 2825: 2797:Thanksgiving 2774: 2753: 2740: 2718: 2692: 2686: 2661: 2653: 2625: 2621: 2610: 2605: 2590: 2570: 2557: 2541:George Troup 2533: 2517: 2480: 2479: 2440: 2396:West Florida 2389: 2386:Seminole War 2382:in Florida. 2373: 2362: 2346: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2263: 2246: 2234:West Florida 2223: 2212: 2196: 2190:Indian agent 2161: 2159: 2117: 2111: 2103: 2083: 2079:Great Spirit 2075:Tuckabatchee 2064: 2021: 2005:Federal Road 1993: 1970: 1956: 1933:Havana, Cuba 1917:Indian agent 1906: 1898:West Florida 1869: 1843: 1794: 1764: 1731:Oconee River 1727:Tuckabatchee 1716: 1703: 1673:. He seized 1655:Thomas Brown 1582: 1567: 1558: 1546: 1524:Indian agent 1501: 1491: 1479: 1475: 1461: 1430: 1399: 1361: 1358:Emperor Brim 1311: 1294:of 1715–17. 1292:Yamassee War 1269: 1221:Charles Town 1194: 1190:trading post 1167: 1156: 1150: 1137: 1134:tustunnuggee 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1071:Tuckabatchee 1056: 1014:, along the 989: 987: 979:Tuckabatchee 896: 880: 861:the Americas 840:conquistador 825: 804: 765: 745:oral history 730: 710: 683: 593: 554: 531: 512: 496: 486:, but their 480:Yuchi people 465: 445:ethnogenesis 439:to form the 437:local tribes 414: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 310: 253:, and others 141:Ethnic group 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 6504:Sac and Fox 6033:Stomp dance 5917:Tribal town 5828:Tukabatchee 4696:", p. 108, 4472:Creek Towns 4046:Fogelson ix 4010:February 7, 3972:Stomp dance 3871: 1781 3848: 1798 3835: 1700 3822: 1836 3818: 1765 3805: 1775 3729:reservation 3549:Mississippi 3052:Ceded Land 3043:Signed with 2861:matrilineal 2844:Stomp Dance 2765:Dawes Rolls 2719:Micco Hutko 2699:Confederacy 2636:Mississippi 2525:Flint River 2505:matrilineal 2408:War of 1812 2305:Major Ridge 2265:blockhouse. 2166:War of 1812 2028:Tenskwatawa 2009:New Orleans 1866:Tallahassee 1661:to contest 1625:Scots-Irish 1593:Chickamauga 1583:During the 1532:matrilineal 1472:Yamasee War 1457:Yamasee War 1272:James Moore 1180:Yamasee War 1161:matrilineal 1146:black drink 1012:Lower Towns 1004:Tuckabutche 853:Mississippi 784:Coosa River 759:, Yamasee, 717:Mesoamerica 698:Pleistocene 675: 1000 581:War of 1812 557:Tenskwatawa 552:neighbors. 455:, with the 344:; English: 201:Mississippi 165: 1820 18:Upper Creek 6760:Negro Fort 6709:Categories 6664:Potawatomi 6349:recognized 6110:Red Sticks 6069:Moundville 5912:Tallapoosa 5877:Miccosukee 5420:January 5, 5242:January 5, 5209:August 11, 5054:October 4, 5031:October 4, 4751:0803220162 4724:0807128678 4575:October 8, 4537:Walker 390 4317:B000J4W27Q 4293:0521660432 4263:0521660432 4005:census.gov 3979:References 3942:Fushatchee 3854:Tomochichi 3820: – c. 3525:Henry Knox 2744:emancipate 2673:See also: 2424:Negro Fort 2295:, and the 2228:(north of 2215:Duck River 2133:Red Sticks 1977:Ohio River 1962:Henry Knox 1839:George III 1811:Royal Navy 1747:cotton gin 1480:Cimarrones 1476:cimarrones 1342:Tallapoosa 1306:Tomochichi 1203:friars in 1201:Franciscan 1138:heles hayv 1063:Tallapoosa 973:(Chiaha), 875:See also: 739:in modern 735:along the 725:hereditary 655:Precontact 630:, and the 561:1811 comet 523:Moundville 461:Everglades 457:Miccosukee 443:. Through 404:, western 400:, much of 333:pronounced 327:, and the 280:Miccosukee 89:newspapers 78:"Muscogee" 6594:Chickasaw 6544:Wyandotte 6389:Chickasaw 6347:Federally 5987:Apalachee 5974:Languages 5954:Neamathla 5856:Coushatta 5528:. 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